Herbal Medicine in Mexico: A Cause of Hepatotoxicity. A Critical Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. History
3. Epidemiology and Geographic Distribution in Mexico
4. Herb-Induced Liver Injury Overview
4.1. General Aspects
4.2. Classification
4.3. Risk Factors
4.4. Clinical Course
4.5. Pathogenic Aspects of HILI
5. Traditional Herbal Products Used in Mexico
Medical Plant | Popular Names | Cultural Uses | Active Components | Side Effects |
---|---|---|---|---|
Scoparia dulcis L. (Maidenhair) [4] | Anisillo, candejilla, epazote bush, epazote sea grass blow, lentejilla; Michoacan: mishishe (Nahua); Nayarit: golpesal (Heart); Oaxaca: nax podeey (Mixe). | Diarrhea and stomach pain, toothache | Flavonoids apigenin, deflavona hexahydroxy -glucuronide, himenoxín, linarín, luteolin, glycoside; saponaretín, escutelarín, methyl ester, vitexin vicenín; dulcinol diterpenes, escopaduline acids A and B, escopaduline, escopariol; α-amyrin triterpenes, betulinic acid, dulcioico, friedelin | Hepatotoxicity |
Citrus aurantium L. (Citrus orange) [4] | Orange, orange leaves, lemon, monument, orange, sour orange, sour orange, orange doghouse, orange Castile, cucho orange, orange, sour orange, bitter orange. Morelos: naranjaxocotl; Oaxaca: cajel, ma ji gui ruu, suuikh, tsuiky; Puebla: chichicarajas (Nahua), ixcapehto (Otomi), skeja Lasus (Totonac), Skaja laxux, xocot; Quintana Roo: cituhuk, pakal dzut, suut’spak‘aal (Maya); Veracruz: tsotso; San Luis Potosi; tdimalon lanash, kaxiy lanash (tenek) | Dysentery, stomach pain, abortion, asthma, colds, fever | Monoterpenes camphene, geraniol, limonene and linalool; methyl anthranilate and Citra, flavonoids, Rhamno-glycosides hesperidin, hesperidin glycosides, phenols; the sterols campesterol and β-sitosterol and carotenoid α-tocophero | Hepatotoxicity Teratogenicity |
Prunus persica L. (Peach) [4] | San Luis Potosí: tulasnu (tenek) | Antiparasitic, dysentery, stomach pain | Epigalato of catechin, the diglucosides of kaempferol and quercetin, and the sterol β-sitosterol | Hepatotoxicity |
Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Rosemary) [4,23] | Michoacan: romeru | Stomach pain, biliary colic, cold | 1,8-cineol monoterpenes, bornyl acetate, camphor, α- and β-pinene, α-terpineol, nerol, geraniol, eugenol, nerolidol, slime-Neno, verbenol, myrcene | Hepatotoxicity |
Equisetum hyemale L. (Horse tail) [4,23] | Carricillo. Estado de México: carrizo (mazahua); Michoacán: k uture (purhépecha); Sonora: cab’ bager (pima) | Abdominal pain, urinary tract infections | Carotenoids α- and β-carotene, lutein epoxide, licofíl, violaxantín and zeaxanthin | Hepatotoxicity |
Tilia mexicana Schlechtendal (Tilia) [4] | Flordetila, flordetilia, tilia; Michoacán: sirimo (purhépecha), cirimo | Calm the nerves, menstrual pain | p-Coumaric acid, kaempferol, quercetin and terpenoid Constituents. Volatile oils, Including citral, citronellal, citronellol, eugenol, and limonene | Hepatotoxicity |
Morus alba L. (White Mulberry) [4,23] | Moral, mora blanca, mora de tierra caliente, moran, moran hembra; Puebla: kimucucuk kiui (totonaco) | Muscle pain, respiratory diseases | Monoterpene geraniol limonene, linalool, acetate and α-pinene | Hepatotoxicity |
Opuntia ficusindica (Nopal) [15,24] | Nopal, Cactus | Diabetes and others | Fibrous polysaccharide (fiber) and pectin | Diarrhea, nausea, abdominal fullness and headache |
Mentha piperita (Peppermint) [15,24] | Mint | Gastrointestinal tract ailments and others | Acetaldehyde, amyl alcohol, menthyl esters, limone, pinene, phellandrene, cadinene, pugelone, and dimethyl sulfide, α-pinene, sabinene, terpinolene, ocimene, γ-terpinene, fenchene, α- and β-thujone, citronellol | Hepatotoxicity |
Larrea divaricate (Chaparral) [15,25] | Governor, Creosote Bush, Greasewood, Hediondilla, Larreastat | Arthritis and others | Nordihydroguaiaretic acid | Hepatotoxicity |
Taraxacum officinale (Dandelion) [15,24] | Blowball dandelion, cankerwort, Common Dandelion, Dudal, Herba Taraxaci, Lion‘s Tooth | Hepatic and biliary ailments, viral and bacterial infections, cancer and others | Quercetin, luteolin, luteolin-7-O-gluccoside, p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, germacranolide acids, chlorogenic acid, chicoric acid, and monocaffeyltartaric acid, scopoletin, aesculetin, aesculin, cichoriin, arnidiol, and faradiol, caffeic acid, taraxacoside, taraxasterol, inulin and high potassium content | Allergic reactions, palpitations, syncope and erythema multiform |
Verbascum densiflorum (Mullein) [15,24] | Mullein, Aaron's Rod, Adam's Flannel, American Mullein, Orange Mullein, Rag Paper | Inflammatory ailments in respiratory tract and others | Harpagoside, harpagide, aucubin, hesperidin, verbascoside, saponins, and volatile oils | None reported |
Matricaria recutita (Chamomile) [15,24] | Chamomile, Blue Chamomile, Camomilla, Camomille Allemande, Cham, Echte Kamille, Fleur de Camomile | Gastrointestinal tract ailments and others | Quercetin, apigenin, and coumarins, and the essential oils matricin, chamazulene, α bisaboloid, and bisaboloid oxides | Allergic reactions and conjunctivitis |
Passiflora incarnate (Passion flower) [15,24] | Crown of Christ, Passion Flower, Madre Selva, Passionflower, Passiflore, passiflorine, Passionaria | Insomnia, and anxiety or nervousness | Flavonoids apigenin, luteolin, quercetin, kaempferol, and vitexin, harmine, harmaline, harmalol, harman, and harmin. Other constituents include maltol and ethyl maltol | Dizziness, confusion and ataxia; Vasculitis; nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, tachycardia; hepatic and pancreatic toxicity |
Aloe vera (Aloe) [15,24] | Zabila, Aloe Vera, Aloe Latex, Aloe Perfoliata, Burn Plant, Elephant‘s Gall, Gvarapatha, Gvar Patha, Indian Aloe, and others | Gastrointestinal ailments, wound healing and others | Emodin anthrone, dithranol, chrysarobin, carboxypeptidase, magnesium lactate, C-glucosyl chromone, salicylate and allantoin. Aloe latex belongs to the anthraquinone family and contains a tricyclic anthracene nucleus | Decrease platelet aggregation; Prolong bleeding time; Diarrhea and loss of water and electrolytes |
6. Regulation of Herbal Products and Social Implications
7. Conclusions and Future Challenges
Conflicts of Interest
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Valdivia-Correa, B.; Gómez-Gutiérrez, C.; Uribe, M.; Méndez-Sánchez, N. Herbal Medicine in Mexico: A Cause of Hepatotoxicity. A Critical Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17, 235. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17020235
Valdivia-Correa B, Gómez-Gutiérrez C, Uribe M, Méndez-Sánchez N. Herbal Medicine in Mexico: A Cause of Hepatotoxicity. A Critical Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2016; 17(2):235. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17020235
Chicago/Turabian StyleValdivia-Correa, Bárbara, Cristina Gómez-Gutiérrez, Misael Uribe, and Nahum Méndez-Sánchez. 2016. "Herbal Medicine in Mexico: A Cause of Hepatotoxicity. A Critical Review" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 17, no. 2: 235. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17020235
APA StyleValdivia-Correa, B., Gómez-Gutiérrez, C., Uribe, M., & Méndez-Sánchez, N. (2016). Herbal Medicine in Mexico: A Cause of Hepatotoxicity. A Critical Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 17(2), 235. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17020235