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Article

Thermosetting Resins Based on Poly(Ethylene Glycol Fumarate) and Acrylic Acid: Rheological and Thermal Analysis

1
The Department of Organic Chemistry and Polymers, Chemistry Faculty, Karagandy University of the Name of Academician E.A. Buketov, Karaganda 100024, Kazakhstan
2
The Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Albertov 2030, 128 40 Prague, Czech Republic
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2025, 30(19), 4020; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30194020
Submission received: 4 September 2025 / Revised: 3 October 2025 / Accepted: 6 October 2025 / Published: 8 October 2025

Abstract

The rheological behavior and low-temperature curing kinetics of poly(ethylene glycol fumarate)–acrylic acid systems initiated by benzoyl peroxide/N,N-dimethylaniline have been investigated for the first time with a focus on the development of thermosetting binders with controllable properties. It has been established that both composition and temperature have a significant effect on rheological behavior and kinetic parameters. Rheological studies revealed non-Newtonian flow behavior and thixotropic properties, while oscillatory tests demonstrated structural transformations during curing. Increasing the temperature was found to accelerate gelation, whereas a higher polyester content retarded the process, which is crucial for controlling the pot life of the reactive mixture. DSC analysis indicated that isothermal curing at 30–40 °C can be satisfactorily described by the Kamal autocatalytic model, whereas at 20 °C, at later stages, and at higher polyester contents, diffusion control becomes significant. The thermal behavior of cured systems was investigated using thermogravimetry. Calculations using the isoconversional Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose and Friedman methods confirmed an increase in the apparent activation energy for thermal decomposition, suggesting a stabilizing effect of poly(ethylene glycol fumarate) in the polymer structure. The studied systems are characterized by controllable kinetics, tunable viscosity, and high thermal stability, making them promising thermosetting binders for applications in composites, construction, paints and coatings, and adhesives.
Keywords: unsaturated polyesters; acrylic acid; curing; DSC; kinetics; rheological behavior; thixotropy; TGA; thermostability; activation energy unsaturated polyesters; acrylic acid; curing; DSC; kinetics; rheological behavior; thixotropy; TGA; thermostability; activation energy

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MDPI and ACS Style

Burkeyeva, G.; Kovaleva, A.; Ibrayeva, Z.; Havlicek, D.; Minayeva, Y.; Omasheva, A.; Zhakupbekova, E.; Nurmaganbetova, M. Thermosetting Resins Based on Poly(Ethylene Glycol Fumarate) and Acrylic Acid: Rheological and Thermal Analysis. Molecules 2025, 30, 4020. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30194020

AMA Style

Burkeyeva G, Kovaleva A, Ibrayeva Z, Havlicek D, Minayeva Y, Omasheva A, Zhakupbekova E, Nurmaganbetova M. Thermosetting Resins Based on Poly(Ethylene Glycol Fumarate) and Acrylic Acid: Rheological and Thermal Analysis. Molecules. 2025; 30(19):4020. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30194020

Chicago/Turabian Style

Burkeyeva, Gulsym, Anna Kovaleva, Zhansaya Ibrayeva, David Havlicek, Yelena Minayeva, Aiman Omasheva, Elmira Zhakupbekova, and Margarita Nurmaganbetova. 2025. "Thermosetting Resins Based on Poly(Ethylene Glycol Fumarate) and Acrylic Acid: Rheological and Thermal Analysis" Molecules 30, no. 19: 4020. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30194020

APA Style

Burkeyeva, G., Kovaleva, A., Ibrayeva, Z., Havlicek, D., Minayeva, Y., Omasheva, A., Zhakupbekova, E., & Nurmaganbetova, M. (2025). Thermosetting Resins Based on Poly(Ethylene Glycol Fumarate) and Acrylic Acid: Rheological and Thermal Analysis. Molecules, 30(19), 4020. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30194020

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