Efficient Hydroxyapatite Extraction from Salmon Bone Waste: An Improved Lab-Scaled Physico-Chemico-Biological Process
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Characterization
2.2. Raman Spectrometry
2.3. X-ray Diffraction
3. Material and Methods
4. Discussion
4.1. Production
4.2. Parametric Analysis
5. Conclusions
6. Patents
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Raman 1 Pattern | Raman 1 Sample | Raman 2 Pattern | Raman 2 Sample | HORIBA Scientific Raman Database * |
---|---|---|---|---|
307,572 | - | 307,572 | - | δ(CC) aliphatic chains |
- | 269,532 | - | 269,532 | δ(CC) aliphatic chains |
- | 292,969 | - | 292,969 | υ(Se-Se) |
- | 313,404 | - | 313,404 | υ(Se-Se) |
428,881 | - | 428,881 | - | υ(S-S) |
- | 431,74 | - | 431,74 | υ(S-S) |
448,8075 | - | 448,8075 | - | υ(Si-O-Si) |
499,951 | - | 499,951 | - | υ(Si-O-Si) |
- | 502,777 | - | 502,77 | υ(Si-O-Si) |
580,40886 | 581,35 | 589,707 | 581,35 | υ(C-Cl) |
614,708 | - | - | 623,019 | υ(C-I) |
727,278 | - | - | 759,819 | υ(C-S) aliphatic |
961,748 | 961,748 | 961,748 | 961,748 | ν 1 (PO4 3−)/(A/E2) |
1049,81 | - | 1049,81 | - | υ(C=S) |
1074,87223 | 1071,03918 | 1074,87223 | 1070,33 | υ(C=S) |
- | 1244,80409 | - | 1244,23 | υ(C=S) |
JCPDS 74-0565 * | Shi et al. [12] Natural HA | HA Sigma Aldrich | Salmon Fish Bone Bio-Ceramic |
---|---|---|---|
- | - | 10.8 | 10.43 |
25.882 | 25.845 | 25.81 | 25.9 |
- | - | 28.08 | 28.37 |
- | - | 28.89 | 28.5 |
- | - | 29.64 | 29.16 |
31.765 | 31.792 | 31.73 | 31.6 |
32.194 | 32.142 | 32.13 | - |
32.896 | 32.935 | 32.86 | - |
34.062 | 34.055 | 34 | - |
39.79 | 39.816 | 39.74 | 39.46 |
- | - | 45.25 | 45.41 |
46.693 | 46.698 | 46.61 | 46.72 |
- | - | 48.01 | 48.04 |
49.489 | 49.496 | 49.39 | 49.42 |
50.474 | 50.568 | 50.42 | - |
- | - | 51.21 | 51.41 |
53.218 | 53.183 | 53.1 | 53.27 |
- | - | 57.8 | 56.43 |
- | - | 62.93 | 63.84 |
- | - | 66.26 | 66.17 |
- | - | 75.49 | 75.25 |
HA | Extraction and/or Production Method | Main Characteristics | Main Effects in Pre-Clinical Studies |
---|---|---|---|
Human-derived | Auto-/Allo-graft obtained from human donor bone, typically through demineralization, sterilization, and sometimes freeze-drying to produce a bone graft material. |
| in vitro: Supports robust cell attachment and differentiation, often better than synthetic or animal-derived HA due to its bioactive matrix. in vivo: Excellent biocompatibility and osteointegration, with reduced risk of immune rejection. Yet, availability and ethical considerations limit its use. |
Synthetic | Synthesized through chemical precipitation, sol-gel processes, hydrothermal methods, and other wet chemical techniques. |
| in vitro: Excellent biocompatibility, supports cell attachment and proliferation. Bioactivity can vary depending on the crystallinity and surface area. in vivo: Often shows good integration with host tissue, but may have slower resorption rates compared to natural HA. Absence of organic components may reduce its osteoinductive potential. |
Bovine-derived | Derived from bovine bone through calcination or enzymatic treatment to remove organic components while preserving the mineral phase. |
| in vitro: Promotes cell attachment and differentiation. Natural porosity enhances nutrient exchange. in vivo: Shows good osteoconductivity and integration, but there may be concerns regarding disease transmission and immune response, although these are typically minimal after proper processing. |
Porcine-derived | Similar to bovine HA, obtained through thermal or chemical processing of porcine bone to isolate the mineral phase. |
| in vitro: Supports cellular activities, such as adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. in vivo: Demonstrates good biocompatibility and osteoconductivity, but similar to bovine HA, it may present a risk of immunogenicity or disease transmission. |
Fish-Derived | Extracted from fish bones (e.g., Chilean salmon) through processes, such as alkaline hydrolysis, calcination, or enzymatic treatment. |
| in vitro: Excellent biocompatibility, promoting cell adhesion and proliferation. The nano-scale structure may enhance bioactivity and osteoinductive potential. in vivo: Demonstrates promising osteoconductivity and integration with host tissue. The sustainable sourcing from fish waste offers an eco-friendly alternative to traditional sources. |
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Muñoz, F.; Haidar, Z.S.; Puigdollers, A.; Guerra, I.; Padilla, M.C.; Ortega, N.; Balcells, M.; García, M.J. Efficient Hydroxyapatite Extraction from Salmon Bone Waste: An Improved Lab-Scaled Physico-Chemico-Biological Process. Molecules 2024, 29, 4002. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174002
Muñoz F, Haidar ZS, Puigdollers A, Guerra I, Padilla MC, Ortega N, Balcells M, García MJ. Efficient Hydroxyapatite Extraction from Salmon Bone Waste: An Improved Lab-Scaled Physico-Chemico-Biological Process. Molecules. 2024; 29(17):4002. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174002
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuñoz, Francisco, Ziyad S. Haidar, Andreu Puigdollers, Ignacio Guerra, María Cristina Padilla, Nicole Ortega, Mercedes Balcells, and María José García. 2024. "Efficient Hydroxyapatite Extraction from Salmon Bone Waste: An Improved Lab-Scaled Physico-Chemico-Biological Process" Molecules 29, no. 17: 4002. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174002