Phyllanthus emblica Fruit Extract Activates Spindle Assembly Checkpoint, Prevents Mitotic Aberrations and Genomic Instability in Human Colon Epithelial NCM460 Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Phyllanthus emblica Linn. (PE) Shows No Cytotoxicity
2.2. PE Decreases the Rate of Genomic Instability (GIN)
2.3. PE Prevents Defects in Chromosome Alignment and Segregation
2.4. PE Prevents Multinucleation and Multipolar Mitosis
2.5. PE Activates the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint (SAC)
2.6. PE Enhances the Function of SAC
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. PE Extraction
4.2. Cell Culture and Treatment
4.3. Cell Viability Analysis
4.4. Cytokinesis-Block Micronucleus (CBMN) Assay
4.5. Mitotic Index and Mitotic Aberration Analysis
4.6. Evaluation of Cell Death and Multinucleated Cells (MNC)
4.7. Determination of SAC Activity
4.8. Real-Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
4.9. Micronucleus (MN) Induced by Nocodazole (ND)
4.10. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AMR | anaphase-to-metaphase ratio |
BNC | binucleated cell |
BubR1 | budding uninhibited by benzimidazoles related 1 |
CB | chromatin bridge |
CL | chromosome lagging |
CMA | chromosome misalignment |
GIN | genomic instability |
Mad2 | mitotic arrest deficient 2 |
MEF | mouse embryonic fibroblasts |
MN | micronucleus |
MNC | multinucleated cell |
NB | nuclear bud |
ND | nocodazole |
NPB | nucleoplasmic bridge |
PE | Phyllanthus emblica |
SAC | spindle assembly checkpoint |
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Guo, X.; Wang, X. Phyllanthus emblica Fruit Extract Activates Spindle Assembly Checkpoint, Prevents Mitotic Aberrations and Genomic Instability in Human Colon Epithelial NCM460 Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17, 1437. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17091437
Guo X, Wang X. Phyllanthus emblica Fruit Extract Activates Spindle Assembly Checkpoint, Prevents Mitotic Aberrations and Genomic Instability in Human Colon Epithelial NCM460 Cells. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2016; 17(9):1437. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17091437
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuo, Xihan, and Xu Wang. 2016. "Phyllanthus emblica Fruit Extract Activates Spindle Assembly Checkpoint, Prevents Mitotic Aberrations and Genomic Instability in Human Colon Epithelial NCM460 Cells" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 17, no. 9: 1437. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17091437