Variation in Phenolic Compounds, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Extracts from Different Plant Organs of Meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim.)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Content of Some Groups of Phenolic Compounds in Different Plant Parts of Meadowsweet
2.2. Content of Individual Phenolic Compounds in Different Plant Parts of Meadowsweet
2.3. Antioxidant Activity of Extracts from Different Plant Parts of Meadowsweet
2.4. Antibacterial Activity of Extracts from Different Plant Parts of Meadowsweet
2.5. Correlation and Cluster Analysis Based on the Content of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Their Extracts
3. Discussion
3.1. Meadowsweet as a Natural Source of Phenolic Compounds
3.2. Vertical Distribution of Phenolic Compounds in Meadowsweet Plant
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Samples
4.2. Preparation of Extracts
4.3. Determination of Phenolic Compounds
4.4. Determination of Antioxidant Activity
4.5. Determination of Antibacterial Activity
4.6. Statistical Analysisd
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
Appendix A
References
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Plant Part | TPC 1, mg GAE g−1 | TFC, mg RE g−1 | THA, mg CAE g−1 | TCC, mg CE g−1 | PAs, mg CyE g−1 | TTC, mg GAE g−1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leaves (upper) | 62.87 ± 1.86 a 2 | 117.42 ± 9.14 b | 7.75 ± 0.52 a | 12.15 ± 1.11 d | 3.07 ± 0.23 a | 27.59 ± 2.47 c |
Leaves (middle) | 59.62 ± 1.47 b | 74.55 ± 5.36 c | 3.64 ± 0.51 c | 24.54 ± 2.00 c | 1.73 ± 0.18 c | 27.89 ± 2.27 c |
Leaves (lower) | 61.29 ± 1.85 ab | 66.14 ± 4.60 c | 4.21 ± 0.46 c | 34.26 ± 2.67 b | 2.32 ± 0.21 b | 34.33 ± 1.72 ab |
Stem (upper) | 22.40 ± 0.47 d | 6.15 ± 0.41 e | 0.77 ± 0.06 d | 1.57 ± 0.20 e | 0.29 ± 0.03 d | 8.28 ± 0.67 e |
Stem (middle) | 23.71 ± 1.05 d | 2.11 ± 0.15 e | 0.73 ± 0.02 d | 2.83 ± 0.22 e | 0.46 ± 0.05 d | 11.53 ± 1.21 e |
Stem (lower) | 23.03 ± 0.69 d | 1.54 ± 0.13 e | 1.23 ± 0.17 d | 4.53 ± 0.38 e | 0.53 ± 0.06 d | 17.80 ± 1.48 d |
Flowers | 64.65 ± 1.27 a | 166.78 ± 7.68 a | 8.68 ± 0.62 a | 2.25 ± 0.09 e | 0.55 ± 0.06 d | 29.52 ± 2.60 bc |
Fruits | 63.66 ± 1.61 a | 47.98 ± 4.46 d | 6.39 ± 0.41 b | 4.19 ± 0.26 e | 0.67 ± 0.04 d | 38.31 ± 2.50 a |
Roots | 53.12 ± 0.60 c | 7.52 ± 0.44 e | 1.43 ± 0.12 d | 45.12 ± 3.02 a | 3.37 ± 0.24 a | 31.47 ± 2.21 bc |
Compound | Retention Time, Min | Content of Individual Phenolic Compounds, mg g−1 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leaves (Upper) | Leaves (Middle) | Leaves (Lower) | Stem (Upper) | Stem (Middle) | Stem (Lower) | Flowers | Fruits | Roots | ||
Flavonoids | ||||||||||
Catechin | 9.7 | 1.98 ± 0.11 | 4.14 ± 0.28 | 6.28 ± 0.36 | - | - | - | - | - | 7.99 ± 0.61 |
Quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (rutin) | 19.3 | 8.11 ± 0.46 | 4.76 ± 0.34 | 0.62 ± 0.06 | 0.16 ± 0.02 | <LOQ 1 | <LOQ | 4.22 ± 0.30 | 2.06 ± 0.14 | 0.66 ± 0.04 |
Quercetin 3-β-d-glucoside (isoquercitrin) | 19.9 | 5.34 ± 0.32 | 2.62 ± 0.18 | 2.28 ± 0.14 | 0.16 ± 0.02 | 0.074 ± 0.006 | 0.064 ± 0.004 | 2.40 ± 0.16 | 0.54 ± 0.04 | 0.048 ± 0.004 |
Quercetin 4′-O-glucoside (spiraeoside) | 25.3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 20.42 ± 1.42 | 2.36 ± 0.16 | - |
Luteolin 7-O-glucoside (cynaroside) | 21.5 | 3.26 ± 0.16 | <LOQ | <LOQ | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.046 ± 0.006 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.092 ± 0.004 | 0.32 ± 0.04 | <LOQ |
Kaempferol 3-O-glucoside (astragalin) | 24.7 | 1.41 ± 0.08 | - | 0.12 ± 0.02 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Phenolic acids | ||||||||||
Gallic acid | 3.8 | 0.78 ± 0.08 | 0.78 ± 0.10 | 0.99 ± 0.06 | 1.02 ± 0.12 | 1.26 ± 0.10 | 0.72 ± 0.10 | 5.82 ± 0.40 | 4.32 ± 0.29 | 0.11 ± 0.01 |
3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid (protocatechuic acid) | 5.8 | <LOQ | 0.028 ± 0.002 | 0.030 ± 0.004 | 0.024 ± 0.002 | 0.056 ± 0.004 | 0.082 ± 0.012 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.092 ± 0.004 | 0.052 ± 0.004 |
Caftaric acid | 9.2 | 1.12 ± 0.10 | 0.64 ± 0.04 | 0.56 ± 0.04 | 0.060 ± 0.004 | 0.052 ± 0.004 | 0.044 ± 0.002 | 2.92 ± 0.21 | 1.54 ± 0.09 | 0.070 ± 0.004 |
Chlorogenic acid | 10.2 | 1.06 ± 0.12 | 1.31 ± 0.08 | 1.04 ± 0.06 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.17 ± 0.01 | 0.19 ± 0.01 | 0.32 ± 0.04 | 0.58 ± 0.06 | |
Caffeic acid | 10.5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.14 ± 0.01 | 0.066 ± 0.007 | - |
p-Coumaric acid | 14.2 | 0.44 ± 0.06 | 0.24 ± 0.04 | 0.17 ± 0.01 | - | <LOQ | <LOQ | 0.042 ± 0.007 | 0.72 ± 0.08 | - |
Ellagic acid | 17.9 | 0.58 ± 0.04 | 0.38 ± 0.02 | 2.09 ± 0.12 | 0.18 ± 0.01 | 0.39 ± 0.03 | 0.48 ± 0.04 | 5.84 ± 0.34 | 3.44 ± 0.24 | 1.18 ± 0.08 |
Salicylic acid | 19.1 | - | - | - | 0.98 ± 0.06 | 0.31 ± 0.03 | 0.19 ± 0.02 | 4.51 ± 0.32 | 1.94 ± 0.08 | 0.60 ± 0.04 |
Plant Part | Antioxidant Activity, mg AsA g−1 | ||
---|---|---|---|
DPPH | ABTS | FRAP | |
Leaves (upper) | 172.3 ± 7.6 c 1 | 285.4 ± 12.0 c | 130.9 ± 4.6 c |
Leaves (middle) | 118.8 ± 8.4 d | 219.2 ± 8.5 d | 111.7 ± 6.1 d |
Leaves (lower) | 127.8 ± 7.0 d | 188.5 ± 5.8 de | 136.6 ± 7.2 c |
Stem (upper) | 43.7 ± 4.1 f | 75.7 ± 2.9 f | 37.0 ± 3.3 e |
Stem (middle) | 45.4 ± 4.2 f | 65.4 ± 4.1 f | 32.1 ± 3.4 e |
Stem (lower) | 36.1 ± 3.1 f | 76.1 ± 3.1 f | 30.4 ± 2.2 e |
Flowers | 315.8 ± 13.6 a | 415.7 ± 24.1 a | 230.4 ± 7.1 a |
Fruits | 256.3 ± 9.5 b | 367.8 ± 12.0 b | 176.6 ± 11.0 b |
Roots | 82.0 ± 5.6 e | 174.4 ± 6.3 e | 125.3 ± 8.2 c |
Plant Part | Inhibition Zone 1, mm | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Bacillus subtilis | |||||||
Extract Concentration, mg disk−1 | Extract Concentration, mg disk−1 | |||||||
0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | |
Leaves (upper) | 7.2 ± 0.4 | 8.1 ± 0.3 | 10.7 ± 0.4 | 10.3 ± 0.6 | – | – | – | – |
Leaves (middle) | – | – | – | 8.3 ± 0.4 | – | – | – | – |
Leaves (lower) | – | – | 7.9 ± 0.5 | 8.2 ± 0.3 | – | – | – | – |
Stem (upper) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Stem (middle) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Stem (lower) | – | – | – | 6.9 ± 0.3 | – | – | – | – |
Flowers | 9.2 ± 0.1 | 10.7 ± 0.3 | 12.1 ± 0.6 | 13.3 ± 0.7 | 8.2 ± 0.2 | 10.3 ± 0.3 | 12.5 ± 0.2 | 13.1 ± 0.5 |
Fruits | 9.6 ± 0.2 | 11.2 ± 0.4 | 13.4 ± 0.4 | 15.2 ± 0.6 | – | – | 9.7 ± 0.3 | 11.3 ± 0.5 |
Roots | – | – | 9.2 ± 0.3 | 11.1 ± 0.3 | – | – | – | – |
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Savina, T.; Lisun, V.; Feduraev, P.; Skrypnik, L. Variation in Phenolic Compounds, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Extracts from Different Plant Organs of Meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim.). Molecules 2023, 28, 3512. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28083512
Savina T, Lisun V, Feduraev P, Skrypnik L. Variation in Phenolic Compounds, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Extracts from Different Plant Organs of Meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim.). Molecules. 2023; 28(8):3512. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28083512
Chicago/Turabian StyleSavina, Tamara, Valery Lisun, Pavel Feduraev, and Liubov Skrypnik. 2023. "Variation in Phenolic Compounds, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Extracts from Different Plant Organs of Meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim.)" Molecules 28, no. 8: 3512. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28083512