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Volume 31
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10.3390/molecules31081236
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Article

The Influence of Autohydrolysis Temperature and the Addition of 2 wt% of Expired Paracetamol on the Thermal Behavior and Composition of Pyrolysis Products After Hydrothermal Treatment of Sunflower Stems (SSs) and Sunflower Inflorescences (SIs)

by
Andrzej Strojwas
1,
Valentina Zubkova
1,*,
Joanna Masternak
1 and
Ilona Stabrawa
2
1
Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Uniwersytecka Str. 7, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
2
Institute of Physics, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Uniwersytecka Str. 7, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2026, 31(8), 1236; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31081236
Submission received: 11 March 2026 / Revised: 2 April 2026 / Accepted: 7 April 2026 / Published: 9 April 2026
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Abstract

The influence of the autohydrolysis temperature of sunflower stems (SSs) and sunflower inflorescence (SI) on the changes in the composition of the pyrolysis products of their hydrochars (HCs) was investigated. This research was carried out using a TG/FT-IR analytical device, the semi-quantitative ATR technique, the quantitative XRD technique, and the SEM (EDS) technique. It was found that a rise in autohydrolysis temperature alarmingly increases the contribution of undesirable hydrocarbons in the volatile pyrolysis products of HCs calculated with respect to the emitted CO2 and substantially decreases the yield of pyrolyzed solid products. The rise in autohydrolysis temperature not only changes the content of inorganics in HCs but also influences the migration of inorganics in these samples during pyrolysis: intensifies the migration of Mg and Ca and reduces the migration of K. This affects the secondary reaction between the volatile pyrolysis products. The addition of 2 wt% of paracetamol to pyrolyzed HCs inhibits the migration of Mg and Ca and increases the migration of K with volatile products, which positively influences the reduction in undesirable compounds in the composition of emitted volatile products. The addition of paracetamol decreases the yield of pyrolyzed SSHCs by circa 2% and increases the yield of pyrolyzed SIHC180 by almost 5%.
Keywords: autohydrolysis; hydrochar pyrolysis; expired paracetamol autohydrolysis; hydrochar pyrolysis; expired paracetamol

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MDPI and ACS Style

Strojwas, A.; Zubkova, V.; Masternak, J.; Stabrawa, I. The Influence of Autohydrolysis Temperature and the Addition of 2 wt% of Expired Paracetamol on the Thermal Behavior and Composition of Pyrolysis Products After Hydrothermal Treatment of Sunflower Stems (SSs) and Sunflower Inflorescences (SIs). Molecules 2026, 31, 1236. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31081236

AMA Style

Strojwas A, Zubkova V, Masternak J, Stabrawa I. The Influence of Autohydrolysis Temperature and the Addition of 2 wt% of Expired Paracetamol on the Thermal Behavior and Composition of Pyrolysis Products After Hydrothermal Treatment of Sunflower Stems (SSs) and Sunflower Inflorescences (SIs). Molecules. 2026; 31(8):1236. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31081236

Chicago/Turabian Style

Strojwas, Andrzej, Valentina Zubkova, Joanna Masternak, and Ilona Stabrawa. 2026. "The Influence of Autohydrolysis Temperature and the Addition of 2 wt% of Expired Paracetamol on the Thermal Behavior and Composition of Pyrolysis Products After Hydrothermal Treatment of Sunflower Stems (SSs) and Sunflower Inflorescences (SIs)" Molecules 31, no. 8: 1236. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31081236

APA Style

Strojwas, A., Zubkova, V., Masternak, J., & Stabrawa, I. (2026). The Influence of Autohydrolysis Temperature and the Addition of 2 wt% of Expired Paracetamol on the Thermal Behavior and Composition of Pyrolysis Products After Hydrothermal Treatment of Sunflower Stems (SSs) and Sunflower Inflorescences (SIs). Molecules, 31(8), 1236. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31081236

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