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Article

Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from an Arctic Marine-Derived Strain, Streptomyces sp. MNP-1, Using the OSMAC Strategy

by
Mengna Wu
1,
Zijun Liu
1,
Jiahui Wang
1,
Wentao Hu
2 and
Huawei Zhang
1,*
1
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
2
College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2025, 30(8), 1657; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30081657
Submission received: 1 March 2025 / Revised: 26 March 2025 / Accepted: 1 April 2025 / Published: 8 April 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Secondary Metabolites from Natural Products: Extraction, Isolation and Biological Activities)
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Abstract

:
An Arctic marine-derived strain, MNP-1, was characterized by a combined methodological approach, incorporating a variety of analytical techniques including morphological features, biochemical characteristics, and 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequence analysis. The chemical investigation of Streptomyces sp. MNP-1 using the OSMAC (one strain many compounds) strategy yielded the isolation of twenty known compounds (1–20), which were unambiguously identified by various spectroscopic approaches including 1H and 13C NMR and ESI-MS (previously reported data). Bioassay results indicated that compounds 2, 3, 5, 9, 14, 15, and 20 had antimicrobial activity against human pathogenic strains including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans with MIC values ranging from 4 to 32 μg/mL, and compounds 3 and 14 exhibited moderate inhibitory activity on A549, MCF-7, and HepG2 tumor lines showing IC50 values within the range of 19.88 to 35.82 µM. These findings suggest that Streptomyces sp. MNP-1 is one of the prolific manufacturers of bioactive secondary metabolites with therapeutic potential.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Extremophilic microbes in polar marine ecosystems have evolved over million years and developed various unique metabolisms to survive in inhospitable environments, such as oligotrophic conditions, low temperature, and high salinity and osmotic pressure, and have been discovered to be an unexplored treasure of natural products [1,2]. Actinomycetes, particularly Streptomyces sp., represent a significant source of antibiotics, with these microbes producing a diversity of β-lactam, tetracycline, macrolide, aminoglycoside, and glycopeptide antibiotics that have proven clinically effective [3]. Streptomyces from extreme environmental sources have the potential to produce compounds that overcome multi-drug resistance and new activities, and represent a crucial source of novel antibiotics [4]. Numerous experiments have indicated that most biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), which are directly involved in microbial secondary metabolite (SM) production activities, are silent under conventional circumstances [5,6,7,8]. It is fortunate that the “one strain many compounds” (OSMAC) strategy has emerged as the simplest and the most effective method to activate these cryptic BGCs [9,10]. For instance, one desert-derived strain, Streptomyces sp. C34, was found to make three novel compounds, chaxalactins A–C, which demonstrated high activity in fighting Gram-positive bacteria, exhibiting a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of less than 1 μg/mL, by varying different culture media [11]. Three new cyclopentenone chemicals, aspergispones A–C, were identified from the sea-derived fungus Aspergillus sp. SCSIO 41501 by means of diversity medium cultures [12].
Herein, the chemical analysis of the Arctic marine-derived isolate MNP-1 using the OSMAC strategy resulted in the separation of twenty known chemicals (1–20), of which compound 11 was firstly characterized from microbes and 3 and 10 were produced by the Streptomyces strain for the first time. In vitro bioactivity tests suggested that compounds 3 and 10 have predominant activity on the A549, MCF-7, and HepG2 tumor cell lines (see Figure 1 below).

2. Results

2.1. Strain Classification

The Arctic ore-derived isolate MNP-1 was identified by a combination of various approaches including an analysis of morphological features, biochemical characteristics, and 16S rRNA sequence analysis. The findings indicated that its single colony was round and grayish-white, and Gram’s staining test was positive (see Figure 2c below). The 16S rRNA sequence-based phylogenetic analysis (see Figure 3, Table S1) indicated that strain MNP-1 was the closest interspecies relative to Streptomyces acrimycini and S. pratensis, suggesting it belonged to the genus Streptomyces.

2.2. Medium Evaluation

The culture conditions of Streptomyces sp. MNP-1 were optimized by comparing the differences of metabolites under different culture conditions using the integrated OSMAC strategy with the triple orientation of fermentation crude extract yield, compound structure prediction based on hydrogen spectroscopy characterization and LC-MS/MS metabolomics, and metabolite activity evaluation (see Tables S2–S9, Figures S1–S10). Based on the results of the comprehensive evaluation of 18 solid/liquid media (see Table S2), three optimal medium compositions were screened to obtain a rice solid medium supplemented with 20 mg/L CuSO4·5H2O (#2), Gauze’s Synthetic Medium No. 1 with supplemented with 50 μM 5-Aza-C (#7), and MC1 liquid medium (#16).

