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Article

Mechanochemically-Activated Solid-State Synthesis of Borate-Substituted Tricalcium Phosphate: Evaluation of Biocompatibility and Antimicrobial Performance

by
Daniil O. Golubchikov
1,2,*,
Inna V. Fadeeva
3,
Alexander V. Knot’ko
1,
Iliya A. Kostykov
1,
Tatiana K. Slonskaya
4,
Katia Barbaro
5,
Alessia Zepparoni
5,
Marco Fosca
6,*,
Iulian V. Antoniac
7,8 and
Julietta V. Rau
4,6
1
Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia
2
Department of Materials Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia
3
A.A. Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Material Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky 49, 119334 Moscow, Russia
4
Department of Analytical, Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya 8, build. 2, 119048 Moscow, Russia
5
Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Lazio e Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova 14111, 00178 Rome, Italy
6
Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, ISM-CNR, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
7
Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, District 6, RO-060042 Bucharest, Romania
8
Academy of Romanian Scientists, 54 Splaiul Independentei, RO-050094 Bucharest, Romania
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2025, 30(7), 1575; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30071575
Submission received: 19 February 2025 / Revised: 24 March 2025 / Accepted: 31 March 2025 / Published: 31 March 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research Progress of New Antimicrobial Drugs)
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Abstract

Current research in bone tissue engineering is focused not only on basic parameters of the materials, such as biocompatibility and degradation rate but also on intrinsic osteogenic and antimicrobial properties, essential to provide a rapid tissue regeneration without negative effects due to periprosthetic infections, that may result in revision surgeries. One of the major strategies to enhance the osteogenic and antimicrobial performance of calcium phosphates is the ionic substitution, in particular, with magnesium and borates. In this study, we focused on the synthesis of boron-substituted tricalcium phosphate (B-TCP) with a target of 5 mol.% substitution via the solid-state synthesis with mechano-activation. Synthesis from raw precursors, without the preliminary brushite wet precipitation, led to the primary phase of β-TCP, which was proved by the XRD analysis. According to the IR-spectroscopy and 31P NMR analysis, boron substitution occurred in the synthesized sample. The developed material showed a modest antibacterial performance against E. coli, with 13.5 ± 5.0% growth inhibition, and E. faecalis, with 16.7 ± 5.5% inhibition. The biocompatibility of β-TCP and B-TCP was tested through the MTT assay and osteogenic differentiation of the mesenchymal stromal cells. The proposed synthesis approach can be useful for the fabrication of B-TCP ceramics for bone tissue engineering.
Keywords: bone tissue engineering; tricalcium phosphate ceramics; borate-substituted tricalcium phosphate; antimicrobial properties; biocompatibility bone tissue engineering; tricalcium phosphate ceramics; borate-substituted tricalcium phosphate; antimicrobial properties; biocompatibility

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MDPI and ACS Style

Golubchikov, D.O.; Fadeeva, I.V.; Knot’ko, A.V.; Kostykov, I.A.; Slonskaya, T.K.; Barbaro, K.; Zepparoni, A.; Fosca, M.; Antoniac, I.V.; Rau, J.V. Mechanochemically-Activated Solid-State Synthesis of Borate-Substituted Tricalcium Phosphate: Evaluation of Biocompatibility and Antimicrobial Performance. Molecules 2025, 30, 1575. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30071575

AMA Style

Golubchikov DO, Fadeeva IV, Knot’ko AV, Kostykov IA, Slonskaya TK, Barbaro K, Zepparoni A, Fosca M, Antoniac IV, Rau JV. Mechanochemically-Activated Solid-State Synthesis of Borate-Substituted Tricalcium Phosphate: Evaluation of Biocompatibility and Antimicrobial Performance. Molecules. 2025; 30(7):1575. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30071575

Chicago/Turabian Style

Golubchikov, Daniil O., Inna V. Fadeeva, Alexander V. Knot’ko, Iliya A. Kostykov, Tatiana K. Slonskaya, Katia Barbaro, Alessia Zepparoni, Marco Fosca, Iulian V. Antoniac, and Julietta V. Rau. 2025. "Mechanochemically-Activated Solid-State Synthesis of Borate-Substituted Tricalcium Phosphate: Evaluation of Biocompatibility and Antimicrobial Performance" Molecules 30, no. 7: 1575. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30071575

APA Style

Golubchikov, D. O., Fadeeva, I. V., Knot’ko, A. V., Kostykov, I. A., Slonskaya, T. K., Barbaro, K., Zepparoni, A., Fosca, M., Antoniac, I. V., & Rau, J. V. (2025). Mechanochemically-Activated Solid-State Synthesis of Borate-Substituted Tricalcium Phosphate: Evaluation of Biocompatibility and Antimicrobial Performance. Molecules, 30(7), 1575. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30071575

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