Next Article in Journal
Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Ketamine Derivatives as NMDAR Antagonists
Previous Article in Journal
In Vitro and Molecular Docking Evaluation of the Anticholinesterase and Antidiabetic Effects of Compounds from Terminalia macroptera Guill. & Perr. (Combretaceae)
Previous Article in Special Issue
Comparison of Various Theoretical Measures of Aromaticity within Monosubstituted Benzene
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Molecules
Volume 29
Issue 11
10.3390/molecules29112458
molecules-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Synthesis of Thiazolidin-4-Ones Derivatives, Evaluation of Conformation in Solution, Theoretical Isomerization Reaction Paths and Discovery of Potential Biological Targets

by
Nikitas Georgiou
1,
Danai Karta
1,
Antigoni Cheilari
2,
Franci Merzel
3,
Demeter Tzeli
4,5,
Stamatia Vassiliou
1 and
Thomas Mavromoustakos
1,*
1
Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, 11571 Athens, Greece
2
Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
3
Theory Department, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
4
Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, 11571 Athens, Greece
5
Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., 11635 Athens, Greece
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2024, 29(11), 2458; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29112458
Submission received: 23 April 2024 / Revised: 13 May 2024 / Accepted: 22 May 2024 / Published: 23 May 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fundamental Aspects of Chemical Bonding—2nd Edition)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Thiazolin-4-ones and their derivatives represent important heterocyclic scaffolds with various applications in medicinal chemistry. For that reason, the synthesis of two 5-substituted thiazolidin-4-one derivatives was performed. Their structure assignment was conducted by NMR experiments (2D-COSY, 2D-NOESY, 2D-HSQC and 2D-HMBC) and conformational analysis was conducted through Density Functional Theory calculations and 2D-NOESY. Conformational analysis showed that these two molecules adopt exo conformation. Their global minimum structures have two double bonds (C=N, C=C) in Z conformation and the third double (C=N) in E. Our DFT results are in agreement with the 2D-NMR measurements. Furthermore, the reaction isomerization paths were studied via DFT to check the stability of the conformers. Finally, some potential targets were found through the SwissADME platform and docking experiments were performed. Both compounds bind strongly to five macromolecules (triazoloquinazolines, mglur3, Jak3, Danio rerio HDAC6 CD2, acetylcholinesterase) and via SwissADME it was found that these two molecules obey Lipinski’s Rule of Five.

1. Introduction

Thiazolidin-4-ones, reduced forms of thiazole, represent an important heterocyclic ring system and are important scaffolds in medicinal chemistry. They display numerous activities, such as antimicrobial [1], anticancer [2], antioxidant [3], anti-inflammatory and analgesic [4], antidiabetic [5], antiparasitic [6] and antiviral [7].
The thiazolidin-4-one ring is susceptible to modifications in positions 2, 3 and 5. Such modifications capacitate the search for new compounds with desired activities. In particular, 5-substituted thiazolidin-4-ones derive from synthetic procedures applied to the methylene carbon. Knoevenagel reaction is one of them and has been applied to introduce a substituent in 5-position [8], introducing a double bond, usually of Z-configuration [9].
In our continuous effort towards the synthesis of new pharmacologically interesting scaffolds, we synthesized two 5-substituted thiazolidin-4-ones (DKI39, DKI40). The stereochemical outcome of these compounds, possessing three double bonds, was studied extensively with 2D NMR experiments and computational chemistry, leading to their unambiguous conformational characterization. Specifically, Density Functional Theory (DFT) was used to calculate the lowest energy conformer. The lowest energy conformer was superimposed with the experimental conformation derived using 2D NOESY spectroscopy. If the RMSD of the superimposition was found to be less than 2Å, then, experimentally, the two conformations were considered to be identical. Furthermore, the reaction isomerization paths were studied via DFT to check their stability.
Finally, as a continuation of our previous studies, where similar molecules presented strong binding affinity in macromolecules [10,11], the present compounds were tested through in silico molecular docking in different macromolecules to check if the present compounds are suitable for specific biological targets. The results gave promising bindings and SwissADME showed that both compounds obey Lipinski’s Rule of Five. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study towards this end.

2. Results

2.1. Synthesis

Thiosemicarbazone DKI1 was synthesized from benzaldehyde and thiosemicarbazide under standard conditions and it was further transformed to thiazolidin-4-one DKI36 using methyl 2-chloroacetate, following our previously published conditions.11 Knoevenagel reaction between DKI36 and two aromatic aldehydes in the presence of piperidine provided 5-substituted thiazolidin-4-ones DK139 and DKI40. For DKI39, a similar synthetic strategy has been reported in the literature [12] using DKI36, benzaldehyde and NaOAc in refluxing glacial acetic acid at the final step, but in our hands, this reaction failed to give the desired product. Moreover, Kambe [13] reported a totally different DKI39 synthetic pathway using ethyl thiocyanoacetate as the starting material, providing the desired compound, albeit in very low yield (32%) (Scheme 1).

2.2. Structure Assignment

As a convenient starting point for structure elucidation of DKI39, the proton that resonates at 8.54 ppm was chosen. This peak corresponds to H-5, as it appears as a single peak, since it is not coupled with any other peak. Another important proton, the H-3 was identified as it gives a spatial correlation signal with H-5, through 2D-NOESY. Then, C-5 and C-3 were also identified, as they give 1JC-H correlation with H-5 and H-3, respectively, through 2D-HSQC. Through 2D-COSY, H-2 and H-1 were identified as they give a correlation signal with H-3. Specifically, H-2 was identified because it gives triplet peak. C-2 and C-1 were then also identified, as they give 1JC-H correlation with H-2 and H-1. H-12 was immediately identified, as it is the only proton that gives a correlation signal with C-10 of the carbonyl, through 2D-HMBC. After the identification of H-12, H-14 was identified as it gives a spatial correlation with H-12, through 2D-NOESY. H-15 and H-16 were also immediately identified, as they give a correlation signal through 2D-COSY. H-15 was identified, because it gives a pair of doublet peaks as it correlates with two protons. C-15, C-16, C-12 and C-14 were also identified, since they give a correlation signal with these protons. Through 2D-HSQC of the examined molecules, all carbons were identified except quaternary and carbonyl carbons. The remaining carbons could be identified through 2D-HMBC. Specifically, it was observed that H-5 showed 2JC-H correlation with C-4, H-12 showed 2JC-H and 3JC-H correlation with C-10 and C-11, respectively, and H-15 showed 3JC-H with C-13.
A similar procedure was carried out for thiazolidinone DKI40. The two structural identification strategies are shown in Supporting Information. The structures of DKI39 and DKI40 are shown in Scheme 2 with their numbering. The chemical shifts for both compounds are shown in Table 1.

