Development and Characterization of New Green Propolis Extract Formulations as Promising Candidates to Substitute for Green Propolis Hydroalcoholic Extract
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Chemical Characterization of the Propolis Extracts
2.2. Antioxidant Activity
2.3. Antimicrobial Activity
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Preparation of Propolis Extracts
4.2. Chemical Markers
4.3. Chemical Characterization of the Propolis Extracts
4.3.1. HPLC Analysis
4.3.2. Determination of Total Phenol Content
4.3.3. Determination of Total Flavonoid Content
4.4. Antioxidant Evaluation
4.4.1. DPPH Free Radical Scavenging Method
4.4.2. Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power Assay (FRAP)
4.5. Antimicrobial Activity Determination—Broth Microdilution Method
4.6. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
6. Patents
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Constituents | PPF | PSDE | MPE |
---|---|---|---|
mg/g | mg/g | mg/g | |
Caffeic acid | 71.76 ± 7.4 | 3.52 ± 0.01 * | 0.79 ±0.004 ** |
p-Coumaric acid | 21.70 ± 1.6 | 3.49 ± 0.007 * | 4.67 ± 0.03 ** |
3,5 Dicaffeoylquinic acid | - | 3.64 ± 0.01 | 6.62 ± 0.04 # |
4,5 Dicaffeoylquinic acid | - | 2.37 ± 0.02 | 11.84 ± 0.2 # |
Aromadendrin-4′-O-methyl-ether | - | - | 2.62 ± 0.04 # |
Drupanin | - | 9.48 ± 0.07 | 7.72 ± 0.04 # |
Chrysin | - | 0.98 ± 0.02 | 1.22 ± 0.03 # |
Galangin | - | - | 3.61 ± 0.09 # |
Artepillin C | - | 22.49 ± 0.5 | 18.85 ± 0.4 # |
Baccharin | - | - | 2.58 ± 0.07 # |
Propolis Samples | Total Phenolics (Expressed as Gallic Acid) | Total Flavonoids (Expressed as Quercetin) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Content mg/g | RSD (%) | Content mg/g | RSD (%) | |
PPF | 22.58 ± 0.50 * | 2.37 | 16.22 ± 0.60 * | 3.53 |
PSDE | 61.62 ± 0.90 ** | 1.53 | 22.74 ± 0.30 | 1.17 |
MPE | 49.45 ± 1.30 # | 2.60 | 23.17 ± 0.60 | 2.42 |
Sample | DPPH IC50 | FRAP |
---|---|---|
(µg/mL) | (µmol FeII/mg) | |
MPE | 10.07 ± 0.37 | 1.04 ± 0.02 # |
PSDE | 12.81 ± 0.52 | 1.51 ± 0.05 ** |
PPF | 4.44 ± 0.16 * | 4.33 ± 0.21 * |
Caffeic acid | 1.11 ± 0.04 | 32.81 ± 1.72 |
ρ-Coumaric acid | 117.86 ± 5.82 | 2.53 ± 0.04 |
Artepillin C | 5.29 ± 0.25 | 4.53 ± 0.09 |
MBC (mg Propolis Dry Matter/mL) (Mean ± Standard Deviation) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Samples | S. aureus | S. aureus MRSA | S. epidermidis | K. pneumoniae |
MPE | 3.44 ± 0.00 | 6.88 ± 0.02 ** | 10.31 ± 4.84 | 20.62 ± 9.67 |
PSDE | 1.72 ± 0.00 * | 3.44 ± 0.00 | 6.89 ± 0.01 | 6.89 ± 0.01 |
PPF | 3.44 ± 0.00 | 3.44 ± 0.00 | 3.44 ± 0.00 | 3.44 ± 0.00 |
µg/mL | ||||
Caffeic acid | >100 | >100 | >100 | >100 |
p-Coumaric acid | >100 | >100 | >100 | >100 |
Artepillin C | >100 | >100 | >100 | >100 |
% v/v | ||||
DMSO | 50 ± 0.00 | 50 ± 0.00 | >50 ± 0.00 | 50 ± 0.00 |
Ethanol | 25 ± 0.00 | 25 ± 0.00 | 25 ± 0.00 | 18.75 ± 8.84 |
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Berretta, A.A.; Zamarrenho, L.G.; Correa, J.A.; De Lima, J.A.; Borini, G.B.; Ambrósio, S.R.; Barud, H.d.S.; Bastos, J.K.; De Jong, D. Development and Characterization of New Green Propolis Extract Formulations as Promising Candidates to Substitute for Green Propolis Hydroalcoholic Extract. Molecules 2023, 28, 3510. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28083510
Berretta AA, Zamarrenho LG, Correa JA, De Lima JA, Borini GB, Ambrósio SR, Barud HdS, Bastos JK, De Jong D. Development and Characterization of New Green Propolis Extract Formulations as Promising Candidates to Substitute for Green Propolis Hydroalcoholic Extract. Molecules. 2023; 28(8):3510. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28083510
Chicago/Turabian StyleBerretta, Andresa Aparecida, Luana Gonçalves Zamarrenho, Juliana Arcadepani Correa, Jéssica Aparecida De Lima, Giovanna Bonfante Borini, Sérgio Ricardo Ambrósio, Hernane da Silva Barud, Jairo Kenupp Bastos, and David De Jong. 2023. "Development and Characterization of New Green Propolis Extract Formulations as Promising Candidates to Substitute for Green Propolis Hydroalcoholic Extract" Molecules 28, no. 8: 3510. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28083510