Aloe-Emodin Overcomes Anti-Cancer Drug Resistance to Temozolomide and Prevents Colony Formation and Migration in Primary Human Glioblastoma Cell Lines NULU and ZAR
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Impact of AE on Primary GBM Cell Lines NULU and ZAR, Both as a Single Agent and in Combination with TMZ
2.2. Analysis of the Expression of the MGMT Protein in the NULU and ZAR Primary GBM Lines Treated with TMZ and AE Alone/in Combination
2.3. Analysis of the Expression of the Transcription Factor NF-κB in Primary GBM Lines Exposed to Treatment with AE, TMZ, and in Combination
2.4. NULU mRNA Levels of BRCA1, ATM, and DNA-PK after AE and TMZ Treatment
2.5. The Effects of TMZ and AE Adjuvant Therapy on the Clonogenic Capacity of the Primary GBM Lines NULU and ZAR
2.6. Scratch Test to Assess the Effectiveness of the Combination of AE and TMZ in Preventing the Migration of the Primary GBM Lines NULU and ZAR
3. Discussion
4. Methods
4.1. Cell Culture
4.2. Cell Counts
4.3. Cell Viability Assay (MTT)
4.4. Clonogenic Assay
4.5. Wound Healing Assay
4.6. Western Blot
4.7. Reverse Transcription of RNA
4.8. Statistical Analysis
4.9. Determination of the Half-Maximal Inhibitory Concentration (IC50) of AE in ZAR Cells
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Oligo Name | Type | Sequence 5′–3′ |
---|---|---|
GAPDH | forward | AGAAAATCTGGCACCACACC |
reverse | GGGGTGTTGAAGGTCTCAAA | |
BRCA1 | forward | ACTGCAGCCAGCCACAGGTA |
reverse | TGACCAGGACAGTAGAAGGA | |
ATM | forward | TTTACCTAACTGTGAGCTGTCTCCAT |
reverse | ACTTCCGTAAGGCATCGTAACAC | |
DNA-PK | forward | CCAGCTCTTACGCTCTGATATG |
reverse | CAAACGCATGCCCAAAGTC |
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Staffieri, S.; Russo, V.; Oliva, M.A.; Alborghetti, M.; Russo, M.; Arcella, A. Aloe-Emodin Overcomes Anti-Cancer Drug Resistance to Temozolomide and Prevents Colony Formation and Migration in Primary Human Glioblastoma Cell Lines NULU and ZAR. Molecules 2023, 28, 6024. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28166024
Staffieri S, Russo V, Oliva MA, Alborghetti M, Russo M, Arcella A. Aloe-Emodin Overcomes Anti-Cancer Drug Resistance to Temozolomide and Prevents Colony Formation and Migration in Primary Human Glioblastoma Cell Lines NULU and ZAR. Molecules. 2023; 28(16):6024. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28166024
Chicago/Turabian StyleStaffieri, Sabrina, Veronica Russo, Maria Antonietta Oliva, Marika Alborghetti, Miriam Russo, and Antonietta Arcella. 2023. "Aloe-Emodin Overcomes Anti-Cancer Drug Resistance to Temozolomide and Prevents Colony Formation and Migration in Primary Human Glioblastoma Cell Lines NULU and ZAR" Molecules 28, no. 16: 6024. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28166024
APA StyleStaffieri, S., Russo, V., Oliva, M. A., Alborghetti, M., Russo, M., & Arcella, A. (2023). Aloe-Emodin Overcomes Anti-Cancer Drug Resistance to Temozolomide and Prevents Colony Formation and Migration in Primary Human Glioblastoma Cell Lines NULU and ZAR. Molecules, 28(16), 6024. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28166024