2.3. Conformational DFT Analysis

DFT was used to predict the lowest minima for both compounds. Various initial structures were geometry-optimized in order to calculate the lowest energy isomers (E/Z) and their conformers (endo/exo). Exo conformers are shown in Scheme 2, while endo conformers are shown in Scheme 3. In the endo form, the double bond is between C8 and N next to the carbonyl, while in the exo form, the double bond is between C8 and N7. Three dihedral angles were selected for each compound. Specifically, for DKI39 the angles that were selected are formed by the following atoms: 4-5-6-7 (τ1), 10-11-12-13 (τ2) and 6-7-8-9 (τ3), and for DKI40: 4-5-6-7 (τ1′), 6-7-8-9 (τ2′) and 10-11-12-13 (τ3′). The conformations DKI39en_1 and DKI40en_1 were used as initial structures. Then, by rotating one dihedral angle each time by approximately 180°, the next conformation was occurred. For instance, starting from DKI39en_1, if τ1 is rotated by 180°, DKI39en_2 will be obtained (Scheme 3). Also, starting from DKI39en_2, if τ1 and τ2 is rotated by 180°, DKI30en_3 will be obtained, as it is shown in Scheme 3. All conformers were geometry-optimized.
Considering the endo compound for DKI39 and DKI40, the conformations that occurred are showed in Scheme 3 and Scheme 4. The double bond, which is considered as endo for both of the compounds, is shown in orange circle, and it is the same for the four different conformations.
The relative energies are given in Table 2 for the endo isomorph with the values of dihedral angles for both compounds. Considering the energetics values and the critical distances obtained from NMR experiments, the DKI39en_1 and DKI40en_1 structures are the most favorable isomers for the endo compounds. The structures are shown below in Scheme 5.
The conformations DKI39ex_1 and DKI40ex_1 were the initial optimized structures. Then, by rotating the dihedral angles by 180°, additional conformations were obtained, which subsequently were geometry-optimized. For example, from DKI39ex_1 to DKI39ex_2, τ1 dihedral angle was rotated by 180° approximately. Considering the exo compounds, the conformations that occurred for DKI39 and DKI40 are shown in Scheme 6 and Scheme 7. The double bond, which is considered as exo for both compounds, is shown in a orange circle and it is the same for the eight different conformations. The relative energies are given in Table 3 for the exo isomorph, as well as the values of dihedral angles for both compounds. In the next section, the transition states are presented.
The dihedral angles of the minima were expected to be about 180° and 0°, however, there are deviations from these values due to stereochemical hindrances within the structures. The lowest energy conformations for DKI39 and DKI40 exo compounds are DKI39ex_1 and DKI40ex_1, respectively. To sum up, the DFT calculations show that the exo isomer is lower in energy than the endo one for both molecules. Specifically, among the exo calculated conformations, the DKI39ex_1 and DKI40ex_1 are the energetically more favorable isomers of the DKI39 and DKI40 compounds (Scheme 8). In particular, the endo conformer is higher than exo by 3 kcal/mol approximately. This was also confirmed because no spatial relationship was observed in 2D-NOESY between the NH group with the H-5 in both molecules (Figure 1). Also, in the exo conformers, there is an extended resonance which cannot be applied on the higher energy endo conformer. In Table 4, selected distances of the most energetical favorable conformations which have also been observed in 2D-NOESY are shown (Figure 1).

2.4. Isomerization Reaction Paths

The isomerization reaction paths, including the corresponding transition states that are involved in the reaction paths, were calculated [14]. The cis-trans isomerization of DKI39 is plotted in Figure 2 and Figure 3 and cis-trans isomerization of DKI40 is plotted in Figure 4 and Figure 5.
The DFT calculations show that the energy gaps are quite high, i.e., larger than 20 kcal/mol, showing that there is only one dominant conformation for both compounds and it is difficult for the isomerization process from one isomer to other to occur. This conclusion is in agreement with our results obtained from our 2D-NMR spectra.

2.5. Molecular Binding

Molecular docking calculations were performed for both compounds in order to find some possible biological targets. From SwissADME [15], five possible targets were found. The grid parameters used were the same for all the substrates—X = 40, Y = 40, Z = 40 (default)—and the distance of the dots was 0.375 Å (default).
The coordinates for the active site for each macromolecule were: 2Y0J [16]: X = −21.975, Y = −16.275, Z = 32.38, 5CNK [17]: X = 12.642, Y = −14.827, Z = 9.451, 5TTV [18]: X = 3.17, Y = 14.033, Z = −3.123, 8A8Z [19]: X = −11.45, Y = −9.124, Z = −4.464, 4EY7 [20]: X = −18.53, Y = −41.928, Z = 24.258. The results from docking experiments are shown in Table 5.
Regarding the results, it was observed that in all macromolecules, the compounds bind strongly to the active site. Only in macromolecule mglur3 compound did DKI40 not bind strongly to the active site.
In Figure 6, all binding modes are shown for both compounds. Firstly, DKI39 forms two hydrogen bonds with ILE682 and GLN716 and two π-π interactions with PHE719 and TYR683 of triazoloquinazolines. Also, DKI39 forms two hydrogen bonds with ARG68 and ARG277 and one π-π interaction with TYR222 of mglur3. Moreover, DKI39 forms one π-π interaction with TYR904 and two hydrogen bonds with LEU905 and GLU903 of Jak3. Furthermore, it forms two π-π interactions with HIS574 and PHE583 of Danio rerio HDAC6 CD2. Also, it forms one π-π interaction with TYR341 and two hydrogen bonds with VAL294 and GLU292 of acetylcholinesterase.
On the other hand, DKI40 forms two hydrogen bonds with GLN716 and HIS515 of triazoloquinazolines. Secondly, it forms two hydrogen bonds with ARG68 and ARG277 and one π-π interaction with TYR222 of mglur3. Furthermore, DKI40 forms two hydrogen bonds with VAL884 and LEU905 and one π-π interaction with TYR904 of Jak3. With the enzyme Danio rerio HDAC6 CD2, it does not form any interaction, while it forms one π-π interaction with TYR341 of acetylcholinesterase.

2.6. Molecular Dynamics

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were used to further elucidate binding of DKI39 and DKI40. Three replica simulations, each of duration of 300 ns, were performed for each system, starting from the optimized conformations derived from DFT calculations. Due to its wide applicability and efficiency, we used the end-point calculation with molecular mechanics/generalized born surface area (MM/GBSA) [21] method of the binding free energy difference between the ligand, the corresponding protein receptor and the protein–ligand complex for both systems, ΔΔGbind = ΔGcomplex − ΔGprotein − ΔGligand, where ΔGcomplex, ΔGprotein and ΔGligand are solvation free energies of the complex, protein and ligand, respectively. ΔΔGbind values were derived for the sequential intervals of 100 ns for each simulation and are shown in Figure 7. According to the negative values of ΔΔG, the simulation results indicate stable binding in both systems during MD simulations with a bit stronger interaction for DKI40.

2.7. Pharmacokinetics and Toxicity of the Compounds

The results from the drug-likeness of the compounds are shown in Table 6. According to SwissADME and pkCSM, both compounds obey Lipinski’s Rule of Five. [22] Due to the fact that rotable bonds are less than seven, the criterion for Veber’s Rule [23] is also met. Both compounds can be easily absorbed from the body because lipophilicity is less than 5.
Because the BBB [24] value (Table 7) is less than one, both compounds are inactive in the central nervous system (CNS). The value for human intestinal absorption is high for both compounds, and this signifies that these compounds might be better absorbed from the intestinal tract on oral administration. Both compounds are not inhibitors of CP isoenzymes and, therefore, are not toxic or do not exert other unwanted adverse effects.
According to preADMET, these are not hepatotoxic [25] and they have no skin sensitivity. But, the AMES toxicity is positive for both of them and that means that they may be mutagenic, see Table 8.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Experimental

Reagents were purchased with the highest commercial quality from Aldrich (St. Louis, MI, USA), Acros (Geel, Belgium) and Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland) and were used without further purification. Reactions were monitored by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) carried out on 0.25 mm silica gel plates (E. Merck silica gel 60F254), and components were visualized by UV light absorbance. Purification of compounds was performed with filtration. Mobile phase for TLC experiments was conducted with an appropriate mixture of PE [refers to petroleum ether (40–60 °C)] and EA [ethyl acetate], as described for each compound. Electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectral analyses were performed on a mass spectrometer MSQ Surveyor, Finnigan, using direct sample injection. Negative or positive ion ESI spectra were acquired by adjusting the needle and cone voltages accordingly. HRMS spectra were registered using a 4800 MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) in the positive reflection mode in the m/z range of 100–700.

