A Review of Fibraurea tinctoria and Its Component, Berberine, as an Antidiabetic and Antioxidant
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Fibraurea tinctoria
3. Berberine
3.1. Pharmacokinetics of Berberine
3.2. Berberine Toxicity
3.3. In Silico Studies of Berberine
4. Antioxidant Activity of Berberine
4.1. Berberine Scavenges ROS and Blocks ROS Generation
4.2. Berberine Chelates Metal Ions
4.3. Berberine Regulates Enzyme Activity
4.3.1. Berberine Enhances Antioxidant Enzyme Activity and Inhibits Lipid/Protein Peroxidation
4.3.2. Berberine Inhibits the Production of Oxidase
4.4. Berberine Effects on Signal Transduction Pathway and Cell Antioxidant Response
5. Antidiabetic Activity of Berberine
5.1. Berberine Increases Insulin Secretion
5.2. Berberine Improves Insulin Resistance
5.3. Berberine Inhibits Gluconeogenesis
5.4. Berberine Increases Glucose Uptake
5.5. Berberine Induces Glycolysis
5.6. Berberine Inhibits Enzyme Activity
5.7. Berberine Regulates Gut Microbiota
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Berberine Metabolites | No. | Berberine Metabolites |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Berberine | 7 | Palmatine |
2 | Berberrubine | 8 | 3,9-Demethylpalmatine |
3 | Thalifendine | 9 | 3,10-Demethylpalmatine |
4 | Demethyleneberberine | 10 | 2,3,9-Trihydroxiberberine |
5 | Jathorrhizine | 11 | 2,3,10-Trihydroxiberberine |
6 | Columbamine | 12 | Berberrubine-9-O-β-D-glucuronide |
13 | Thalifendine-10-O-β-D-glucuronide | 20 | 3,10-Demethylpalmatine-10-O-sulfate |
14 | Demethyleneberberine-2,3-di-O-β-D-glucuronide | 21 | 2,3,10-Trihydroxyberberine-2-O-sulfate |
15 | Jatrorrhizine-3-O-β-D-glucuronide | 22 | Glucuronide of demethyleneberberine |
16 | Columbamine-3-O-β-D-glucuronide | 23 | Glucuronide of 3,9-demethylpalmatine |
17 | Demethyleneberberine-2-O-sulfate | 24 | Hydroxylated berberine |
18 | Thalifendine-10-O-sulfate | 25 | Dihydroberberine |
19 | Jatrorrhizine-3-O-sulfate |
Diseases | Protein Targets | References |
---|---|---|
Diabetes mellitus | Insulin receptor (IR) | [116,117] |
α-Amylase | [118,119] | |
α-Glucosidase | [117,119,120] | |
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) | [117,121] | |
Glycogen phosphorylase | [122] | |
Glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT-4) | [116] | |
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (Akt), glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3β), and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1 (Keap-1) | [123] | |
Cytokine signaling 3 (Socs3), Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein (CETP), C-Jun N-terminal kinases-1 (JNK1), lamin A/C, Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ (PPAR-γ), adiponectin, aldose reductase | [119] | |
Cancer | BRAF and CRAF kinases | [124] |
AKT | [125,126] | |
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38 MAPK), Extracellular-Regulated Kinase (ERK1/2) | [126] | |
Human proteome | [127] | |
Survivin | [128] | |
Retinoid X Receptor (RXRα) | [129] | |
Alzheimer’s | Amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide | [130,131,132] |
Beta-secretase 1 (BACE1) | [131] | |
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), TNF Alpha Converting Enzyme (TACE) | [133] | |
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) | [133,134,135] | |
Butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) | [135] | |
Parkinson’s | Phosphodiesterase (PDE4 and PDE10), α-synuclein, monoamine oxidase (MAO-B), Adenosine A2A receptors (A2Ar) | [136] |
Hyperlipidemia | Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin type 9 (PCSK9), HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) | [137] |
Niemann Pick C1 Like-1 (NPC1L1), Lanosterol 14α-Demethylase (LDM), Squalene Synthase (SqS) | [138] | |
Hyperuricemia | Urate transporter 1 (URAT1) | [106] |
Anti-inflammatory | 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LOX), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) | [139] |
Epidermal growth factor receptor erbB1 (EGFR) | [140] | |
Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR) | [141] | |
Hepatoprotective | p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38 MAPK), Nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap-1) | [142] |
Dermatitis | Toll-like receptors (TLR1-TLR2 heterodimer) | [143] |
Leishmanial | N-Myristoyltransferase (NMT), Methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MetRS), Pteridine reductase 1 (PTR1), Oligopeptidase B (OPB) | [144] |
Zika Virus | ZIKV NS2B-NS3 protease | [145] |
Antibacterial | Bacterial efflux pump proteins and biofilm proteins of bacteria of Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus | [146] |
The inner membrane transporter (MexY) | [147,148] | |
The filamentous temperature-sensitive Z protein (FtsZ) | [149,150,151] | |
Antifungal | Mucormycosis Proteins | [152] |
Anticholinesterase | R. microplus acetylcholinesterase (RmAChE 1) | [153] |
Anti-Influenza | Neuraminidase (NA) | [154,155] |
Neuraminidase (NA) of different subtypes of influenza A: A/H1N1/1918, A/H1N1/2009pdm, H3N2/2010 wild type, H3N2/2010 D151G mutant, H5N1 wild type, and H5N1 H274Y mutant | [156] | |
Immunomodulatory | Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin (IL-1β and IL-6), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) | [157] |
COVID-19 | ACE2 receptor | [158,159,160] |
COVID-19 main protease (Mpro or 3CLpro) | [160,161,162,163,164,165,166] | |
Spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 | [159,160] | |
SARS spike glycoprotein–Human ACE2 complex | [167] | |
RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase of SARS-CoV-2 | [166] | |
Non-structural protein 15 (Nsp15) | [168] | |
NFκB1, CHUK, MAPK3, MAPK1, NFκB1A, CASP3, IL6, MAPK8, BAX, TNF, TMPRSS2, PLpro, RdRp | [160] |
Animal Test | Diabetes Inducer | Berberine Dose (mg/kg/day) | Treatment Duration (Weeks) | Specimen | Findings | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wistar rats | STZ 60 mg/kg, single i.p. injection High glucose | 200 (Berberine) | 12 | Serum | - | [190] |
Cultured rat mesangial cells (in vitro) | MDA *, SOD ** | |||||
SD rats | STZ, 60 mg/kg, single tail-vein injection | 200 (Berberine) | 12 | Serum | MDA *, SOD ** | [191] |
Wistar rats | STZ 35 mg/kg, single i.p. injection and HFD | 75, 150, 300 (Berberine) | 16 | Serum | MDA *, GSH **, SOD **, GSH-Px **, CAT ** | [192] |
Liver | MDA *, GSH **, SOD **, GSH-Px **, CAT ** | |||||
Mice | STZ 100 mg/kg, single i.p. injection | 200 (Berberine chloride) | 2 | Liver | GSH *, SOD **, GSH-Px * | [188] |
ICR Mice | STZ 100 mg/kg, single i.p. injection and Nicotinamide 1000 mg/kg, single i.p. injection | 100 (Berberine chloride) | 2 | Liver | MDA *, SOD ***, CAT ** | [189] |