2.3. Structure Elucidation

Twenty chemicals were identified in the crude extraction of Streptomyces sp. MNP-1 using a combination of multiple analytical chromatographic methods (see Figure 1). As demonstrated by 1H-NMR spectra, 13C-NMR spectra, and MS analyses, in a comparative analysis with previous reports, these chemicals were definitively identified as 4-methoxypyridin-2-ol (1) [13], 1-phenazinecarboxylic acid (2) [14], 4-hydroxyphenazine-1, 6-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester (3) [15], N-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-acetamide (4) [16], N-(2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl) acetamide (5) [17], 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (6) [18], 2-(acetylamino)-3-hydroxy-benzoic acid (7) [19], 3-(acetylamino)-4-hydroxy-benzoic acid (8) [20], 4-hydroxy-3-propanamidobenzoic acid (9) [21], 4-hydroxy-3-[(2-methyl-1-oxopropyl) amino]-benzoic acid (10) [22], 9-methyl-N-(3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl)-9H-purin-6-amine (11) [23], N-acetyl-L-tryptophan (12) [24], 4-(methylamino)benzoic acid (13) [25], staurosporine (14) [26], (9Z)-9-heptadecenoic acid (15) [27], (6S,7R)-6,7-methyleneheptadecanoic acid (16) [28], palmitic acid (17) [29], phenyl acetic acid (18) [30], daidzein (19) [31], and genistein (20) [32].
(1): White powder; 1H-NMR (CD3OD) δH: 6.83 (1H, d, J = 7.8, H-3), 7.55 (1H, dd, J = 6.6, 1.8, H-5), 7.56 (1H, d, J = 6.6, H-6). 13C-NMR (CD3OD) δC: 148.6 (C-2), 113.9 (C-3), 125.1 (C-4), 115.7 (C-5), 152.2 (C-6), 56.4 (4-OCH3). ESI-MS (m/z): 249.2 [2M − H]−.
(2): Yellow-green crystals; 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δH: 8.98 (1H, dd, J = 7.1, 1.4), 8.01 (1H, m), 8.53 (1H, dd, J = 8.7, 1.4), 8.28 (1H, dd, J = 8.5, 1.5), 8.01 (1H, m), 8.01 (1H, m), 8.34 (1H, dd, J = 8.5, 1.5), 15.53 (1H, s). 13C-NMR(CDCl3) δC: 125.1 (C-1), 137.6 (C-2), 130.4 (C-3), 135.2 (C-4), 143.6 (C-4a), 144.3 (C-5a), 128.1 (C-6), 133.3 (C-7), 131.9 (C-8), 130.4 (C-9), 140.0 (C-9a), 140.2 (C-10a), 166.0 (1-COOH). ESI-MS (m/z): 247.0 [M + Na]+.
(3): Purple powder; 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δH: 7.29 (1H, d, J = 8.3, H-3), 7.94 (1H, dd, J = 7.9, H-8), 8.41 (1H, d, J = 7.1, H-7), 8.54 (1H, d, J = 6.9, H-2), 8.57 (1H, d, J = 8.8, H-9), 4.07 (3H, s, H-2′), 4.10 (3H, s, H-2″). HRESI-MS (m/z): 335.07 [M + Na]+ (calcd. for C16H12N2O5).
(4): Brown powder; 1H-NMR (CD3OD) δH: 6.46 (1H, d, J = 2.5, H-3), 6.33 (1H, dd, J = 8.6, 2.5, H-5), 7.48 (1H, d, J = 8.6, H-6), 2.11 (3H, s, H-3′), 3.81 (3H,s). 13C-NMR (CD3OD) δC: 119.5 (C-1), 153.9 (C-2), 100.2 (C-3), 157.1 (C-4), 107.4 (C-5), 126.0 (C-6), 172.9 (C-2′), 23.3 (C-3′), 56.1 (4-OCH3). HRESI-MS (m/z): 204.06 [M + Na]+ (calculated for C9H11NO3).