3.1.1. E-2-benzylidenehydrazinecarbothioamide, DKI1

To a mixture of benzaldehyde (4.0 mL, 40 mmol) in 95% ethanol (140 mL), thiosemicarbazide (3.65 g, 40 mmol) was added, followed by the addition of 4 drops of acetic acid. The reaction mixture was heated to 80 °C for 4 h. Then, to the reaction mixture, H2O (140 mL) was added and left to stand at 0 °C, the solid formed was filtered, washed with ethanol/water: 1/1 and dried to give DKI1 as white solid in 75% yield. Rf (PE/EA: 2/1) = 0.69. Spectroscopic data are in accordance with the literature [26]. 1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 7.38–7.43 (m, 3H), 7.79–7.81 (m, 2H), 8.00 (s, 1H), 8.06 (s, 1H), 8.21 (s, 1H), 11.44 (s, 1H) 13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 127.82, 129.18, 134.70, 134.70, 142.79, 178.51 MS (ESI) calculated for C8H10N3S (Μ + H)+ 180.0 found 180.1.

3.1.2. (Z)-2-(((E)-benzylidene)hydrazono)thiazolidin-4-one, DKI36

To a stirred solution of sodium acetate (6.89 g, 84 mmol) in MeOH (200 mL), thiosemicarbazone DKI1 (7.6 g, 42 mmol) was added, followed by methyl 2-chloroacetate (4 mL, 42 mmol). The reaction mixture was warmed to 65 °C for 6 h in total, adding a new portion of methyl 2-chloroacetate every 2 h. The mixture was left to stand at room temperature, and the formed solid was filtered and washed with EtOH 95% to give DKI36 as white solid in 80% yield. Rf = 0.54 (PE/EA 2:1) Spectroscopic data are in accordance with the literature [27]. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO): δ 11.97 (s, 1H), 8.41 (s, 1H), 7.77–7.75 (m, 2H), 7.47–7.45 (m, 3H), 3.90 (s, 2H) 13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO): δ 174.17, 165.35, 156.22, 134.20, 130.62, 128.82, 127.63, 33.02 MS (ESI) calculated for C10H10N3OS+ (Μ − H)+ 220.05 found 220.19.

3.1.3. (Z)-2-(((E)-benzylidene)hydrazono)thiazolidin-4-one, DKI39

To a mixture of thiazolidine-4-one DKI36 (219.3 mg, 1 mmol) in MeOH (2.5 mL), benzaldehyde (104 μL, 1 mmol) was added followed by piperidine (2 drops). The reaction mixture was warmed to 65 °C for 24 h, after which a new portion of benzaldehyde and piperidine was added, followed by 24 additional hours at 65 °C. The mixture was left to stand at room temperature, and the solid formed was filtered and washed with EtOH 95% to give DKI39 as a pale yellow solid in 84% yield. Rf = 0.43 (PE/EA: 8:2).
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO): δ 12.63, (s, 1H/NH(9)), 8.53 (s, 1H/H-5), 7.85–7.83 (m, 2H/H-3), 7.68 (d, 1H, J = 7.5 Hz/H-1), 7.63 (s, 1H/H-12), 7.57 (t, 2H, J = 7.6 Hz/H-15), 7.52–7.49 (m, 3H/H-14,H-16), 7.43–7.45 (m, 2H/H-2) 13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO): δ 178.34 (C-10), 167.33 (C-8), 157.85 (C-14), 133.84 (C-13), 133.56 (C-4), 131.05 (C-1), 129.88 (C-15), 129.83 (C-11), 129.27 (C-3), 129.14 (C-12), 128.89 (C-16), 127.97 (C-2), 122.99 (C-5). HRMS calculated for C17H14N3OS+ [M + H] 308.0852, found 308.0853.

3.1.4. (Z)-2-(((E)-benzylidene)hydrazono)-5-((Z)-4-methoxybenzylidene)thiazolidin-4-one, DKI40

In a test tube, thiazolidinone DKI36 (219.3, 1 mmol), anisaldehyde (496 μL, 4 mmol) and piperidine (2 drops) were mixed and stirred for 24 h at room temperature. In 24 h, a new portion of anisaldehyde and piperidine were added and the mixture was stirred for 7 days. The new solid formed was filtered and washed with EtOH 95% to give DKI40 as a pale yellow solid in 31% yield. Rf = 0.58 (PE/EA 2:1).
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO): δ 12.63, (s, 1H/NH(9)), 8.53 (s, 1H/H-5), 7.85–7.83 (m, 2H/H-3), 7.68 (d, 1H, J = 7.5 Hz/H-1), 7.63 (s, 1H/H-12), 7,57 (t, 2H, J = 7.6 Hz/H-15), 7.52–7.49 (m, 3H/H-14,H-16), 7.43–7.45 (m, 2H/H-2), 3.86 (s, 3H/H-18)). 13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO): δ 170.88 (C-10), 160.51 (C-8), 158.55 (C-14), 157.51 (C-16), 133.94 (C-13), 131.86 (C-4), 131.00 (C-1/C-5), 129.18 (C-15), 128.90 (C-11), 127.93 (C-3), 126.10 (C-12), 119.92 (C-16), 114.87 (C-2), 55.44 (C-18). HRMS calculated for C18H16N3O2S+ [M + H] 338.0958, found 338.0957.

3.2. Structure NMR Elucidation

The identification for both molecules was carried out via NMR using a 400 MHz spectrometer. Specifically, 1D (1H, 13C) and 2D (2D-COSY, 2D-NOESY, 2D-HSQC, 2D-HMBC) NMR experiments were performed. All the experiments were conducted using DMSO-d6 as a solvent at 25 °C. The pulse sequences were obtained from the library of the spectrometer and the process of the spectra was analyzed through MestreNova v. 14 program [28].

3.3. Computational Details

Both DKI39 and DKI40 molecules were energetically optimized. E and Z isomers, as well as endo and exo conformers, were computed employing the Density Functional Theory [29] at the B3LYP [30,31]/6-311 + G(d,p) [32] level of theory. All calculations were performed in DMSO solvent employing the polarizable continuum model (PCM) [33,34]. It has been shown that the present DFT methodology is adequate for the prediction of different isomers and conformers [35,36,37,38]. The transition states connecting the various minima structures were calculated using the synchronous transit-guided quasi-Newton (STQN) method [39]. Vibrational analysis and IRC calculations confirmed that they are transition states. The calculations and the visualization of the results were performed through Gaussian 16 [40].

3.4. Molecular Binding

Docking [41] experiments were performed using Autodock [42] software and Lamarckian genetic algorithm. The crystal structures of the macromolecules were downloaded from the Protein Data Bank (PDB) platform and the compounds were minimized with MM2 force field.