Brain | MDA *, SOD **, CAT ** | |||||
Kidney | MDA ***, SOD **, CAT * | |||||
SD rats | HFD | 100, 200 (Berberine chloride) | 8 | Kidney | MDA *, SOD ** | [193] |
Wistar rats | STZ 35 mg/kg, single i.p. injection and HFD | 75, 150, 300 (Berberine chloride) | 16 | Pancreas | MDA *, SOD ** | [171] |
Wistar rats | Alloxan 55 mg/kg, single tail-vein injection and HFD | 100, 200 (Rhizoma coptidis) | 3 | Heart | MDA *, SOD **, GSH-Px ** | [194] |
Wistar rats | STZ 60 mg/kg, single i.p. injection | 25, 50, 100 (Berberine hydrochloride) | 4 | Cortex | MDA *, GSH ** | [195] |
Hippocampus | MDA *, GSH ** | |||||
Albino Wistar rats | STZ 55 mg/kg, single i.p. injection | 50, 100 (Berberine hydrochloride) | 8 | Hippocampus | MDA *, SOD ** | [196] |
Hamster | High glucose and HFD | 50, 100 (Berberine chloride) | 6 | Serum | MDA *, TBARS * 8-isoprostane *, SOD ** | [197] |
SD rats | STZ 35 mg/kg, single i.p. injection and HFD | 50, 100, 150 (Berberine chloride) | 6 | Liver | MDA **, SOD **, GSH **, GSSG ***, GSH:GSGG *** | [198] |
Albino Wistar rats | Alloxan 100 mg/kg | 250 (50% aqueous ethanolic root extract of Berberis aristate) | 3 | Liver | CAT **, SOD **, GR **, GSH **, GPx **, MDA *, Protein Carbonyl * | [199] |
Wistar rats | STZ 60 mg/kg, single i.p. injection | 200 (Berberine) | 12 | Serum | MDA *, SOD ** | [200] |
SD rats | STZ 80 mg/kg, single i.p. injection (twice) | 5, 10, 20 (Berberine chloride) | 2 | Liver | MDA *, SOD *, CAT *, GPx * | [201] |
ICR Mice | STZ 30 mg/kg, single i.p. injection | 5 (Berberine) | 3 | Pancreas | MDA *, SOD ** | [202] |
Albino Wistar rats | STZ 40 mg/kg, intragastric intubation | 50 (Berberine chloride) | 7 | Pancreas | SOD **, TBARS *, LOOH *, CAT **, GPx **, GSH ** | [203] |
Albino Wistar rats | STZ 40 mg/kg, intragastric intubation | 50 (Berberine chloride) | 7 | Liver | SOD **, TBARS *, LOOH *, CAT **, GPx **, GSH ** | [204] |
Albino rats | STZ 35 mg/kg, single i.p. injection and HFD | 50, 100 (Berberine chloride) | 4 | Liver | MDA *, SOD **, CAT **, GPx **, GSH ** | [205] |
Wistar rats | STZ 35 mg/kg, single i.p. injection and HFD | 50, 100 (Berberine) | 12 | Serum | SOD **, CAT **, GPx **, GST ** | [206] |
Wistar rats | STZ 60 mg/kg, single i.p. injection | 50 (Berberine chloride) | 4 | Lense | SOD ***, CAT ***, GPx ***, TBARS *** | [207] |
Rats | STZ 50 mg/kg, single i.p. injection | 50, 100 (Berberine) | 2 | Brain | MDA *, SOD **, GPx **, GSH ** | [208] |
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Purwaningsih, I.; Maksum, I.P.; Sumiarsa, D.; Sriwidodo, S. A Review of Fibraurea tinctoria and Its Component, Berberine, as an Antidiabetic and Antioxidant. Molecules 2023, 28, 1294. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28031294
Purwaningsih I, Maksum IP, Sumiarsa D, Sriwidodo S. A Review of Fibraurea tinctoria and Its Component, Berberine, as an Antidiabetic and Antioxidant. Molecules. 2023; 28(3):1294. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28031294
Chicago/Turabian StylePurwaningsih, Indah, Iman Permana Maksum, Dadan Sumiarsa, and Sriwidodo Sriwidodo. 2023. "A Review of Fibraurea tinctoria and Its Component, Berberine, as an Antidiabetic and Antioxidant" Molecules 28, no. 3: 1294. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28031294