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Article

Profile and Different Approaches for Size Characterization of Microplastics in Drinking Water from the Lisbon Water Supply System

by
Rodrigo D. M. Cordeiro
1,
Vitor V. Cardoso
1,
Rui N. Carneiro
1 and
Cristina M. M. Almeida
2,3,*
1
Direção de Laboratórios, Empresa Portuguesa das Águas Livres, S.A.—EPAL, 1250-144 Lisboa, Portugal
2
Laboratório de Bromatologia e Qualidade da Água, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
3
iMed. UL, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2024, 29(18), 4426; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29184426
Submission received: 19 July 2024 / Revised: 9 September 2024 / Accepted: 14 September 2024 / Published: 18 September 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Organic Contaminants and Microplastics: Analytical Methodologies)
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Abstract

Microplastics (MPs) contribute to the overall pollution of water sources, affecting not only aquatic ecosystems but also water for human consumption (WHC). Currently, there needs to be a global consensus on safe levels of microplastics in WHC, which will allow regulatory efforts and risk assessments to be carried out. Therefore, this study aims to characterize MP particles in WHC of the Lisbon water supply system (LWSS) and compare two approaches to quantify these particles (length and width of the particles, and the area equivalent diameter (AED) of the particles). The quantification of MP particles was made via micro-FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) on transmission mode after water filtration on 5 µm silicon filters. Thirty-eight WHC samples from the LWSS showed MPs up to 836 MPs/L, with an average value of 196 MPs/L. The most representative polymer was polyethylene (PE, 77.2%). The other eight polymers were also quantified. The length and width of MPs ranged between 84 µm and 41 µm, respectively. The AED of MPs ranged between 24 µm and 405 µm. The MP dimensions of both approaches can differ significantly.
Keywords: microplastics; drinking water; micro-FTIR; microplastic characterization; polymer identification microplastics; drinking water; micro-FTIR; microplastic characterization; polymer identification
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MDPI and ACS Style

Cordeiro, R.D.M.; Cardoso, V.V.; Carneiro, R.N.; Almeida, C.M.M. Profile and Different Approaches for Size Characterization of Microplastics in Drinking Water from the Lisbon Water Supply System. Molecules 2024, 29, 4426. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29184426

AMA Style

Cordeiro RDM, Cardoso VV, Carneiro RN, Almeida CMM. Profile and Different Approaches for Size Characterization of Microplastics in Drinking Water from the Lisbon Water Supply System. Molecules. 2024; 29(18):4426. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29184426

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cordeiro, Rodrigo D. M., Vitor V. Cardoso, Rui N. Carneiro, and Cristina M. M. Almeida. 2024. "Profile and Different Approaches for Size Characterization of Microplastics in Drinking Water from the Lisbon Water Supply System" Molecules 29, no. 18: 4426. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29184426

APA Style

Cordeiro, R. D. M., Cardoso, V. V., Carneiro, R. N., & Almeida, C. M. M. (2024). Profile and Different Approaches for Size Characterization of Microplastics in Drinking Water from the Lisbon Water Supply System. Molecules, 29(18), 4426. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29184426

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