Next Article in Journal
Exsolution-Engineered Perovskite Catalysts for Durable Plasma-Assisted Ammonia Synthesis
Previous Article in Journal
Vasorelaxant Effects of Wild Jujube Leaf Aqueous Extract: Endothelial NO/cGMP/SERCA Signaling, Antioxidant Activity, and AI-Based Molecular Docking
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Molecules
Volume 31
Issue 18
10.3390/molecules31183253
molecules-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Sustainable Dyeing and Mordanting of Silk with a Binary Colorant from Agro-Waste Material

by
Shahid Adeel
1,*,
Muhammad Kamran
1,
Muhammad Afzaal
2,
Muhammad Aftab
3,
Khurram Shahzad Munawar
4,
Asfandyar Khan
5,6 and
Fiaz Hussain
7,*
1
Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
2
Department of Food Science, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
3
Department of Statistics, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
4
Department of Chemistry, University of Mianwali, Mianwali 42200, Punjab, Pakistan
5
Department of Textile and Apparel Science, School of Textile and Design, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54770, Pakistan
6
Department of Textile Engineering, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh
7
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam-si 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2026, 31(18), 3253; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31183253
Submission received: 26 July 2026 / Revised: 2 September 2026 / Accepted: 10 September 2026 / Published: 14 September 2026
(This article belongs to the Section Colorants)
Versions Notes

Abstract

The use of agro-waste materials as an alternative to synthetic dyes has gained considerable interest in the development of sustainable textile coloration. This study investigates the utilization of binary colorants from agro-waste sources such as harmal seeds and thuja leaves for silk, with statistical selection of variables. A central composite design (C.C.D.) coupled with microwave radiation was employed to select the significant dyeing conditions for excellent yield. It has been found that the pH 3 extract obtained from 6 g of binary powder after irradiation for 3 min, when applied at 75 °C for 40 min, produced an excellent yield of up to 6.15 (K/S). Two-way ANOVA also revealed the significance of selected dyeing variables for silk coloration using a binary colorant. The use of optimum amounts of chemical and bio-mordants produced colorfast, stable shades with fastness ratings of 4/5-5 for light, washing, and rubbing. The improvement in functional properties such as antioxidant and antibacterial properties of both the extracts and dyed fabric after MW treatment reveals that this bi-colorant has potential benefits for the community. It has been concluded that sustainable mordanting of silk has added more value in the coloration of silk with binary colorants by producing colorfast shades upon dyeing using statistically selected variables.
Keywords: C.C.D.; cotton; harmal; myrobalan; natural dyeing process; response surface methodology; sustainability; thuja C.C.D.; cotton; harmal; myrobalan; natural dyeing process; response surface methodology; sustainability; thuja

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Adeel, S.; Kamran, M.; Afzaal, M.; Aftab, M.; Munawar, K.S.; Khan, A.; Hussain, F. Sustainable Dyeing and Mordanting of Silk with a Binary Colorant from Agro-Waste Material. Molecules 2026, 31, 3253. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31183253

AMA Style

Adeel S, Kamran M, Afzaal M, Aftab M, Munawar KS, Khan A, Hussain F. Sustainable Dyeing and Mordanting of Silk with a Binary Colorant from Agro-Waste Material. Molecules. 2026; 31(18):3253. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31183253

Chicago/Turabian Style

Adeel, Shahid, Muhammad Kamran, Muhammad Afzaal, Muhammad Aftab, Khurram Shahzad Munawar, Asfandyar Khan, and Fiaz Hussain. 2026. "Sustainable Dyeing and Mordanting of Silk with a Binary Colorant from Agro-Waste Material" Molecules 31, no. 18: 3253. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31183253

APA Style

Adeel, S., Kamran, M., Afzaal, M., Aftab, M., Munawar, K. S., Khan, A., & Hussain, F. (2026). Sustainable Dyeing and Mordanting of Silk with a Binary Colorant from Agro-Waste Material. Molecules, 31(18), 3253. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31183253

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop