Preliminary Characterization of Glyceride Oil Content and Tocopherol Composition in Seeds from Selected Wild Plant Species of the Bulgarian Flora
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Plant Materials
3.2. Glyceride Oil Isolation
3.3. Tocopherol Composition
3.4. Description of the Data
3.5. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Botanical Name (Family) | Oil Content | Content of Tocopherols, mg/kg | |
---|---|---|---|
% | in the Oils | in the Seeds ** | |
| 1.2 ± 0.1 bc | 8066.5 ± 43.2 A | 96.8 ± 0.5 t |
| 8.4 ± 0.1 m | 1763.9 ± 26.7 x | 148.2 ± 2.2 v |
| 7.1 ± 0.2 jkl | 10.6 ± 1.3 abc | 0.8 ± 0.1 ab |
| 11.9 ± 0.1 t | 214.9 ± 5.6 lm | 25.6 ± 0.7 l |
| 18.1 ± 0.2 y | 21.9 ± 1.0 abc | 4.0 ± 0.2 bcd |
| 1.7 ± 0.1 cd | 4.4 ± 0.5 a | 0.1 ± 0.0 a |
| 8.3 ± 0.1 m | 449.4 ± 8.2 p | 37.3 ± 0.7 n |
| 10.5 ± 0.1 r | 178.5 ± 7.4 k | 18.8 ± 0.8 ij |
| 6.8 ± 0.1 j | 240.6 ± 10.6 mn | 13.4 ± 0.6 fg |
| 5.4 ± 0.1 hi | 829.2 ± 15.4 t | 44.8 ± 0.8 o |
| 19.3 ± 0.3 z | 28.0 ± 2.4 abcd | 5.4 ± 0.5 cde |
| 17.5 ± 0.2 xy | 68.2 ± 4.3 fghi | 12.0 ± 0.8 fg |
| 5.6 ± 0.1 i | 2858.2 ± 25.3 y | 162.7 ± 1.4 x |
| 22.5 ± 0.2 B | 134.0 ± 6.7 j | 30.2 ± 1.5 m |
| 9.4 ± 0.1 op | 187.2 ± 5.4 kl | 17.6 ± 0.5 hi |
| 18.8 ± 0.1 z | 79.9 ± 4.8 hi | 15.1 ± 0.9 gh |
| 21.1 ± 0.2 A | 31.5 ± 2.5 abcde | 6.6 ± 0.5 de |
| 2.2 ± 0.1 de | 41.6 ± 3.7 bcdefg | 0.9 ± 0.1 ab |
| 4.2 ± 0.1 f | 58.3 ± 5.2 defghi | 2.4 ± 0.2 abc |
| 12.0 ± 0.1 t | 928.3 ± 10.4 u | 111.4 ± 1.2 u |
| 1.2 ± 0.1 bc | 564.3 ± 12.1 q | 6.8 ± 0.1 de |
| 21.4 ± 0.2 A | 233.1 ± 6.4 mn | 49.9 ± 1.4 p |
| 7.4 ± 0.2 kl | 1077.4 ± 16.7 v | 79.8 ± 1.2 rs |
| 13.4 ± 0.1 u | 88.0 ± 4.1 i | 11.8 ± 0.5 f |
| 9.0 ± 0.1 no | 35.8 ± 1.6 abcdef | 3.2 ± 0.1 abc |
| 1.4 ± 0.1 c | 12.8 ± 1.2 abc | 0.2 ± 0.0 a |
| 2.6 ± 0.1 e | 47.6 ± 1.8 cdefgh | 1.2 ± 0.1 ab |
| 26.0 ± 0.4 D | 1494.8 ± 14.2 w | 388.3 ± 3.7 z |
| 11.2 ± 0.2 s | 64.8 ± 3.6 efghi | 7.3 ± 0.4 e |
| 4.9 ± 0.2 gh | 32.8 ± 2.1 abcdef | 1.6 ± 0.1 ab |
| 8.7 ± 0.2 mn | 253.4 ± 4.6 n | 22.0 ± 0.4 jk |
| 7.5 ± 0.1 l | 13.9 ± 1.4 abc | 1.0 ± 0.1 ab |
| 15.5 ± 0.2 w | 35.0 ± 0.9 abcdef | 5.4 ± 0.1 cde |
| 17.0 ± 0.2 x | 236.0 ± 3.4 mn | 40.1 ± 0.6 n |
| 11.2 ± 0.2 s | 632.7 ± 7.8 r | 71.1 ± 0.9 q |
| 14.6 ± 0.1 v | 174.0 ± 2.4 k | 25.4 ± 0.4 l |
| 7.5 ± 0.1 l | 1099.0 ± 8.6 v | 82.6 ± 0.6 s |
| 9.8 ± 0.2 p | 241.1 ± 3.3 mn | 23.6 ± 0.3 kl |
| 5.7 ± 0.1 i | 3378.3 ± 18.6 z | 193.0 ± 1.0 y |
| 17.0 ± 0.3 x | 76.3 ± 3.5 ghi | 13.0 ± 0.6 fg |
| 23.4 ± 0.2 C | 9.2 ± 0.8 ab | 2.2 ± 0.2 abc |
| 34.5 ± 0.4 E | 224.3 ± 5.4 mn | 77.6 ± 1.9 r |
| 0.7 ± 0.0 ab | 239.6 ± 6.1 mn | 1.7 ± 0.1 ab |
| 0.5 ± 0.0 a | 91.2 ± 2.8 i | 0.5 ± 0.0 a |
| 21.0 ± 0.2 A | 727.6 ± 8.1 s | 152.7 ± 1.7 w |
| 22.7 ± 0.1 B | 163.8 ± 2.6 jk | 37.3 ± 0.6 n |
| 4.5 ± 0.1 fg | 18.2 ± 0.5 abc | 0.8 ± 0.0 ab |
| 40.6 ± 0.2 F | 234.5 ± 2.8 mn | 95.5 ± 1.1 t |
| 6.9 ± 0.1 jk | 357.8 ± 6.4 o | 24.7 ± 0.4 kl |