(5): Brown powder; 1H-NMR (CD3OD, 600 MHz) δH: 7.00 (1H, m, H-6), 7.07 (1H, s, H-2), 7.09 (1H, m, H-7), 7.33 (1H, d, J = 8.2, H-8), 7.55 (1H, d, J = 7.9, H-5), 2.94 (2H, t, J = 7.3, H-2′), 3.47 (2H, t, J = 7.4, H-1′), 1.92 (3H, s, H-5′). HRESI-MS (m/z): 225.10 [M + Na]+ (calculated for C12H14N2O).
(6): White powder; 1H-NMR (CD3OD) δH: 6.81 (2H, d, J = 8.7, H-2, 6), 7.87 (2H, d, J = 8.7, H-3, 5). 13C-NMR (CD3OD) δC: 163.0 (C-4), 123.8 (C-1), 115.9 (C-2, 6), 132.9 (C-3, 5), 163.0 (C-1). HRESI-MS (m/z): 139.04 [M + H]+ (calculated for C7H6O3).
(7): Brown powder; 1H-NMR (CD3OD) δH: 7.04 (1H, d, J = 7.9, H-4), 6.94 (1H, dd, J = 8.6, 1.5, H-5), 7.54 (1H, d, J = 7.7, H-6), 2.25 (3H, s, H-3′). HRESI-MS (m/z): 218.04 [M + Na]+ (calculated for C9H9NO4).
(8): White powder; 1H-NMR (CD3OD) δH: 6.91 (1H, d, J = 8.4, H-5), 7.71 (1H, dd, J = 8.4, 2.0, H-6), 8.40 (1H, d, J = 2.0), 2.20 (3H, s, H-3′). 13C-NMR (CD3OD) δC: 122.9 (C-1), 125.5 (C-2), 126.5 (C-3), 153.7 (C-4), 116.0 (C-5), 128.4 (C-6), 171.9 (C-2′), 23.1 (C-3′), 169.5 (1-COOH). HRESI-MS (m/z): 196.06 [M + H]+ (calculated for C9H9NO4).
(9): Yellow powder; 1H-NMR (CD3OD) δH: 8.41 (1H, d, J = 1.8), 6.93 (1H, d, J = 8.5), 7.72 (1H, dd, J = 8.3, 2.0), 2.50 (2H, q, J = 8.2, 7.7), 1.25 (3H, t, J =7.4). 13C-NMR (CD3OD) δC: 123.9 (C-1), 125.8 (C-2), 127.0 (C-3), 153.9 (C-4), 116.5 (C-5), 128.7 (C-6), 176.0 (C-2′), 30.7 (C-3′), 10.2 (C-4′), 170.2 (1-COOH). HRESI-MS (m/z): 232.06 [M + Na]+ (calculated for C10H11NO4).
(10): Brown powder; 1H-NMR (CD3OD) δH: 6.92 (1H, d, J = 8.5, H-5), 7.73 (1H, d, J = 8.4, H-6), 8.37 (1H, s, H-2), 2.79 (H, m, H-3′), 1.26 (6H, d, J = 7.1). 13C-NMR(CD3OD) δC: 125.8 (C-1), 127.3 (C-2), 129.3 (C-3), 152.4 (C-4), 116.7 (C-5), 130.6 (C-6), 36.8 (C-3′), 20.0 (C-4′,5′). HRESI-MS (m/z): 246.07 [M + Na]+ (calculated for C11H13NO4).
(11): Amorphous yellow solid; 1H-NMR (CD3OD) δH: 8.26 (1H, s, H-4), 8.01 (1H, s, H-8), 4.18 (2H, d, J = 7.5, H-2′), 5.39 (H, t, J = 6.9, H-3′), 3.82 (1H, s, 9-CH3). HRESI-MS (m/z): 218.14 [M + H]+ (calculated for C11H15N5).
(12): White powder; 1H-NMR (CD3OD) δH: 7.01 (1H, ddd, J = 8.0, 7.0, 1.0, H-6), 7.08 (1H, s, H-2), 7.08 (1H, ddd, J = 8.1, 7.0, 1.2, H-7), 7.32 (1H, d, J = 8.2, H-8), 7.56 (1H, d, J = 7.9, H-5), 3.16 (1H, dd, J = 15.1, 8.4, H-1′), 3.34 (1H, dd, J = 15.2, 4.7, H-1′), 4.72 (1H, dd, J = 8.0, 5.2, H-2′), 1.90 (1H, s, H-5′). 13C-NMR (CD3OD) δC: 124.3(C-2), 111.1(C-3), 128.9(C-4), 119.2(C-5), 119.8(C-6), 122.4(C-7), 112.2(C-8), 138.1(C-9), 175.2(2′-COOH), 28.5 (C-1′), 54.8 (C-2′), 173.2(C-4′), 22.4(C-5′). ESI-MS (m/z): 247.4 [M + H]+.
(13): Amorphous yellow powder; 1H-NMR (CD3OD) δH: 7.79 (2H, m, H-2, 6), 6.56 (2H, m, H-3, 5), 2.81 (3H, s, H-2′). 13C-NMR (CD3OD) δC: 118.8 (C-4), 132.7 (C-2,6), 111.8 (C-3,5), 155.3 (C-4), 29.9 (C-2′), 171.3 (C-2′, 1-COOH). HRESI-MS (m/z): 152.07 [M + H]+ (calculated for C8H9NO2).
(14): Yellow-green powder; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δH: 7.58 (1H, d, J = 8.2,H-1), 7.45 (1H, t, J = 7.6,H-2), 7.29 (1H, m,H-3), 9.28 (1H, d, J = 7.9, H-4), 8.49 (1H, s, H-6), 4.94 (2H, s, H-7), 7.96 (1H, d, J = 7.8, H-8), 7.29 (1H, m,H-9), 7.41 (1H, t, J = 7.8, H-10), 7.96 (1H, d, J = 8.5,H-11), 4.06 (1H, d, J = 3.5, H-3′), 3.26 (1H, m, H-4′), 6.70 (1H, d, J = 3.9, H-6′), 3.32 (3H, s,), 2.30 (3H, s,), 1.46 (3H, s). 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6) δC: 172.2 (C-5), 45.4 (C-7), 29.4 (C-5′), 82.8 (C-3′), 79.9 (C-6′), 91.1 (C-2′), 50.1 (C-4′), 57.3 (3′-OCH3), 29.7 (2′-CH3), 33.3 (C-2″). ESI-MS (m/z): 467.2 [M + H]+.
(15): Yellowish oil; 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δH: 5.34 (2H, m, H-9, 10), 1.31 (18H, m), 1.63 (2H, m), 2.01 (4H, m), 2.34 (2H, t, J = 7.5), 0.88 (3H, t, J = 6.9, H-17). 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δC: 130.2(C-9), 129.9(C-10), 180.2(C-1), 14.2 (C-17). HRESI-MS (m/z): 267.20 [M − H]− (calculated for C17H32O2).
(16): Colorless oil; 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δH: -0.33 (1H, ddd, J = 5.1, 5.1, 4.6, H-18), 0.56 (1H, m, H-18), 0.65 (2H, m, H-6, 7), 1.13 (2H, m), 1.32 (20H, m), 1.63 (2H, m), 2.34 (2H, t, J = 7.5), 0.89 (3H, t, J = 7.0), 1.32 (1H, m, 1-OH). 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δC: 11.1 (C-18), 15.9 (C-6, 7), 180.1 (C-1), 14.2 (C-17). HRESI-MS (m/z): 283.26 [M + H]+ (calculated for C18H34O2).
(17): White flaky solid; 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δH: 1.26 (24H, m), 1.63 (2H, m, H-3), 2.35 (2H, t, J = 7.5, H-2), 0.89 (3H, t, J = 7.0, H-16), 1.26 (1H, m,1-OH). 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δC: 180.1 (C-1), 34.2 (C-2), 24.9 (C-3), 29.2 (C-4), 29.5 (C-5), 29.6 (C-6), 29.7 (C-7), 29.8 (C8-C12), 29.3 (C-13), 32.1 (C-14), 22.8 (C-15), 14.3 (C-16). HRESI-MS (m/z): 255.23 [M − H]− (calculated for C16H32O2).
(18): White powder; 1H-NMR (CD3OD, 600 MHz) δH: 7.27 (5H, m), 3.59 (2H, s, H-1′). 13C-NMR (CD3OD, 150 MHz) δC: 41.9 (C-1′), 175.6 (1′-COOH), 136.0 (C-1), 130.3 (C-2,6), 129.4 (C-3,5), 127.9 (C-4). ESI-MS (m/z): 134.9 [M − 2H]−.
(19): Yellow solid; 1H-NMR (CD3OD) δH: 8.06 (1H, d, J = 8.0, H-5), 6.94 (1H, m, H-6), 6.85 (1H, s, H-8), 7.37 (2H, d, J = 6.8, H-2′, 6′), 6.84 (2H, d, J = 7.0, H-3′, 5′), 8.13 (1H, s, H-2). 13C-NMR (CD3OD) δC: 126.0 (C-3), 128.5 (C-5), 116.4 (C-6), 103.2 (C-8), 118.2 (C-10), 124.3 (C-1′), 131.4 (C-2′, 6′), 116.2 (C-3′, 5′), 154.7 (C-2), 164.6 (C-7), 159.8 (C-9), 158.7 (C-4′), 178.2 (C-4). ESI-MS (m/z): 277.0 [M + Na]+.
(20): Yellow solid; 1H-NMR (CD3OD) δH: 8.04 (1H, s), 6.33 (1H, s), 6.22 (1H, s), 7.36 (2H, d, J = 9.0), 6.84 (2H, d, J = 7.0). 13C-NMR (CD3OD) δC:154.8 (C-2), 123.3 (C-3), 182.3 (C-4), 163.9 (C-5), 100.1 (C-6), 165.9 (C-7), 94.8 (C-8), 158.8 (C-9), 106.3 (C-10), 124.7 (C-1′), 131.4 (2′, 6′), 116.3 (3′, 5′), 159.7 (C-4′). ESI-MS (m/z): 269.9 [M − H]−.

2.4. Bioactivity

Compounds 3 and 14 demonstrated significant inhibition effects with MICs of 4 μg/mL and 8 μg/mL on Candida albicans ATCC 1023, respectively. Compounds 2, 15, and 20 displayed inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 with MICs of 8–32 μg/mL. Compounds 2, 3, 9, and 15 also demonstrated antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, with MIC values of 16–32 μg/mL. In addition, compounds 3 and 14 had moderate antiproliferative effects on MCF-7, HepG2, and A549 cell lines, with IC50 values in the range of 19.88 ± 1.65 µM to 35.82 ± 2.70 µM (see Table 1 below).

3. Discussion

In the OSMAC strategy, the best three media were selected, of which medium #2, with the addition of Cu2+, produced salt–ion stress effects, affecting the regulation of metabolic pathways, balancing the water and ionic environments, and inducing antioxidant mechanisms [33,34]. The addition of 5-azacytidine to #7 medium may activate the expression of metabolite-related genes by inhibiting DNA methyltransferases and demethylating DNA, leading to changes in secondary metabolite production through an increase or decrease in the corresponding amino acids. Similarly, the addition of enriched nutrients promotes metabolic pathways, regulates metabolic homeostasis, and affects the production of secondary metabolites by Streptomyces [35,36]. To ensure the validity of the results, it is imperative to assess the efficacy of these mechanisms through gene expression analysis and metabolic analysis under varied metabolic conditions.
Compound 2, 1-phenazinecarboxylic acid (PCA), induces the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and regulates the apoptotic protein pathway, which drives bacterial cell lysis and death [37,38,39]. Compound 14, staurosporine, demonstrates significant antitumor effects by means of multi-targeting and multi-pathway processes. It has been shown to significantly inhibit a variety of protein kinases. In addition, it was found to upregulate pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax) and downregulate anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2). The resulting effect of these actions is a delay in the apoptosis of tumor cells, which in turn prevents tumor cell proliferation and metastasis [40,41,42,43].

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. General Experimental Procedures

The measurement of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra was determined by a Bruker Avance III-600 MHz NMR instrument (Bruker, Fällande, Switzerland). 1H NMR spectra were collected at 600 MHz; 13C NMR spectra were obtained at 150 MHz. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) analysis was performed on a SCIEX X500 B QTOF mass spectrometer (Framingham, MA, USA). Column chromatography (CC) was conducted on ODS reverse phase silica gel (YMC Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan), silica gel (Qingdao Marine Chemical Inc., Qingdao, China), and Sephadex LH-20 (GE Healthcare, Danderyd, Sweden). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was carried out on an Essentia LC-20AT apparatus (Shimadzu Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) equipped with analytical columns (Phenomenex Synergi Hydro-RP, Torrance, CA, USA, 250 × 4.6 mm, 4 µm, and Phenomenex Luna C18, 250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm). All solvents were of analytical grade except for the chromatographic grade used for HPLC.

4.2. Biological Materials

An off-white bacterial strain MNP-1 was isolated from an Arctic ore sample (No. BT08-1, Figure S67), contributed by Mr. Yanhui Dong, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources of China. The classification of the strain as Streptomyces is substantiated by both morphological characteristics and the analysis of an internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence-based phylogeny tree. The strains of S. aureus ATCC 25923, E. coli ATCC 25922, and C. albicans ATCC 10231 were obtained from Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; lung (A549), breast (MCF-7), and liver (HepG2) cancer cell lines were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA, USA.

4.3. Fermentation and Extraction

The strain MNP-1 was activated by using the PDA medium plate, and after being incubated at a constant temperature at 30 °C for 3 days, the appropriate amount of colonies was picked and inoculated into PDB medium and incubated at 28 °C and 180 rpm in shaking flasks for 3 days to make the MNP-1 strain fermentation seed cultures. Each flask (2 L) contained 1 L of culture medium, was autoclaved for 20 min at 121 °C, and inoculated with 5% seed cultures. Each flask (2 L) contained 1 L of medium, was sterilized by autoclaving at 121 °C for 20 min, and seeded with 5% inoculum.
Two fermentation modes of solid fermentation and liquid fermentation are adopted, selecting three types of culture media, the salt-stressed rice solid medium, Gauze’s Synthetic Medium No. 1 with two epigenetic modifiers, and the nutrient-enriched liquid medium [44,45,46,47]. The fermentation solutions was separately diluted with equivalent volumes of EtOAC, facilitated by an ultrasonic device lasting 20 min. Subsequently, the combined organic phases were centrifuged (5000 rpm, 10 min) and the supernatants were concentrated to obtain the fermentation crude extracts I (25.5 g), II (4.3 g), and III (34.5 g).