3.5. Molecular Dynamics

Explicit solvent atomistic simulation systems were prepared from DFT-optimized structures of ligand–receptor complexes using the online server CHARMM-GUI [43]. Both systems were electroneutralized in 150 mM NaCl, and the TIP3P [44] water model was used. We chose a cubic simulation box with the side length of 8.5 nm. Systems were energy-minimized using the steepest descent and the adaptive basis Newton–Raphson method. Both systems were exposed to an equilibration phase of 10 ns. All simulations were carried out on GPUs with the CUDA version of the NAMD [45] (ver. 2.13) MD software suite. The CHARMM36 [46] force field was used, which included parameters for protein, water and ions. Missing parameters for the ligands were derived using the Paramchem [47] server, while the partial atomic charges were further refined by ab initio calculation performed by the Gaussian suit of programs [48]. All production simulations used the constant number of particles, pressure and temperature (NPT) ensemble and each run was 300 ns long. Temperature was held constant (303.15 K) using the Langevin thermostat with a dampening constant of 1 ps−1, and the pressure was held constant at 1 bar using the Nose–Hoover Langevin piston for pressure control. The time-step of the production simulations was 2 fs and the SHAKE algorithm was used for hydrogen atoms. The cutoff for non-bonded interactions was set to 12 Å, and electrostatic interactions were calculated using the Particle Mesh Ewald method [49].

3.6. Pharmacokinetic and Toxicity Properties

Both compounds were examined for their drug-likeness and toxicity through SwissADME [15], pkCSM [50] and preADMET [51]. This is very important because many biological compounds fail due to unfavorable ADME results.

4. Conclusions

Scheme 9 includes all the research activities applied in the manuscript.
In particular, the present study focused on the synthesis of two thiazolidine-4-ones and on their study via DFT methodology and NMR spectroscopy. The aim of this study was to decipher which isomers and conformers are the most stable ones, as well as to check if the isomers or conformers can easily convert one to another.
DFT showed that these two molecules can form stable endo and exo conformations, but the exo ones are the most stable in energy, in agreement with our 2D-NMR measurements. The calculations of the reaction isomerization paths, and the calculation of the corresponding transition states, confirm our NMR results that for the exo compounds, only one conformation is synthesized.
In silico experiments of molecular docking were performed on five macromolecules, i.e., triazoloquinazolines, mglur3, Jak3, Danio rerio HDAC6 CD2 and acetylcholinesterase. The results showed that the compounds bind strongly to them and both compounds obey Lipinski’s Rule of Five and they are not hepatotoxic. The molecular dynamics data showed that both compounds are stable in acetylcholinesterase and in metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 for DKI40 and DKI39, respectively.
To sum up, the present study showed that thiazolidine-4-ones are stable, safe and bioactive in various targets. This study aimed to investigate the physical and chemical properties of two synthetic analogues and examine the possibility of them serving as lead compounds for various diseases. These conclusions are quite important for synthetic organic scientists who synthesize similar derivatives and test them as potential biological targets.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/molecules29112458/s1, Figure S1A: 1H spectra of DKI39. The spectra were recorded in DMSO-d6 on a Bruker AC 800 MHz spectrometer at 25 °C; Figure S2A: 2D-NOESY spectra of DKI39. The spectra were recorded in DMSO-d6 on a Bruker AC 800 MHz spectrometer at 25 °C; Figure S3A: 13C spectra of DKI39. The spectra were recorded in DMSO-d6 on a Bruker AC 800 MHz spectrometer at 25 °C; Figure S4A: 2D-HSQC spectra of DKI39. The spectra were recorded in DMSO-d6 on a Bruker AC 800 MHz spectrometer at 25 °C; Figure S5A: 2D-HSQC spectra of DKI39. The spectra were recorded in DMSO-d6 on a Bruker AC 800 MHz spectrometer at 25 °C; Figure S1B: 1H spectra of DKI40. The spectra were recorded in DMSO-d6 on a Bruker AC 800 MHz spectrometer at 25 °C; Figure S2B: 13C spectra of DKI40. The spectra were recorded in DMSO-d6 on a Bruker AC 800 MHz spectrometer at 25 °C; Figure S3B: 2D-NOESY spectra of DKI40. The spectra were recorded in DMSO-d6 on a Bruker AC 800 MHz spectrometer at 25 °C; Figure S4B: 2D-HSQC spectra of DKI40. Figure S5B: 2D-HMBC spectra of DKI40. The spectra were recorded in DMSO-d6 on a Bruker AC 800 MHz spectrometer at 25 °C; Table 1S: Energetic isomerization between cis-trans for DKI39exo; Table 2S: Energetic isomerization between cis-trans for DKI40exo.

Author Contributions

N.G., investigation, formal analysis, methodology, writing—original draft; D.K., synthesis; A.C., NMR experiments; F.M., molecular dynamics experiments, review and editing; D.T., resources, supervision, methodology, writing—review and editing; S.V., resources, synthesis supervision, methodology, writing—review and editing; T.M. conceptualization, resources, supervision, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this paper are available in the Supplementary Materials.

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the CERIC−ERIC consortium for the access to experimental facilities and financial support. NMR studies were performed at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. Materials were supported by Special Account for Research Grants (SARG), National Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

