Autohydrolysis Application on Vine Shoots and Grape Stalks to Obtain Extracts Enriched in Xylo-Oligosaccharides and Phenolic Compounds
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Qualitative Analysis of Extracts
2.2. Quantitative Analysis of Extracts
2.3. Phenolic Compounds Characterization
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Chemicals and Reagents
3.2. Vine Shoots and Grape Stalks Preparation
3.3. Hydrothermal Treatments of Vine Shoots and Grape Stalks
3.4. Characterization of the Autohydrolysis Liquors
3.5. Determination and Quantification of Phenolic Profile
3.6. Antioxidant Activity Evaluation
3.7. Antioxidant Activity Evaluation
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Sugars | Molecular Formula | Exact Mass (Molecular Ion) | Predicted Mass (Na Adduct) | Measured Mass | Diff PPM |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fructose | C6H12O6 | 180.0634 | 203.0526 | 203.0501 | 12.3121 |
Stachyose | C24H42O21 | 666.2219 | 689.2111 | 689.2101 | 1.4509 |
Xylobiose | C10H18O9 | 282.0951 | 305.0843 | 305.0848 | 1.6389 |
Raffinose | C18H32O16 | 504.1690 | 527.1583 | 527.1541 | 7.9673 |
Sucrose | C12H22O11 | 342.1162 | 365.1054 | 365.1083 | 7.9429 |
Xylotriose | C15H26O13 | 414.1373 | 437.1266 | 437.1247 | 4.3466 |
Xylotetraose | C20H34O17 | 546.1796 | 569.1688 | 569.1651 | 6.5007 |
Xylopentose | C25H42O21 | 678.2219 | 701.2111 | 701.2090 | 2.9948 |
Compounds | Vine Shoots (VS) | ||
---|---|---|---|
H2O | H2O-EtOH | H2O-Amberlyst | |
Fructose | 3.98 ± 0.12 b | 8.51 ± 0.04 a | 3.64 ± 0.54 b |
Sucrose | 1.21 ± 0.03 a | 0.36 ± 0.03 b | 0.41 ± 0.13 b |
Xylobiose | 2.67 ± 0.31 b | 3.53 ± 0.32 a | 3.69 ± 0.04 a |
Xylotriose | 2.65 ± 0.02 a | 2.56 ± 0.00 a | 2.32 ± 0.06 b |
Xylotetraose | 7.30 ± 0.71 c | 21.35 ± 0.47 a | 9.68 ± 0.78 b |
Xylopentose | 32.84 ± 1.67 c | 45.98 ± 0.85 b | 51.02 ± 0.98 a |
Raffinose | 15.86 ± 0.16 a | 4.19 ± 0.57 c | 11.01 ± 0.16 b |
Stachyose | 32.45 ± 1.63 a | 12.82 ± 0.18 c | 17.03 ± 0.46 b |
Total xylo-oligosaccarides | 45.46 ± 1.70 c | 73.42 ± 1.38 a | 66.72 ± 0.36 b |
Other compounds | 1.03 | 1.34 | 1.19 |
Compounds | Grape Stalks (GS) | ||
---|---|---|---|
H2O | H2O-EtOH | H2O-Amberlyst | |
Fructose | 17.77 ± 0.49 b | 33.19 ± 0.37 a | 17.13 ± 0.44 c |
Sucrose | 0.22 ± 0.03 b | 0.29 ± 0.01 a | 0.28 ± 0.01 a |
Xylobiose | 5.29 ± 0.45 b | 15.59 ± 0.36 a | 5.90 ± 0.17 b |
Xylotriose | 1.40 ± 0.06 b | 5.14 ± 0.26 a | 1.69 ± 0.08 b |
Xylotetraose | 21.53 ± 1.35 a | 9.37 ± 0.64 c | 13.04 ± 1.12 b |
Xylopentose | 39.90 ± 1.17 a | 25.65 ± 0.77 b | 39.86 ± 0.70 a |
Raffinose | 5.42 ± 0.27 a | 4.19 ± 0.07 b | 4.54 ± 0.15 b |
Stachyose | 6.15 ± 0.35 b | 3.69 ± 0.09 c | 15.09 ± 0.44 a |
Total xylo-oligosaccarides | 68.13 ± 1.73 a | 55.45 ± 0.83 c | 60.49 ± 0.83 b |
Other compounds | 2.32 | 2.89 | 2.47 |
Vine Shoots (VS) | Grape Stalks (GS) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters | H2O | H2O-EtOH | H2O-Amberlyst | H2O | H2O-EtOH | H2O-Amberlyst |
ABTS (µmol TE/g) | 65.67 ± 1.80 a | 36.41 ± 0.50 b | 23.81 ± 0.32 c | 58.35 ± 1.25 c | 128.04 ± 1.25 a | 73.60 ± 0.79 b |
DPPH (µmol TE/g) | 250.14 ± 0.56 a | 148.17 ± 0.56 b | 107.71 ± 4.12 c | 132.98 ± 4.19 c | 425.66 ± 9.99 a | 249.45 ± 2.41 b |
TPC (mg GAE/g) | 58.03 ± 1.80 a | 35.80 ± 0.97 b | 28.76 ± 0.52 c | 49.99 ± 0.07 c | 90.92 ± 1.76 a | 56.62 ± 0.26 b |
Compounds | RT (min) | [M − H]− | MS/MS Ion | Molecular Formula | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Citric acid | 2.342 | 191.0197 | 111.0123; 173.0107; 191.0202 | C6H8O7 | [55,63] |
Gallic acid | 6.032 | 169.0170 | 125.0278 | C7H6O5 | [52,53,54,56,57,59,61,62,63,64] |
Monogalloyl glucose | 8.417 | 331.0669 | 313.0569; 169.0167; 168.0093; 125.0293 | C13H16O10 | [53,57,60,62,64] |
Caftaric acid | 9.002 | 311.0409 | 111.0113; 173.0120 | C13H12O9 | [52,54,56,58,59,61,63,64] |
Coutaric acid | 9.407 | 295.0453 | 112.9935; 149.0132; 163.0425; 251.0447 | C13H12O8 | [53,56,58,60,61,63] |
Quercetin-3-O-glucuronide | 11.150 | 477.0702 | 175.0280; 301.0357; 413.0928 | C21H18O13 | [56,58,60,61,63] |
Kaempferol-3-O-glucoside | 11.842 | 447.0907 | 150.9993; 255.032; 285.0396; 32.0492 | C20H20O11 | [58,59,61] |
Taxifolin | 12.787 | 303.0481 | 125.0428; 177.019; 285.0536 | C15H12O7 | [56,58,59,61] |
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Difonzo, G.; Troilo, M.; Casiello, M.; D’Accolti, L.; Caponio, F. Autohydrolysis Application on Vine Shoots and Grape Stalks to Obtain Extracts Enriched in Xylo-Oligosaccharides and Phenolic Compounds. Molecules 2023, 28, 3760. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28093760
Difonzo G, Troilo M, Casiello M, D’Accolti L, Caponio F. Autohydrolysis Application on Vine Shoots and Grape Stalks to Obtain Extracts Enriched in Xylo-Oligosaccharides and Phenolic Compounds. Molecules. 2023; 28(9):3760. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28093760
Chicago/Turabian StyleDifonzo, Graziana, Marica Troilo, Michele Casiello, Lucia D’Accolti, and Francesco Caponio. 2023. "Autohydrolysis Application on Vine Shoots and Grape Stalks to Obtain Extracts Enriched in Xylo-Oligosaccharides and Phenolic Compounds" Molecules 28, no. 9: 3760. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28093760