4.4. Isolation and Purification

Crude extract I (25.5 g) obtained under medium #2 was subjected to fractionation and separated into 7 fractions (Fr.1–Fr.7, Figure S1) using a 200–300 mesh silica gel CC (CH2Cl2-CH3OH, 100:0-0:100, v/v) in gradient elution. The Fr.1–Fr.7 segments were subjected to HPLC analysis, UPLC-MS/MS molecular network prediction, and an evaluation of inhibitory activity to further identify the fractions for further isolation and purification. Among them, Fr.2 (0.2546 g) was separated by ODS reverse-phase CC (CH3OH-H2O, 50:0–100:0, v/v) and HPLC to obtain compounds 1 (4.2 mg, tR = 11.5 min) and 2 (4.6 mg, tR = 10.1 min). Fr.3 (0.2840 g) was separated into 6 fractions (Fr.3.1–Fr.3.6), of which Fr.3.2 was further purified by Sephadex LH-20 and HPLC and afforded compounds 3 (1.3 mg, tR = 18.8 min), 4 (1.6 mg, tR = 5.0 min), and 5 (1.6 mg, tR = 14.6 min). Fr.3.4 was isolated to obtain compound 6 (1.8 mg, tR = 9.0 min) by HPLC (Phenomenex Synergi, 4 μm, 250 × 4.6 mm; CH3CN-0.1% formic acid, 11:89–15:85, v/v). Fr.4 was further isolated by ODS reverse-phase CC (CH3OH-H2O, 20:80–100:0, v/v) and HPLC to obtain compounds 7 (0.9 mg, tR = 18.0 min), 8 (63.4 mg, tR = 5.6 min), 9 (1.8 mg, tR = 8.8 min), 10 (1.2 mg, tR = 15.2 min), and 11 (1.2 mg, tR = 4.7 min). Fr.5.7 was subjected to HPLC (Phenomenex Luna, 5 µm, 250 × 4.6 mm; 1.0 mL/min; CH3CN-H2O, 29:71, v/v) to provide compound 12 (2.0 mg, tR = 12.7 min).
Crude extract II (4.3 g), separated under medium #7, was initially fragmented into 9 fractions (Fr.1–Fr.9, Figure S1) by MCI resin CC (CH3OH-H2O, 20:80–100:0, v/v). Based on the results of HPLC analysis, UPLC-MS/MS molecular network prediction and the evaluation of the inhibitory activity of Fr.1–Fr.9 segments, Fr.4 was further purified and separated using analytical CC (Agilent ZORBAX NH2, Santa Clara, CA, USA, 5 µm, 250 × 4.6 mm; 1.0 mL/min; 218/302 nm; 20 min; CH3CN-H2O, 95:5–92:8, v/v) to elute compound 13 (4.6 mg, tR = 10.6 min). Fr.7 was subjected to Sephadex LH-20 and HPLC (Phenomenex Luna, 5 µm, 250 × 4.6 mm; 1.0 mL/min; 210/254 nm; CH3CN-0.1% formic acid, 65:35, v/v) to isolate compound 14 (2.1 mg, tR = 11.5 min). The separation of Fr.8 was accomplished using analytical HPLC (Phenomenex Luna, 5 µm, 250 × 4.6 mm; 1.0 mL/min; 190/235 nm; 26 min; CH3CN-H2O, 78:22, v/v) to yield compounds 15 (26.7 mg, tR = 14.7 min), 16 (15.4 mg, tR = 21.3 min), and 17 (12.2 mg, tR = 24.2 min).
Crude extract III (34.5 g), extracted under medium #16, was originally split into 6 fractions (Fr.1–Fr.6, Figure S1) by CC (Phenomenex Gemini Axia NX-C18, 10 µm, 50 × 21.2 mm; 210/254 nm; CH3CN-H2O, 10.0 mL/min). The Fr.1–Fr.6 segments were further separated and guided similarly to crude extract I. Based on the results of the antimicrobial activity assay, Fr.4 was separated using the analytical column (Phenomenex Luna, 5 µm, 250 × 4.6 mm; 1.0 mL/min; CH3CN-H2O, 29:71; 210/254 nm; 20 min) to obtain compounds 18 (58.3 mg, tR = 9.3 min), 19 (6.2 mg, tR = 11.1 min), and 20 (11.4 mg, tR = 20.5 min), in that order (see Figure 4 below).

4.5. Antimicrobial Assay

Antimicrobial activity was determined by the gradient dilution method [48]. Indicator strains were selected using S. aureus ATCC 25923, E. coli ATCC 25922, and C. albicans ATCC 10231 [49]. A certain concentration of the sample and antibiotic positive control solution (bacteria: ampicillin sodium; fungi: amphotericin B) was prepared using DMSO as the solvent, and an equivalent volume of CH3OH was employed as the negative control. The seed solution of pathogenic bacteria was diluted using a blank medium so that its absorbance was 0.08 (UV detection wavelength 600 nm). Under the condition of aseptic operation, the concentration of the samples in each well was diluted in a gradient.

4.6. Cytotoxicity Assay

Three human tumor cell lines, A549, MCF-7, and HepG2, were selected to assess the antiproliferative effects of the purified chemicals using the MTT assay and were seeded into 96-well plates with a density of 5 × 103 cells/well and maintained in a 5% CO2 tissue plate incubator at 37 °C for a total of 24 h [50]. Subsequently, 100 μL of 0.5 mg/mL MTT solution was placed into each well and incubated for 4 h. Cellular inhibition was calculated by enzyme labeling at 450 nm absorbance. Each experiment was performed in triplicate and the IC50 values of the samples were calculated by the GraphPad Prism 8.0 software. The determination of statistical significance was conducted using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001). Doxorubicin was selected as the positive control while the negative control comprised the solvent DMSO.

5. Conclusions

In this research, 20 compounds (1–20) were isolated and characterized from three fermented crude extracts of Streptomyces sp. MNP-1. Of note, phenazine analog 3 and astrosporin derivative 14 displayed moderately inhibitory effects on S. aureus ATCC 25923 and C. albicans ATCC 10231, as well as on the tumor cell lines A549, MCF-7, and HepG2. To our knowledge, the inhibitory activity of the phenazine analog 3 was first reported against both Gram-positive bacteria and various human cancer cell lines.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/molecules30081657/s1, Table S1: Sequences producing significant alignments of strain MNP-1; Table S2: Media for fermentation of strain MNP-1; Table S3: Quality of crude extract of rice solid medium; Table S4: Quality of crude extract of Gauze’s synthetic medium No. 1 (200 mL); Table S5: Quality of crude extract of nutrient-rich liquid medium (200 mL); Table S6: Antimicrobial activity results of rice solid medium test; Table S7: Antimicrobial activity results of Gauze’s synthetic medium No. 1 test; Table S8: Antimicrobial activity of Gauze’s synthetic medium No. 1 fermentation time test; Table S9: 1H-NMR spectrum of compound 11; Figure S1: 1H-NMR of rice solid medium test; Figure S2: HPLC peak shape of rice solid medium test; Figure S3: 1H-NMR of Gauze’s synthetic medium No. 1 test; Figure S4: HPLC peak shape of Gauze’s synthetic medium No. 1 test; Figure S5: Fermentation morphology of Gauze’s synthetic medium No. 1; Figure S6: 1H-NMR of Gauze’s synthetic medium No. 1 fermentation time test; Figure S7: Antimicrobial activity of Gauze’s synthetic medium No. 1 fermentation time; Figure S8: 1H-NMR of nutrient-rich liquid medium test; Figure S9: HPLC peak shape of nutrient-rich liquid medium test; Figure S10: Molecular network of nutrient-rich liquid medium test; Figure S11: ESI-MS spectrum of compound 1; Figure S12: 1H-NMR spectrum of compound 1; Figure S13: 13C-NMR spectrum of compound 1; Figure S14: ESI-MS spectrum of compound 2; Figure S15: 1H-NMR spectrum of compound 2; Figure S16: 13C-NMR spectrum of compound 2; Figure S17: HRESI-MS spectrum of compound 3; Figure S18: 1H-NMR spectrum of compound 3; Figure S19: HRESI-MS spectrum of compound 4; Figure S20: 1H-NMR spectrum of compound 4; Figure S21: 13C-NMR spectrum of compound 4; Figure S22: HRESI-MS spectrum of compound 5; Figure S23: 1H-NMR spectrum of compound 5; Figure S24: HRESI-MS spectrum of compound 6; Figure S25: 1H-NMR spectrum of compound 6; Figure S26: 13C-NMR spectrum of compound 6; Figure S27: HRESI-MS spectrum of compound 7; Figure S28: 1H-NMR spectrum of compound 7; Figure S29: HRESI-MS spectrum of compound 8; Figure S30: 1H-NMR spectrum of compound 8; Figure S31: 13C-NMR spectrum of compound 8; Figure S32: HRESI-MS spectrum of compound 9; Figure S33: 1H-NMR spectrum of compound 9; Figure S34: 13C-NMR spectrum of compound 9; Figure S35: HRESI-MS spectrum of compound 10; Figure S36: 1H-NMR spectrum of compound 10; Figure S37: 13C-NMR spectrum of compound 10; Figure S38: HRESI-MS spectrum of compound 11; Figure S39: 1H-NMR spectrum of compound 11; Figure S40: ESI-MS spectrum of compound 12; Figure S41: 1H-NMR spectrum of compound 12; Figure S42: 13C-NMR spectrum of compound 12; Figure S43: HRESI-MS spectrum of compound 13; Figure S44: 1H-NMR spectrum of compound 13; Figure S45: 13C-NMR spectrum of compound 13; Figure S46: ESI-MS spectrum of compound 14; Figure S47: 1H-NMR spectrum of compound 14; Figure S48: 13C-NMR spectrum of compound 14; Figure S49: HRESI-MS spectrum of compound 15; Figure S50: 1H-NMR spectrum of compound 15; Figure S51: 13C-NMR spectrum of compound 15; Figure S52: HRESI-MS spectrum of compound 16; Figure S53: 1H-NMR spectrum of compound 16; Figure S54: 13C-NMR spectrum of compound 16; Figure S55: HRESI-MS spectrum of compound 17; Figure S56: 1H-NMR spectrum of compound 17; Figure S57: 13C-NMR spectrum of compound 17; Figure S58: ESI-MS spectrum of compound 18; Figure S59: 1H-NMR spectrum of compound 18; Figure S60: 13C-NMR spectrum of compound 18; Figure S61: ESI-MS spectrum of compound 19; Figure S62: 1H-NMR spectrum of compound 19; Figure S63: 13C-NMR spectrum of compound 19; Figure S64: ESI-MS spectrum of compound 20; Figure S65: 1H-NMR spectrum of compound 20; Figure S66: 13C-NMR spectrum of compound 20, Figure S67: Morphology of the ore sample of Arctic origin.

Author Contributions

H.Z., M.W. and Z.L. conceived the idea and designed the experiment; M.W., Z.L., J.W. and W.H. performed the experiment; M.W., Z.L. and J.W. analyzed the data; H.Z. contributed to the material; H.Z. and M.W. wrote the paper. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFC2804203).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Data are contained within the article and Supplementary Materials.

Acknowledgments

The author would like to thank the above funding for the support of this study.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Abbreviations

DMSODimethyl sulfoxide
ESI-MSElectrospray ionization mass spectrometry
1H NMRProton nuclear magnetic resonance
HPLCHigh-performance liquid chromatography
IC50Half maximal inhibitory concentration
MICMinimal inhibitory concentration
MTTMethylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide
ODSOctadecylsilyl
OSMACOne strain many compounds
ESI-MSElectrospray ionization mass spectrometry

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Molecules 30 01657 g001
Figure 1. Chemical structures of compounds 1–20 from strain MNP-1.
Figure 1. Chemical structures of compounds 1–20 from strain MNP-1.
Molecules 30 01657 g001
Molecules 30 01657 g002
Figure 2. (a) Morphology of strain MNP-1. (b) Microscopic image of the mycelium and spore of the strain MNP-1 (25 × 100). (c) Gram staining results of the strain MNP-1 (25 × 100).
Figure 2. (a) Morphology of strain MNP-1. (b) Microscopic image of the mycelium and spore of the strain MNP-1 (25 × 100). (c) Gram staining results of the strain MNP-1 (25 × 100).
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Molecules 30 01657 g003
Figure 3. Phylogenetic tree of the strain MNP-1 (the sequence of MNP-1 is marked in red).
Figure 3. Phylogenetic tree of the strain MNP-1 (the sequence of MNP-1 is marked in red).
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Molecules 30 01657 g004
Figure 4. Flowchart of isolation and separation of compounds 1–20 from strain MNP-1.
Figure 4. Flowchart of isolation and separation of compounds 1–20 from strain MNP-1.
Molecules 30 01657 g004
Table 1. In vitro antimicrobial and antitumor effects of compounds 1–20.
Table 1. In vitro antimicrobial and antitumor effects of compounds 1–20.
CompoundMIC Value (μg/mL)IC50 Value (µM)
S. aureus
ATCC 25923		E. coli
ATCC 25922		C. albicans
ATCC 10231		A549MCF-7HepG2
1>64>64>64>100>100>100
2168>64>100>100>100
316>64421.52 ± 4.3619.88 ± 1.6535.82 ± 2.70
4>64>64>64>100>100>100
5>64>6432>100>100>100
6>64>64>64>100>100>100
7>64>64>64>100>100>100
8>64>64>64>100>100>100
932>64>64>100>100>100
10>64>64>64>100>100>100
11>64>64>64>100>100>100
12>64>64>64>100>100>100
13>64>64>64>100>100>100
14>64>64827.79 ± 6.7035.57 ± 2.8423.71 ± 2.89
153232>64>100>100>100
16>64>64>64>100>100>100
17>64>64>64>100>100>100
18>64>64>64>100>100>100
19>64>64>64>100>100>100
20>64161690.37 ± 2.46>100>100
Positive Control0.2510.2514.86 ± 0.0012.34 ± 0.0115.30 ± 0.01
Negative Control------
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MDPI and ACS Style

Wu, M.; Liu, Z.; Wang, J.; Hu, W.; Zhang, H. Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from an Arctic Marine-Derived Strain, Streptomyces sp. MNP-1, Using the OSMAC Strategy. Molecules 2025, 30, 1657. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30081657

AMA Style

Wu M, Liu Z, Wang J, Hu W, Zhang H. Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from an Arctic Marine-Derived Strain, Streptomyces sp. MNP-1, Using the OSMAC Strategy. Molecules. 2025; 30(8):1657. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30081657

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wu, Mengna, Zijun Liu, Jiahui Wang, Wentao Hu, and Huawei Zhang. 2025. "Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from an Arctic Marine-Derived Strain, Streptomyces sp. MNP-1, Using the OSMAC Strategy" Molecules 30, no. 8: 1657. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30081657

APA Style

Wu, M., Liu, Z., Wang, J., Hu, W., & Zhang, H. (2025). Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from an Arctic Marine-Derived Strain, Streptomyces sp. MNP-1, Using the OSMAC Strategy. Molecules, 30(8), 1657. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30081657

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