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10.3390/molecules31030575
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Exothermic Effects and Viscosity of Oxide Melts Formed During High-Temperature Reduction of Cr–Mn Ore Systems

by
Yerbolat Makhambetov
1,*,
Sultan Kabylkanov
1,2,*,
Saule Abdulina
2,
Armat Zhakan
1,
Azamat Burumbayev
1,
Zhadiger Sadyk
1,
Amankeldy Akhmetov
1,
Zhalgas Saulebek
1,
Ruslan Toleukadyr
1,
Arnat Smagulov
1 and
Onuralp Yucel
3
1
Chemical-Metallurgical Institute Named After Zh. Abishev, Karaganda 100030, Kazakhstan
2
International School of Engineering, East Kazakhstan Technical University Named After D. Serikbayev, Ust-Kamenogorsk 070000, Kazakhstan
3
Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2026, 31(3), 575; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31030575
Submission received: 18 January 2026 / Revised: 30 January 2026 / Accepted: 5 February 2026 / Published: 6 February 2026
Versions Notes

Abstract

This study investigates the exothermic effects and viscosity properties of multicomponent oxide melts during the high-temperature reduction of low-grade Cr–Mn ores. Unlike previous thermodynamic-focused research, this work provides experimental evidence of transient exothermic responses and correlates them with melt properties. High-temperature experiments identified pronounced exothermic effects in the 800–1600 °C range. Phase analysis (XRD, SEM–EDS) confirmed effective Cr and Mn reduction into Fe–Cr–Mn–Si alloys with minimal residual oxides in the slag. Effective viscosity, measured via the electrovibrational method at 1400–1650 °C, decreased monotonically with temperature. Arrhenius analysis was applied to determine activation energies and crystallization onset temperatures (Tcr). The results indicate low viscosity and high thermal stability of the slags, ensuring efficient metal–slag separation. These findings confirm the technological feasibility of using low-grade ores for Fe–Cr–Mn alloy production and provide a basis for optimizing industrial smelting.
Keywords: multicomponent oxide melts; Cr–Mn system; exothermic reduction reactions; slag viscosity; high-temperature; Arrhenius analysis; FactSage multicomponent oxide melts; Cr–Mn system; exothermic reduction reactions; slag viscosity; high-temperature; Arrhenius analysis; FactSage

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MDPI and ACS Style

Makhambetov, Y.; Kabylkanov, S.; Abdulina, S.; Zhakan, A.; Burumbayev, A.; Sadyk, Z.; Akhmetov, A.; Saulebek, Z.; Toleukadyr, R.; Smagulov, A.; et al. Exothermic Effects and Viscosity of Oxide Melts Formed During High-Temperature Reduction of Cr–Mn Ore Systems. Molecules 2026, 31, 575. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31030575

AMA Style

Makhambetov Y, Kabylkanov S, Abdulina S, Zhakan A, Burumbayev A, Sadyk Z, Akhmetov A, Saulebek Z, Toleukadyr R, Smagulov A, et al. Exothermic Effects and Viscosity of Oxide Melts Formed During High-Temperature Reduction of Cr–Mn Ore Systems. Molecules. 2026; 31(3):575. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31030575

Chicago/Turabian Style

Makhambetov, Yerbolat, Sultan Kabylkanov, Saule Abdulina, Armat Zhakan, Azamat Burumbayev, Zhadiger Sadyk, Amankeldy Akhmetov, Zhalgas Saulebek, Ruslan Toleukadyr, Arnat Smagulov, and et al. 2026. "Exothermic Effects and Viscosity of Oxide Melts Formed During High-Temperature Reduction of Cr–Mn Ore Systems" Molecules 31, no. 3: 575. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31030575

APA Style

Makhambetov, Y., Kabylkanov, S., Abdulina, S., Zhakan, A., Burumbayev, A., Sadyk, Z., Akhmetov, A., Saulebek, Z., Toleukadyr, R., Smagulov, A., & Yucel, O. (2026). Exothermic Effects and Viscosity of Oxide Melts Formed During High-Temperature Reduction of Cr–Mn Ore Systems. Molecules, 31(3), 575. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31030575

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