Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil of Kumquat (Fortunella crassifolia Swingle) Peel
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Chemical Composition in the Essential Oil
2.2. Antimicrobial Activity
2.3. Antibacterial Activity the Essential Oil in a Food Model Media
2.4. Observation with Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Isolation of the Essential Oil
3.2. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) Analysis
3.3. Test Microorganisms
3.4. Antimicrobial Activity
3.5. Antibacterial Activity of the Essential Oil in a Food Model
3.6. Observation with Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
3.7. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
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NO. | RI a | Compound | Identification b | (%) c |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 936 | α-Pinene | MS, RI | 0.34 |
2 | 955 | Camphene | MS, RI | 1.43 |
3 | 993 | Myrcene | MS, RI | 7.11 |
4 | 1021 | p-Cymene | MS, RI | 0.01 |
5 | 1035 | Limonene | MS, RI | 74.79 |
6 | 1064 | γ-Terpinene | MS, RI | 0.09 |
7 | 1072 | 2,7-Dimethyl-1,6-octadione | MS | 0.02 |
8 | 1091 | 3,4-Dimethyl styrene | MS | 0.32 |
9 | 1097 | Linalool | MS, RI | 0.30 |
10 | 1138 | Carveol | MS, RI | 0.13 |
11 | 1146 | p-Mentha-2,8-dien-1-ol | MS, RI | 1.00 |
12 | 1164 | p-Mentha-1,5-dien-8-ol | MS, RI | 1.65 |
13 | 1209 | Octyl acetate | MS, RI | 0.62 |
14 | 1245 | Carvone | MS, RI | 1.58 |
15 | 1365 | Piperitenone | MS | 0.22 |
16 | 1371 | Perillaldehyde | MS | 0.18 |
17 | 1376 | α-Copaene | MS, RI | 0.18 |
18 | 1381 | cis-Myrtanyl acetate | MS, RI | 0.15 |
19 | 1383 | trans-Myrtanyl acetate | MS, RI | 0.62 |
20 | 1392 | β-Elemene | MS, RI | 0.29 |
21 | 1459 | Perillyl acetate | MS | 0.22 |
22 | 1498 | Bicyclogermacrene | MS, RI | 0.08 |
23 | 1506 | α-Selinene | MS, RI | 0.70 |
24 | 1578 | Spathulenol | MS, RI | 0.22 |
25 | 1861 | Isopropyl cinnamate | MS | 0.11 |
Total | 92.36 |
Inhibition zone (mm) | Essential oil (μg/mL) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Microorganisms | Source | Essential oil a | Gentamicin b | MIC c | MBC d |
Gram negative | |||||
E. coli | ATCC 25922 | 18.0 ± 1.29 | 26.0 ± 0.10 | 50.0 | 52.5 |
S. typhimurium | ATCC 14028 | 13.2 ± 0.37 | 23.3 ± 0.47 | 70.0 | 72.5 |
Gram positive | |||||
S. aureus | ATCC 25923 | 14.8 ± 0.69 | 27.3 ± 0.47 | 65.0 | 67.5 |
B. subtilis | ATCC 21216 | 20.2 ± 0.37 | 23.3 ± 0.47 | 47.5 | 50.0 |
B. cereus | ATCC 10231 | 20.8 ± 0.69 | 22.0 ± 0.40 | 37.5 | 40.0 |
L. bulgaricus | ATCC 11842 | 18.2 ± 1.07 | 24.7 ± 0.47 | 67.5 | 70.0 |
B. laterosporus | ATCC 64 | 18.3 ± 0.94 | 20.3 ± 0.45 | 67.5 | 70.0 |
Fungus | |||||
C. albicans | ATCC 50013 | 13.7 ± 0.75 | 27.3 ± 0.47 | 70.0 | 72.5 |
© 2012 by the authors; licensee Molecular Diversity Preservation International, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
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Wang, Y.-W.; Zeng, W.-C.; Xu, P.-Y.; Lan, Y.-J.; Zhu, R.-X.; Zhong, K.; Huang, Y.-N.; Gao, H. Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil of Kumquat (Fortunella crassifolia Swingle) Peel. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13, 3382-3393. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13033382
Wang Y-W, Zeng W-C, Xu P-Y, Lan Y-J, Zhu R-X, Zhong K, Huang Y-N, Gao H. Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil of Kumquat (Fortunella crassifolia Swingle) Peel. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2012; 13(3):3382-3393. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13033382
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Yong-Wei, Wei-Cai Zeng, Pei-Yu Xu, Ya-Jia Lan, Rui-Xue Zhu, Kai Zhong, Yi-Na Huang, and Hong Gao. 2012. "Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil of Kumquat (Fortunella crassifolia Swingle) Peel" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 13, no. 3: 3382-3393. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13033382