Botanical Name | α ** | α-3 | β | β-3 | γ | γ-3 | δ | δ-3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 47.2 ± 0.2 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.0 | 48.4 ± 0.3 | n.d. *** | 1.8 ± 0.1 | n.d. |
| 0.3 ± 0.0 | n.d. | 2.5 ± 0.1 | n.d. | 16.3 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 79.8 ± 0.4 | n.d. |
| 10.0 ± 0.2 | 54.7 ± 0.2 | 17.0 ± 0.1 | n.d. | 7.0 ± 0.1 | n.d. | 11.0 ± 0.2 | n.d. |
| 51.2 ± 0.2 | 4.8 ± 0.1 | 3.3 ± 0.1 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 40.6 ± 0.3 | n.d. |
| n.d. | n.d. | 3.6 ± 0.1 | n.d. | 59.1 ± 0.2 | n.d. | 37.3 ± 0.1 | n.d. |
| 29.7 ± 0.2 | 17.6 ± 0.1 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 52.7 ± 0.2 | n.d. |
| 16.8 ± 0.1 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 83.2 ± 0.1 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| 79.1 ± 0.2 | n.d. | 5.2 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.0 | 13.0 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.0 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | n.d. |
| 66.2 ± 0.3 | 25.8 ± 0.2 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | n.d. | 7.8 ± 0.1 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| 5.0 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 2.9 ± 0.1 | 3.1 ± 0.1 | 85.1 ± 0.5 | n.d. | 3.8 ± 0.1 | n.d. |
| 16.6 ± 0.1 | n.d. | 48.7 ± 0.2 | n.d. | 13.7 ± 0.2 | n.d. | 21.0 ± 0.2 | n.d. |
| 85.5 ± 0.4 | n.d. | 5.2 ± 0.1 | n.d. | 7.3 ± 02 | n.d. | 1.9 ± 0.1 | n.d. |
| 4.9 ± 0.1 | n.d. | 43.3 ± 0.1 | n.d. | 0.3 ± 0.0 | n.d. | 50.3 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.1 |
| 50.1 ± 0.4 | n.d. | 48.6 ± 0.2 | n.d. | 1.2 ± 0.1 | n.d. | 0.1 ± 0.0 | n.d. |
| 4.1 ± 0.1 | n.d. | 4.2 ± 0.1 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 91.7 ± 0.3 | n.d. |
| 81.1 ± 0.2 | 3.9 ± 0.1 | 2.9 ± 0.1 | 3.9 ± 0.1 | 5.7 ± 0.2 | n.d. | 2.5 ± 0.1 | n.d. |
| 31.0 ± 0.2 | 63.2 ± 0.4 | n.d. | n.d. | 5.8 ± 0.1 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| 36.1 ± 0.2 | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | n.d. | 21.4 ± 0.1 | n.d. | 39.1 ± 0.2 | n.d. |
| 76.7 ± 0.2 | n.d. | 6.9 ± 0.1 | n.d. | 3.4 ± 0.1 | n.d. | 13.0 ± 0.1 | n.d. |
| 12.7 ± 0.1 | n.d. | 1.4 ± 0.1 | n.d. | 84.2 ± 0.3 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.0 |
| 91.1 ± 0.4 | n.d. | 1.7 ± 0.2 | n.d. | 3.1 ± 0.1 | n.d. | 4.1 ± 0.1 | n.d. |
| 0.9 ± 0.0 | n.d. | 25.8 ± 0.2 | n.d. | 0.5 ± 0.0 | n.d. | 72.8 ± 0.4 | n.d. |
| 27.5 ± 0.2 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 66.0 ± 0.2 | 3.2 ± 0.1 | 3.3 ± 0.1 | n.d. |
| 46.4 ± 0.2 | n.d. | 8.8 ± 0.1 | n.d. | 36.7 ± 0.2 | n.d. | 8.0 ± 0.2 | n.d. |
| 98.0 ± 0.5 | 2.0 ± 0.1 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| 53.7 ± 0.3 | 19.2 ± 0.1 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 27.1 ± 0.2 | n.d. |
| 8.3 ± 0.1 | 82.0 ± 0.2 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 9.7 ± 0.2 | n.d. |