  1. Tratrat, C.; Petrou, A.; Geronikaki, A.; Ivanov, M.; Kostić, M.; Soković, M.; Vizirianakis, I.S.; Theodoroula, N.F.; Haroun, M. Thiazolidin-4-Ones as Potential Antimicrobial Agents: Experimental and In Silico Evaluation. Molecules 2022, 27, 1930. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Thakral, S.; Saini, D.; Kumar, A.; Jain, N.; Jain, S. A Synthetic Approach and Molecular Docking Study of Hybrids of Quinazolin-4-Ones and Thiazolidin-4-Ones as Anticancer Agents. Med. Chem. Res. 2017, 26, 1595–1604. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Kumar, H.; Deep, A.; Marwaha, R.K. Design, Synthesis, in Silico Studies and Biological Evaluation of 5-((E)-4-((E)-(Substituted Aryl/Alkyl)Methyl)Benzylidene)Thiazolidine-2,4-Dione Derivatives. BMC Chem. 2020, 14, 25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Shawky, A.M.; Abourehab, M.A.S.; Abdalla, A.N.; Gouda, A.M. Optimization of Pyrrolizine-Based Schiff Bases with 4-Thiazolidinone Motif: Design, Synthesis and Investigation of Cytotoxicity and Anti-Inflammatory Potency. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2020, 185, 111780. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. Patel, A.D.; Pasha, T.Y.; Lunagariya, P.; Shah, U.; Bhambharoliya, T.; Tripathi, R.K.P. A Library of Thiazolidin-4-one Derivatives as Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) Inhibit: An Attempt To Discover Novel Antidiabetic Agents. ChemMedChem 2020, 15, 1229–1242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  6. Bhat, S.Y.; Bhandari, S.; Thacker, P.S.; Arifuddin, M.; Qureshi, I.A. Development of Quinoline-based Hybrid as Inhibitor of Methionine Aminopeptidase 1 from Leishmania Donovani. Chem. Biol. Drug Des. 2021, 97, 315–324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  7. Chitre, T.S.; Patil, S.M.; Sujalegaonkar, A.G.; Asgaonkar, K.D. Designing of Thiazolidin-4-One Pharmacophore Using QSAR Studies for Anti-HIV Activity. Indian J. Pharm. Educ. Res. 2021, 55, 581–589. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Abumelha, H.M.A.; Saeed, A. Synthesis of Some 5-arylidene-2-(4-acetamidophenylimino)-thiazolidin-4-one Derivatives and Exploring Their Breast Anticancer Activity. J. Heterocycl. Chem. 2020, 57, 1816–1824. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Evren, A.E.; Yurttaş, L.; Gencer, H.K. Synthesis of New Thiazole Derivatives Bearing Thiazolidin-4(5H)-One Structure and Evaluation of Their Antimicrobial Activity. Braz. J. Pharm. Sci. 2022, 58, e19248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Georgiou, N.; Chontzopoulou, E.; Cheilari, A.; Katsogiannou, A.; Karta, D.; Vavougyiou, K.; Hadjipavlou-Litina, D.; Javornik, U.; Plavec, J.; Tzeli, D.; et al. Thiocarbohydrazone and Chalcone-Derived 3,4-Dihydropyrimidinethione as Lipid Peroxidation and Soybean Lipoxygenase Inhibitors. ACS Omega 2022, 8, 11966–11977. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Georgiou, N.; Cheilari, A.; Karta, D.; Chontzopoulou, E.; Plavec, J.; Tzeli, D.; Vassiliou, S.; Mavromoustakos, T. Conformational Properties and Putative Bioactive Targets for Novel Thiosemicarbazone Derivatives. Molecules 2022, 27, 4548. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  12. Garnaik, B.K.; Mishra, N.; Sen, M.; Nayak, A. Studies on Thiazolidinones. Part XIX. Synthesis of Thiazolidinones and Their Derivatives from 2-Hydrazinobenzothiazole. J. Indian Chem. Soc. 1990, 67, 407–408. [Google Scholar]
  13. Kambe, S.; Hayashi, T. Thiocyanoacetate. III. The Synthesis of 2-Hydrazono-4-Thiazolidinone Derivatives. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1972, 45, 952–954. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Georgiou, N.; Katsogiannou, A.; Skourtis, D.; Iatrou, H.; Tzeli, D.; Vassiliou, S.; Javornik, U.; Plavec, J.; Mavromoustakos, T. Conformational Properties of New Thiosemicarbazone and Thiocarbohydrazone Derivatives and Their Possible Targets. Molecules 2022, 27, 2537. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  15. Daina, A.; Michielin, O.; Zoete, V. SwissADME: A Free Web Tool to Evaluate Pharmacokinetics, Drug-Likeness and Medicinal Chemistry Friendliness of Small Molecules. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 42717. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  16. Kehler, J.; Ritzen, A.; Langgård, M.; Petersen, S.L.; Farah, M.M.; Bundgaard, C.; Christoffersen, C.T.; Nielsen, J.; Kilburn, J.P. Triazoloquinazolines as a Novel Class of Phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) Inhibitors. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2011, 21, 3738–3742. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Monn, J.A.; Prieto, L.; Taboada, L.; Hao, J.; Reinhard, M.R.; Henry, S.S.; Beadle, C.D.; Walton, L.; Man, T.; Rudyk, H.; et al. Synthesis and Pharmacological Characterization of C 4-(Thiotriazolyl)-Substituted-2-Aminobicyclo[3.1.0]Hexane-2,6-Dicarboxylates. Identification of (1 R, 2 S, 4 R, 5 R, 6 R)-2-Amino-4-(1 H-1,2,4-Triazol-3-Ylsulfanyl)Bicyclo[3.1.0]Hexane-2,6-Dicarboxylic. J. Med. Chem. 2015, 58, 7526–7548. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Thorarensen, A.; Dowty, M.E.; Banker, M.E.; Juba, B.; Jussif, J.; Lin, T.; Vincent, F.; Czerwinski, R.M.; Casimiro-Garcia, A.; Unwalla, R.; et al. Design of a Janus Kinase 3 (JAK3) Specific Inhibitor 1-((2 S, 5 R)-5-((7 H-Pyrrolo[2,3-d]Pyrimidin-4-Yl)Amino)-2-Methylpiperidin-1-Yl)Prop-2-En-1-One (PF-06651600) Allowing for the Interrogation of JAK3 Signaling in Humans. J. Med. Chem. 2017, 60, 1971–1993. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Cellupica, E.; Caprini, G.; Cordella, P.; Cukier, C.; Fossati, G.; Marchini, M.; Rocchio, I.; Sandrone, G.; Vanoni, M.A.; Vergani, B.; et al. Difluoromethyl-1,3,4-Oxadiazoles Are Slow-Binding Substrate Analog Inhibitors of Histone Deacetylase 6 with Unprecedented Isotype Selectivity. J. Biol. Chem. 2023, 299, 102800. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Cheung, J.; Rudolph, M.J.; Burshteyn, F.; Cassidy, M.S.; Gary, E.N.; Love, J.; Franklin, M.C.; Height, J.J. Structures of Human Acetylcholinesterase in Complex with Pharmacologically Important Ligands. J. Med. Chem. 2012, 55, 10282–10286. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Miller, B.R.; McGee, T.D.; Swails, J.M.; Homeyer, N.; Gohlke, H.; Roitberg, A.E. MMPBSA.Py: An Efficient Program for End-State Free Energy Calculations. J. Chem. Theory Comput. 2012, 8, 3314–3321. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  22. Benet, L.Z.; Hosey, C.M.; Ursu, O.; Oprea, T.I. BDDCS, the Rule of 5 and Drugability. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2016, 101, 89–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Veber, D.F.; Johnson, S.R.; Cheng, H.-Y.; Smith, B.R.; Ward, K.W.; Kopple, K.D. Molecular Properties That Influence the Oral Bioavailability of Drug Candidates. J. Med. Chem. 2002, 45, 2615–2623. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Daina, A.; Zoete, V. A BOILED-Egg To Predict Gastrointestinal Absorption and Brain Penetration of Small Molecules. ChemMedChem 2016, 11, 1117–1121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  25. Björnsson, E. Hepatotoxicity by Drugs: The Most Common Implicated Agents. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17, 224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  26. Abu Almaaty, A.H.; Toson, E.E.M.; El-Sayed, E.-S.H.; Tantawy, M.A.M.; Fayad, E.; Abu Ali, O.A.; Zaki, I. 5-Aryl-1-Arylideneamino-1H-Imidazole-2(3H)-Thiones: Synthesis and In Vitro Anticancer Evaluation. Molecules 2021, 26, 1706. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  27. Carradori, S.; Bizzarri, B.; D’Ascenzio, M.; De Monte, C.; Grande, R.; Rivanera, D.; Zicari, A.; Mari, E.; Sabatino, M.; Patsilinakos, A.; et al. Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and Quantitative Structure-Active Relationships of 1,3-Thiazolidin-4-One Derivatives. A Promising Chemical Scaffold Endowed with High Antifungal Potency and Low Cytotoxicity. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2017, 140, 274–292. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  28. Vlachou, M.; Foscolos, A.; Siamidi, A.; Syriopoulou, A.; Georgiou, N.; Dedeloudi, A.; Tsiailanis, A.D.; Tzakos, A.G.; Mavromoustakos, T.; Papanastasiou, I.P. Biophysical Evaluation and In Vitro Controlled Release of Two Isomeric Adamantane Phenylalkylamines with Antiproliferative/Anticancer and Analgesic Activity. Molecules 2021, 27, 7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  29. Tirado-Rives, J.; Jorgensen, W.L. Performance of B3LYP Density Functional Methods for a Large Set of Organic Molecules. J. Chem. Theory Comput. 2008, 4, 297–306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Lee, C.; Yang, W.; Parr, R.G. Development of the Colle-Salvetti Correlation-Energy Formula into a Functional of the Electron Density. Phys. Rev. B 1988, 37, 785–789. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Becke, A.D. A New Mixing of Hartree–Fock and Local Density-functional Theories. J. Chem. Phys. 1993, 98, 1372–1377. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Curtiss, L.A.; McGrath, M.P.; Blaudeau, J.; Davis, N.E.; Binning, R.C.; Radom, L. Extension of Gaussian-2 Theory to Molecules Containing Third-row Atoms Ga–Kr. J. Chem. Phys. 1995, 103, 6104–6113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Miertuš, S.; Scrocco, E.; Tomasi, J. Electrostatic Interaction of a Solute with a Continuum. A Direct Utilizaion of AB Initio Molecular Potentials for the Prevision of Solvent Effects. Chem. Phys. 1981, 55, 117–129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Tomasi, J.; Mennucci, B.; Cammi, R. Quantum Mechanical Continuum Solvation Models. Chem. Rev. 2005, 105, 2999–3094. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  35. Tzeli, D.; Tsoungas, P.G.; Petsalakis, I.D.; Kozielewicz, P.; Zloh, M. Intramolecular Cyclization of β-Nitroso-o-Quinone Methides. A Theoretical Endoscopy of a Potentially Useful Innate ‘Reclusive’ Reaction. Tetrahedron 2015, 71, 359–369. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Sutradhar, T.; Misra, A. The Role of π-Linkers and Electron Acceptors in Tuning the Nonlinear Optical Properties of BODIPY-Based Zwitterionic Molecules. RSC Adv. 2020, 10, 40300–40309. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  37. Garcia-Borràs, M.; Solà, M.; Lauvergnat, D.; Reis, H.; Luis, J.M.; Kirtman, B. A Full Dimensionality Approach to Evaluate the Nonlinear Optical Properties of Molecules with Large Amplitude Anharmonic Tunneling Motions. J. Chem. Theory Comput. 2013, 9, 520–532. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  38. Cao, L.; Ryde, U. Influence of the Protein and DFT Method on the Broken-Symmetry and Spin States in Nitrogenase. Int. J. Quantum Chem. 2018, 118, e25627. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Peng, C.; Ayala, P.Y.; Schlegel, H.B.; Frisch, M.J. Using Redundant Internal Coordinates to Optimize Equilibrium Geometries and Transition States. J. Comput. Chem. 1996, 17, 49–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Frisch, M.J.; Trucks, G.W.; Schlegel, H.B.; Scuseria, G.E.; Robb, M.A.; Cheeseman, J.R.; Scalmani, G.; Barone, V.; Petersson, G.A.; Nakatsuji, H.; et al. Gaussian 16, Revision B.01. In Gaussian 09; Gaussian Inc.: Wallingford, CT, USA, 2016. [Google Scholar]
  41. Schleinkofer, K.; Wang, T.; Wade, R.C. Molecular Docking. In Encyclopedic Reference of Genomics and Proteomics in Molecular Medicine; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2006; Volume 443, pp. 1149–1153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Morris, G.M.; Huey, R.; Olson, A.J. Using AutoDock for Ligand-Receptor Docking. Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 2008, 24, 8.14.1–8.14.40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Lee, J.; Cheng, X.; Swails, J.M.; Yeom, M.S.; Eastman, P.K.; Lemkul, J.A.; Wei, S.; Buckner, J.; Jeong, J.C.; Qi, Y.; et al. CHARMM-GUI Input Generator for NAMD, GROMACS, AMBER, OpenMM, and CHARMM/OpenMM Simulations Using the CHARMM36 Additive Force Field. J. Chem. Theory Comput. 2016, 12, 405–413. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  44. Jorgensen, W.L.; Chandrasekhar, J.; Madura, J.D.; Impey, R.W.; Klein, M.L. Comparison of Simple Potential Functions for Simulating Liquid Water. J. Chem. Phys. 1983, 79, 926–935. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Phillips, J.C.; Hardy, D.J.; Maia, J.D.C.; Stone, J.E.; Ribeiro, J.V.; Bernardi, R.C.; Buch, R.; Fiorin, G.; Hénin, J.; Jiang, W.; et al. Scalable Molecular Dynamics on CPU and GPU Architectures with NAMD. J. Chem. Phys. 2020, 153, 044130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  46. Klauda, J.B.; Venable, R.M.; Freites, J.A.; O’Connor, J.W.; Tobias, D.J.; Mondragon-Ramirez, C.; Vorobyov, I.; MacKerell, A.D.; Pastor, R.W. Update of the CHARMM All-Atom Additive Force Field for Lipids: Validation on Six Lipid Types. J. Phys. Chem. B 2010, 114, 7830–7843. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  47. Vanommeslaeghe, K.; Hatcher, E.; Acharya, C.; Kundu, S.; Zhong, S.; Shim, J.; Darian, E.; Guvench, O.; Lopes, P.; Vorobyov, I.; et al. CHARMM General Force Field: A Force Field for Drug-like Molecules Compatible with the CHARMM All-atom Additive Biological Force Fields. J. Comput. Chem. 2010, 31, 671–690. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  48. Frisch, M.J.; Trucks, G.W.; Schlegel, H.B.; Scuseria, G.E.; Robb, M.A.; Cheeseman, J.R.; Scalmani, G.; Barone, V.; Mennucci, B.; Petersson, G.A. Gaussian 09 Rev. A.03. In Gaussian; Gaussian Inc.: Wallingford, CT, USA, 2016. [Google Scholar]
  49. Darden, T.; York, D.; Pedersen, L. Particle Mesh Ewald: An N⋅log(N) Method for Ewald Sums in Large Systems. J. Chem. Phys. 1993, 98, 10089–10092. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Pires, D.E.V.; Blundell, T.L.; Ascher, D.B. PkCSM: Predicting Small-Molecule Pharmacokinetic and Toxicity Properties Using Graph-Based Signatures. J. Med. Chem. 2015, 58, 4066–4072. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Viana Nunes, A.M.; das Chagas Pereira de Andrade, F.; Filgueiras, L.A.; de Carvalho Maia, O.A.; Cunha, R.L.O.R.; Rodezno, S.V.A.; Maia Filho, A.L.M.; de Amorim Carvalho, F.A.; Braz, D.C.; Mendes, A.N. PreADMET Analysis and Clinical Aspects of Dogs Treated with the Organotellurium Compound RF07: A Possible Control for Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis? Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2020, 80, 103470. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Molecules 29 02458 sch001
Scheme 1. Reagents and conditions: (i) thiosemicarbazide, EtOH, cat. AcOH, 80 °C, 4 h; (ii) methyl 2-chloroacetate, MeOH, CH3COONa, 65 °C, 6 h; (iii) (a) benzaldehyde, MeOH, cat. Piperidine, 65 °C, 48 h (for DKI39) and (b) anisaldehyde cat. piperidine, rt, 7d (for DKI40).
Scheme 1. Reagents and conditions: (i) thiosemicarbazide, EtOH, cat. AcOH, 80 °C, 4 h; (ii) methyl 2-chloroacetate, MeOH, CH3COONa, 65 °C, 6 h; (iii) (a) benzaldehyde, MeOH, cat. Piperidine, 65 °C, 48 h (for DKI39) and (b) anisaldehyde cat. piperidine, rt, 7d (for DKI40).
Molecules 29 02458 sch001
Molecules 29 02458 sch002
Scheme 2. Structures of exo conformers of DKI39 (a) and DKI40 (b).
Scheme 2. Structures of exo conformers of DKI39 (a) and DKI40 (b).
Molecules 29 02458 sch002
Molecules 29 02458 sch003
Scheme 3. Optimized conformations derived from DFT calculations for the DKI39 endo compound. In the Figure the dihedral angles rotated by 180° are shown. For instance, in DKI39en_1, the dihedral angle τ1 was rotated and DKI39en_2 was obtained. In the orange circle, the double bond that indicates the endo nature of compound is shown.
Scheme 3. Optimized conformations derived from DFT calculations for the DKI39 endo compound. In the Figure the dihedral angles rotated by 180° are shown. For instance, in DKI39en_1, the dihedral angle τ1 was rotated and DKI39en_2 was obtained. In the orange circle, the double bond that indicates the endo nature of compound is shown.
Molecules 29 02458 sch003
Molecules 29 02458 sch004
Scheme 4. Optimized conformations derived from DFT calculations for the DKI40 endo compound. In the Figure, the dihedral angles rotated by 180° are shown. For instance, in DKI40en_1, the dihedral angle τ3′ was rotated and DKI39en_2 was obtained. In the orange circle, the double bond that indicates the endo nature of compound is shown.
Scheme 4. Optimized conformations derived from DFT calculations for the DKI40 endo compound. In the Figure, the dihedral angles rotated by 180° are shown. For instance, in DKI40en_1, the dihedral angle τ3′ was rotated and DKI39en_2 was obtained. In the orange circle, the double bond that indicates the endo nature of compound is shown.
Molecules 29 02458 sch004
Molecules 29 02458 sch005
Scheme 5. The global minima conformations for (a) DKI39 and (b) DKI40 endo compounds.
Scheme 5. The global minima conformations for (a) DKI39 and (b) DKI40 endo compounds.
Molecules 29 02458 sch005
Molecules 29 02458 sch006
Scheme 6. Optimized conformations derived from DFT calculations for DKI39 exo compound. In the Figure the dihedral angles rotated by 180° are shown. For instance, in DKI39ex_1, the dihedral angle τ3 was rotated and DKI39ex_2 was obtained. In the orange circle, the double bond that indicates the exo nature of compound is shown.
Scheme 6. Optimized conformations derived from DFT calculations for DKI39 exo compound. In the Figure the dihedral angles rotated by 180° are shown. For instance, in DKI39ex_1, the dihedral angle τ3 was rotated and DKI39ex_2 was obtained. In the orange circle, the double bond that indicates the exo nature of compound is shown.
Molecules 29 02458 sch006
Molecules 29 02458 sch007
Scheme 7. Optimized conformations derived from DFT calculations for the DKI40 exo compound. In the Figure, the dihedral angles rotated by 180° are shown. For instance, in DKI40ex_1, the dihedral angle τ2′ was rotated and DKI40ex_2 was obtained. In the orange circle the double bond that indicates the exo nature of compound is shown.
Scheme 7. Optimized conformations derived from DFT calculations for the DKI40 exo compound. In the Figure, the dihedral angles rotated by 180° are shown. For instance, in DKI40ex_1, the dihedral angle τ2′ was rotated and DKI40ex_2 was obtained. In the orange circle the double bond that indicates the exo nature of compound is shown.
Molecules 29 02458 sch007
Molecules 29 02458 sch008
Scheme 8. The lowest in energy conformations for (a) DKI39 and (b) DKI40 exo compounds.
Scheme 8. The lowest in energy conformations for (a) DKI39 and (b) DKI40 exo compounds.
Molecules 29 02458 sch008
Molecules 29 02458 g001
Figure 1. NOE effects for DKI39 (top) and for DKI40 (bottom).
Figure 1. NOE effects for DKI39 (top) and for DKI40 (bottom).
Molecules 29 02458 g001
Molecules 29 02458 g002
Figure 2. Schematic representation of the isomerization energy barrier between cis-trans for DKI39 (y = energy in kcal/mol, x = conformation).
Figure 2. Schematic representation of the isomerization energy barrier between cis-trans for DKI39 (y = energy in kcal/mol, x = conformation).
Molecules 29 02458 g002
Molecules 29 02458 g003
Figure 3. Schematic representation of cis-trans kinetic isomerization for DKI39 exo compound (y = energy in kcal/mol, x = conformation). In each transition state, the dihedral angle, which is rotated by ~180°, is shown by an arrow.
Figure 3. Schematic representation of cis-trans kinetic isomerization for DKI39 exo compound (y = energy in kcal/mol, x = conformation). In each transition state, the dihedral angle, which is rotated by ~180°, is shown by an arrow.
Molecules 29 02458 g003
Molecules 29 02458 g004
Figure 4. Schematic representation of the isomerization energy barrier between cis −trans for DKI40 (y = energy in kcal/mol, x = conformation).
Figure 4. Schematic representation of the isomerization energy barrier between cis −trans for DKI40 (y = energy in kcal/mol, x = conformation).
Molecules 29 02458 g004
Molecules 29 02458 g005
Figure 5. Schematic representation of cis-trans kinetic isomerization for DKI40 exo compound (y = Energy in kcal/mol, x = conformation). In each transition state, the dihedral angle, which is rotated by ~180°, is shown by arrow.
Figure 5. Schematic representation of cis-trans kinetic isomerization for DKI40 exo compound (y = Energy in kcal/mol, x = conformation). In each transition state, the dihedral angle, which is rotated by ~180°, is shown by arrow.
Molecules 29 02458 g005
Molecules 29 02458 g006aMolecules 29 02458 g006b
Figure 6. Binding mode of DKI39 (left, green color) with (a) triazoloquinazolines, (b) mglur3, (c) Jak3, (d) Danio rerio HDAC6 CD2 and (e) acetylcholinesterase. Binding modes of DKI40 (right, blue color) with (a) triazoloquinazolines, (b) mglur3, (c) Jak3, (d) Danio rerio HDAC6 CD2 and (e) acetylcholinesterase.
