Sanguinaria canadensis: Traditional Medicine, Phytochemical Composition, Biological Activities and Current Uses
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Botany of S. canadensis
3. Historical Uses of S. canadensis
3.1. Traditional Native American Uses of S. canadensis
3.2. Early Western Use of S. canadensis
4. Phytochemicals in S. canadensis
4.1. Identification of Alkaloids in S. canadensis
4.2. Alkaloid Distribution in Different Plant Tissues of S. canadensis
4.3. Rhizome Alkaloid Composition and Variation
4.4. Other Factors Affecting S. canadensis Rhizome Alkaloid Concentrations
5. Biological Activities of S. canadensis Alkaloids
5.1. Anti-Cancer Effects of S. canadensis Alkaloids
5.1.1. Sanguinarine
5.1.2. Chelerythrine
5.1.3. Minor Quaternary Benzophenanthridine Alkaloids (QBAs)
5.1.4. Protopin Alkaloids
5.2. Cardiovascular Effects of S. canadensis Alkaloids
5.3. Anti-Inflammatory Actions of S. canadensis Alkaloids
5.4. Anti-Infectious Effects of S. canadensis Alkaloids
5.5. Other Biological Activities of S. canadensis Alkaloids
6. Current Uses of S. canadensis
6.1. Agriculture and Aquaculture Feed Supplement
6.2. Veterinary Uses
6.3. Dental Antibacterial Treatment
6.4. Homeopathic Treatment
6.5. Use in Cancer Therapy
6.5.1. Mohs Paste
6.5.2. Salve Chemosurgery
7. Future Application and Risks of Using S. canadensis
8. Conclusions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Alkaloids (IC50, μg/mL) | HL-60 | HeLa | KF-II | A431 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sanguilutine | 0.04 | 0.46 | – | – |
Sanguirubine | 0.12 | 0.68 | 0.22 | 0.7 |
Chelilutine | 0.16 | 0.84 | – | – |
Chelirubine | 0.1 | 0.37 | 0.2 | 0.28 |
Sanguinarine | 0.34 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.7 |
Chelerythrine | 0.17 | 0.48 | 0.58 | 1.44 |
Molecular Target | Cellular Effect/Significance | Ref. |
---|---|---|
Sanguinarine | ||
Topoisomerase II | Prevents DNA break repair | [114] |
Telomere Capping | Induces rapid apoptosis | [164] |
Oncogenes C-myc, KRAS, C-kit | Expressed in various tumors | [120] |
H-DNA | Haematological and colorectal tumor expression | [127] |
Bcl-2 family | Apoptosis induction | [165] |
ERKs | Apoptosis induction | [166] |
NF-κB | Role in proliferation, migration, apoptosis | [162] |
DR-5 | TRAIL mediated apoptosis | [167] |
Endoplasmic Reticulum | Unfolded Protein Response | [139] |
VEGF-A | Impairs tumor neovascularization | [148] |
Glutathione | Depletion amplifies oxidative stress | [24] |
Anti-microtubule | Inhibits cell proliferation | [121] |
Chelerythrine | ||
Bcl-XL and Bcl-2 | Apoptosis Induction | [153] |
Telomere Capping | Induces rapid apoptosis | [168] |
Succinate | Cytochrome c release | [169] |
NADH dehydrogenase | Apoptosome assembly | [169] |
Glutaminase | Blocks Tumor Glutamine use for energy | [170] |
mTOR | Overexpressed in Melanoma | [154] |
Phospholipase D | Associated with angiogenesis/metastasis | [171] |
MRCK | Impairs tumor migration | [172] |
Tubulin Polymerization | Impairs cell division | [122] |
MAPK | Activation results in apoptosis | [173] |
Minor QBAs | ||
RIP1 | Ripoptosome Formation | [158] |
Unknown | Apoptosis ROS independent | [156] |
Anti-microtubule | Impaired mitosis | [174] |
Protopin Alkaloids | ||
Antioxidant effect | May antagonize the cytotoxic effects of other alkaloids | [175] |
EGFR/ICAM-1 | Reduced expression impairs metastasis | [161] |
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Croaker, A.; King, G.J.; Pyne, J.H.; Anoopkumar-Dukie, S.; Liu, L. Sanguinaria canadensis: Traditional Medicine, Phytochemical Composition, Biological Activities and Current Uses. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17, 1414. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17091414
Croaker A, King GJ, Pyne JH, Anoopkumar-Dukie S, Liu L. Sanguinaria canadensis: Traditional Medicine, Phytochemical Composition, Biological Activities and Current Uses. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2016; 17(9):1414. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17091414
Chicago/Turabian StyleCroaker, Andrew, Graham J. King, John H. Pyne, Shailendra Anoopkumar-Dukie, and Lei Liu. 2016. "Sanguinaria canadensis: Traditional Medicine, Phytochemical Composition, Biological Activities and Current Uses" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 17, no. 9: 1414. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17091414