| 0.4 ± 0.0 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 25.5 ± 0.2 | n.d. | 74.1 ± 0.2 | n.d. |
| 21.3 ± 0.2 | 13.6 ± 0.2 | 30.5 ± 0.1 | n.d. | 23.1 ± 0.1 | n.d. | 11.5 ± 0.1 | n.d. |
| 20.3 ± 0.1 | n.d. | 38.2 ± 0.2 | n.d. | 25.5 ± 0.2 | n.d. | 16.0 ± 0.1 | n.d. |
| 1.0 ± 0.1 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 98.8 ± 0.1 | n.d. | 0.2 ± 0.0 | n.d. |
| 74.7 ± 0.3 | n.d. | 9.1 ± 0.1 | n.d. | 5.7 ± 0.1 | n.d. | 10.5 ± 0.1 | n.d. |
| 6.9 ± 0.1 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 82.8 ± 0.2 | n.d. | 10.3 ± 0.1 | n.d. |
| 87.7 ± 0.4 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 10.8 ± 0.2 | n.d. | 1.5 ± 0.1 | n.d. |
| 0.2 ± 0.0 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 98.5 ± 0.2 | n.d. | 0.6 ± 0.0 | 0.7 ± 0.1 |
| 52.9 ± 0.2 | n.d. | 8.5 ± 0.1 | 5.8 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.0 | 2.0 ± 0.1 | 30.3 ± 0.3 | n.d. |
| 2.1 ± 0.1 | n.d. | 22.5 ± 0.2 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 75.0 ± 0.4 | 0.3 ± 0.0 |
| 23.7 ± 0.2 | n.d. | 36.9 ± 0.2 | n.d. | 24.0 ± 0.1 | n.d. | 15.4 ± 0.1 | n.d. |
| 64.3 ± 0.2 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 3.4 ± 0.1 | n.d. | 29.2 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.0 | 2.4 ± 0.1 | n.d. |
| 96.4 ± 0.5 | n.d. | 3.6 ± 0.2 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| 21.1 ± 0.1 | n.d. | 32.5 ± 0.2 | n.d. | 14.8 ± 0.1 | n.d. | 31.6 ± 0.2 | n.d. |
| 1.6 ± 0.1 | n.d. | 1.0 ± 0.0 | n.d. | 52.0 ± 0.3 | n.d. | 45.4 ± 0.2 | n.d. |
| 1.9 ± 0.1 | 3.3 ± 0.1 | 2.9 ± 0.1 | n.d. | 7.3 ± 0.1 | n.d. | 84.6 ± 0.2 | n.d. |
| 13.7 ± 0.2 | n.d. | 22.7 ± 0.2 | n.d. | 8.2 ± 0.1 | n.d. | 55.4 ± 0.2 | n.d. |
| 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.0 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.3 ± 0.0 | 98.7 ± 0.2 | n.d. |
| 0.5 ± 0.0 | n.d. | 55.2 ± 0.3 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 44.3 ± 0.2 | n.d. |
| 42.2 ± 0.2 | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 10.3 ± 0.1 | 10.0 ± 0.1 | 13.3 ± 0.1 | 13.1 ± 0.1 | 8.8 ± 0.1 | n.d. |
| 12.4 ± 0.2 | 8.5 ± 0.1 | n.d. | n.d. | 47.0 ± 0.2 | n.d. | 32.1 ± 0.2 | n.d. |
| 77.5 ± 0.4 | n.d. | 2.6 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.0 | 19.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.0 | n.d. | n.d. |
Cluster | Statistics | α-Tocopherol | α-Tocotrienol | β-Tocopherol | γ-Tocopherol |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Mean | 63.733 | 3.724 | 3.538 | 10.743 |
N | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | |
Std. Deviation | 24.8678 | 7.4314 | 3.4228 | 13.4388 | |
2 | Mean | 6.669 | 0.915 | 1.100 | 61.985 |
N | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | |
Std. Deviation | 8.4429 | 2.4539 | 1.3922 | 30.7642 | |
3 | Mean | 16.433 | 66.633 | 5.667 | 4.267 |
N | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Std. Deviation | 12.6437 | 13.9701 | 9.8150 | 3.7434 | |
4 | Mean | 14.942 | 1.133 | 34.092 | 9.275 |
N | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | |
Std. Deviation | 14.1845 | 3.9260 | 14.2090 | 10.4590 | |
Total | Mean | 33.749 | 6.196 | 10.504 | 23.582 |
N | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 | |
Std. Deviation | 32.0527 | 16.7662 | 15.5366 | 29.7243 |
Count | Two-Step Cluster Number | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total | ||
Average Linkage (Between Groups) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 21 | 0 | 21 |
2 | 0 | 11 | 2 | 0 | 13 | |
3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | |
4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 11 | 12 | |
Total | 3 | 11 | 24 | 11 | 49 |
Statistics | Mean | 95% Confidence Interval for Mean | Median | Std. Deviation | Minimum | Maximum | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower Bound | Upper Bound | ||||||
Oil_content | 11.833 | 9.293 | 14.372 | 9.4 | 8.8410121 | 0.5 | 40.6 |
TTC | 572.498 | 201.392 | 943.604 | 178.5 | 1292.0017 | 4.4 | 8066.5 |
α-tocopherol | 33.749 | 24.542 | 42.956 | 21.3 | 32.052659 | 0.0 | 98.0 |
α-tocotrienol | 6.196 | 1.380 | 11.012 | 0.0 | 16.766211 | 0.0 | 82.0 |
β-tocopherol | 10.504 | 6.041 | 14.967 | 2.9 | 15.536569 | 0.0 | 55.2 |
β-tocotrienol | 0.508 | 0.004 | 1.012 | 0.0 | 1.7541423 | 0.0 | 10.0 |
γ-tocopherol | 23.582 | 15.044 | 32.119 | 10.8 | 29.724335 | 0.0 | 98.8 |
γ-tocotrienol | 23.582 | 15.044 | 32.119 | 10.8 | 29.724335 | 0.0 | 98.8 |
δ-tocopherol | 24.959 | 16.658 | 33.260 | 11.0 | 28.900807 | 0.0 | 98.7 |
δ-tocotrienol | 0.047 | 0.011 | 0.104 | 0.0 | 0.2001063 | 0.0 | 1.2 |
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Petkova, Z.; Antova, G.; Kulina, H.; Teneva, O.; Angelova-Romova, M. Preliminary Characterization of Glyceride Oil Content and Tocopherol Composition in Seeds from Selected Wild Plant Species of the Bulgarian Flora. Molecules 2025, 30, 2893. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30142893
Petkova Z, Antova G, Kulina H, Teneva O, Angelova-Romova M. Preliminary Characterization of Glyceride Oil Content and Tocopherol Composition in Seeds from Selected Wild Plant Species of the Bulgarian Flora. Molecules. 2025; 30(14):2893. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30142893
Chicago/Turabian StylePetkova, Zhana, Ginka Antova, Hristina Kulina, Olga Teneva, and Maria Angelova-Romova. 2025. "Preliminary Characterization of Glyceride Oil Content and Tocopherol Composition in Seeds from Selected Wild Plant Species of the Bulgarian Flora" Molecules 30, no. 14: 2893. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30142893
APA StylePetkova, Z., Antova, G., Kulina, H., Teneva, O., & Angelova-Romova, M. (2025). Preliminary Characterization of Glyceride Oil Content and Tocopherol Composition in Seeds from Selected Wild Plant Species of the Bulgarian Flora. Molecules, 30(14), 2893. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30142893