Figure 6. Binding mode of DKI39 (left, green color) with (a) triazoloquinazolines, (b) mglur3, (c) Jak3, (d) Danio rerio HDAC6 CD2 and (e) acetylcholinesterase. Binding modes of DKI40 (right, blue color) with (a) triazoloquinazolines, (b) mglur3, (c) Jak3, (d) Danio rerio HDAC6 CD2 and (e) acetylcholinesterase.
Molecules 29 02458 g006aMolecules 29 02458 g006b
Molecules 29 02458 g007
Figure 7. Comparison of binding free energies during repeated simulations (3 replicas) of DKI39 and DKI40 complexes in aqueous solution.
Figure 7. Comparison of binding free energies during repeated simulations (3 replicas) of DKI39 and DKI40 complexes in aqueous solution.
Molecules 29 02458 g007
Molecules 29 02458 sch009
Scheme 9. Summary of the scientific work described in the manuscript.
Scheme 9. Summary of the scientific work described in the manuscript.
Molecules 29 02458 sch009
Table 1. Assignment of the experimental 1H NMR spectra of DKI39 and DKI40 in DMSO-d6.
Table 1. Assignment of the experimental 1H NMR spectra of DKI39 and DKI40 in DMSO-d6.
Hydrogen DKI39Chemical Shift (ppm)Hydrogen DKI39Chemical Shift (ppm)
17.68127.63
27.50147.47
37.85157.57
58.53167.47
Hydrogen DKI40Chemical Shift (ppm)Hydrogen DKI40Chemical Shift (ppm)
17.36127.58
27.50147.62
37.83157.12
58.40183.86
Table 2. Relative energies (ΔΕ in kcal/mol) and dihedral angles (τ in degrees) of the minimized structures for DKI39 endo and DKI40 endo compounds a.
Table 2. Relative energies (ΔΕ in kcal/mol) and dihedral angles (τ in degrees) of the minimized structures for DKI39 endo and DKI40 endo compounds a.
DKI39 endoΔΕτ2τ1τ3
DKI39en_10Z (180.0)E (−180.0)-
DKI39en_24.79Z (180.0)Z (−2.2)-
DKI39en_37.91E (0.8)E (−179.9)-
DKI39en_49.71E (−0.3)Z (2.2)-
DKI40 endoΔΕτ3′τ1′τ2′
DKI40en_10Z (180.0)E (180.0)-
DKI40en_34.63E (0.1)E (180.0)-
DKI40en_45.00Z (−180.0)Z (2.2)-
DKI40en_29.39E (0.1)Z (−2.03)-
a ΔΕ Difference in energy between the various conformers and the minimum conformer; τ1, Amide Bond Isomerization (5-6) C-C=N-C with dihedral angle; τ2, Double Bond Isomerization C-C=C-C with dihedral angle; τ3, Amide Bond Isomerization (7-8) N-N=C-N with dihedral angle; τ1′, Amide Bond Isomerization (5-6) C-C=N-C with dihedral angle; τ2′, Amide Bond Isomerization (7-8) N-N=C-C with dihedral angle; τ3′, Double Bond Isomerization (11-12) C-C=C-C with dihedral angle.
Table 3. Relative energy differences of the conformers with the respect to the global minimum, ΔΕ, and calculated dihedral angles (τ1, τ2, τ3) for DKI39 exo and DKI40 exo compounds a.
Table 3. Relative energy differences of the conformers with the respect to the global minimum, ΔΕ, and calculated dihedral angles (τ1, τ2, τ3) for DKI39 exo and DKI40 exo compounds a.
DKI39 exoΔΕτ2τ1τ3
DKI39ex_10Z (180.0)Z(−180.00)E (−180.00)
DKI39ex_41.54Z (−180.0)E (180.0)E (−0.0)
DKI39ex_23.98Z (180.0)Z (−0.2)Z (180.0)
DKI39ex_85.17E (0.0)Z (−180.0)E (−180.0)
DKI39ex_35.59Z (180.0)E (−1.5)Z (−1.53)
DKI39ex_56.67E (0.16)E (−180.0)E (0.0)
DKI39ex_79.09E (0.0)Z (−0.11)Z (180.0)
DKI39ex_610.71E (0.1)E (−0.0)Z (−0.0)
DKI40 exoΔΕτ3′τ1′τ2′
DKI40ex_10Z (180.0)Z (180.0)E (0.0)
DKI40ex_41.53Z (−0.0)E (180.0)E (−0.0)
DKI40ex_23.95Z (−180.0)Z (−0.0)Z (180.0)
DKI40ex_64.75E (−0.0)Z (−180.0)E (180.0)
DKI40ex_35.69Z (180.0)E (−0.9)Z (−0.9)
DKI40ex_56.40E (0.0)E (180.0)E (−0.0)
DKI40ex_88.63E (0.0)Z (0.0)Z (180.0)
DKI40ex_710.52E (−180.0)E (−0.04)Z (180.0)
a Difference in energy between the various conformers and the minimum conformer; ΔΕ difference in energy between the various conformers and the minimum conformer; τ1, Amide Bond Isomerization (5-6) C-C=N-C with dihedral angle; τ2, Double Bond Isomerization C-C=C-C with dihedral angle; τ3, Amide Bond Isomerization (7-8) N-N=C-C with dihedral angle; τ1′, Amide Bond Isomerization (5-6) C-C=N-C with dihedral angle; τ2′, Amide Bond Isomerization (7-8) N-N=C-C with dihedral angle; τ3′, Double Bond Isomerization (11-12) C-C=C-C with dihedral angle.
Table 4. Selected H-H distances in Å at DFT.
Table 4. Selected H-H distances in Å at DFT.
DKI39bH-HDKI40aH-H
H12-H142.280H18-H152.352
H5-H32.354H5-H32.373
Table 5. Molecular docking results for each compound with the macromolecules.
Table 5. Molecular docking results for each compound with the macromolecules.
Binding Energy (kcal/mol)
MacromoleculesDKI39DKI40
2Y0J (Triazoloquinazolines)−8.22−7.82
5CNK (mglur3)−9.16−6.19
5TTV (Jak3)−8.95−8.83
8A8Z (Danio rerio HDAC6 CD2)−8.23−7.94
4EY7 (Acetylcholinesterase)−8.95−8.92
Table 6. Drug-likeness of the compounds.
Table 6. Drug-likeness of the compounds.
PropertiesCompound DK139Compound DKI40
Molecular Weight307.37337.40
LogP2.663.08
Rotable bonds34
Hydrogen Bond Acceptors34
Hydrogen Bond Donors11
Surface Area79.12 (Å2)88.35 (Å2)
Water solubility−4.54 (mol/L) −4.61 (mol/L)
Table 7. ADME results according to preADMET.
Table 7. ADME results according to preADMET.
Compound DKI39Compound DKI40
BBB0.5659330.304397
Buffer_solubility_mg_L171.672163.776
Caco222.075921.9635
CYP_2C19_inhibitionNonNon
CYP_2C9_inhibitionNonNon
CYP_2D6_inhibitionNonNon
CYP_2D6_substrateNonNon
CYP_3A4_inhibitionNonNon
CYP_3A4_substrateWeaklyWeakly
HIA96.38717996.785453
MDCK11.2042.28162
Pgp_inhibitionInhibitorInhibitor
Plasma_Protein_Binding94.01166393.567531
Pure_water_solubility_mg_L0.5629120.382868
Skin_Permeability−2.82467−3.03751
Table 8. Toxicity results for both compounds according to pKCSm.
Table 8. Toxicity results for both compounds according to pKCSm.
PropertiesCompound DKI39Compound DKI40
Toxicity
AMES toxicityYesYes
Max. tolerated dose (human)0.064 (log mg/kg/day)0.074 (log mg/kg/day)
Herg I inhibitorNoNo
Herg II inhibitorYesNo
Oral rat acute toxicity (LD50)2.318 (mol/kg)2.268 (mol/kg)
Oral rat chronic toxicity1.432 (log mg/kg_bw/day)1.723 (log mg/kg_bw/day)
HepatotoxicityNoNo
Skin sensitizationNoNo
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Georgiou, N.; Karta, D.; Cheilari, A.; Merzel, F.; Tzeli, D.; Vassiliou, S.; Mavromoustakos, T. Synthesis of Thiazolidin-4-Ones Derivatives, Evaluation of Conformation in Solution, Theoretical Isomerization Reaction Paths and Discovery of Potential Biological Targets. Molecules 2024, 29, 2458. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29112458

AMA Style

Georgiou N, Karta D, Cheilari A, Merzel F, Tzeli D, Vassiliou S, Mavromoustakos T. Synthesis of Thiazolidin-4-Ones Derivatives, Evaluation of Conformation in Solution, Theoretical Isomerization Reaction Paths and Discovery of Potential Biological Targets. Molecules. 2024; 29(11):2458. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29112458

Chicago/Turabian Style

Georgiou, Nikitas, Danai Karta, Antigoni Cheilari, Franci Merzel, Demeter Tzeli, Stamatia Vassiliou, and Thomas Mavromoustakos. 2024. "Synthesis of Thiazolidin-4-Ones Derivatives, Evaluation of Conformation in Solution, Theoretical Isomerization Reaction Paths and Discovery of Potential Biological Targets" Molecules 29, no. 11: 2458. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29112458

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop