Natural-Product-Derived Adjunctive Treatments to Conventional Therapy and Their Immunoregulatory Activities in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Immune System and TNBC
2.1. Cancer Evasion of Host Immune Surveillance
2.2. The Tumor Microenvironment and Immunogenicity
2.3. Systemic Inflammation
2.4. The Role of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
3. The Anti-Cancer and Adjunctive Roles of Natural Products in TNBC
3.1. Polyphenols
3.2. Alkaloids
3.3. Terpenoids
3.4. Bioactive Polysaccharides
3.5. Saponins
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions and Future Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Class | Compound | Biological Functions in TNBC | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Polyphenol | hesperidin | Downregulation of PD-L1 expression in TNBC MDA-MB-231 cells | [100] |
Downregulation of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β in Ehrlich ascites tumor-bearing mice | [101] | ||
Suppression of EMT in 4T1-tumor-bearing mice | [102] | ||
paeonol | Inhibition of proliferation and increased apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells | [103] | |
Suppression of Epirubin-induced cardiotoxicity in 4T1 cell tumor-bearing mice | [104] | ||
naringenin | Enhancement of cryptotanshinone- or cyclophosphamide-induced cytotoxicity and suppression of metastasis in spontaneous mammary tumor-bearing mice | [105,106] | |
Suppression of proliferation and enhancement of immunogenicity | [107,108] | ||
Alkaloid | tetrandrine | Enhanced autophagic cell death and S-phase cell cycle arrest in MDA-MB-231 cell line and mouse xenograft models | [109] |
Cytotoxic cell death and inhibition of metastasis in MDA-MB-231 cell line | [110] | ||
Inhibition of EMT and cancer stemness in MDA-MB-231 cell line | [111] | ||
matrine | Inhibition of metastasis and angiogenesis in 4T1 cell-tumor-bearing mice | [112] | |
Promotion of autophagy and apoptosis in MDA-MB-231, Hela, and A549 cells | [113,114] | ||
Suppression of chemotherapy-induced hepatotoxicity in breast cancer patients | [115] | ||
Terpenoid | triptolide | Downregulation of PD-L1 expression in MDA-MB-231 cells | [116] |
Enhancement of immunogenicity in 4T1-tumor-bearing mice | [117] | ||
andrographolide | Promotion of apoptosis and inhibition of metastasis and angiogenesis of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells | [118,119,120] | |
Sensitization to doxorubicin-induced cytotoxicity in MDA-MB-231 cells | [121] | ||
Bioactive Polysaccharide | fucoidan | Promotion of apoptosis and inhibition of metastasis and angiogenesis in MDA-MB-231 cells and inhibition of EMT | [122,123] |
Enhanced immunogenicity | [124] | ||
Downregulation of PD-L1 expression and reversal of Olaparib-induced immunosuppression in 4T1 cell-tumor-bearing mice | [125] | ||
lambda (λ)-_carrageenan | Inhibition of metastasis and tumor invasion and induction of apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells | [126,127,128] | |
Enhancement of immunogenicity and anti-cancer immune responses in 4T1-tumor-bearing mice | [129] | ||
Saponin | ginsenoside R3 | Promotion of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in MDA-MB-231 and 4T1 cells | [130,131] |
Enhancement of paclitaxel-induced cytotoxicity and reversal of paclitaxel resistance in human TNBC cell lines | [132,133,134] | ||
Enhancement of immunogenicity and doxorubicin-induced immunogenic cell death in 4T1-tumor-bearing mice | [135] | ||
actein | Inhibition of metastasis and angiogenesis | [136,137] | |
Inhibition of proliferation by inducing cell cycle arrest |
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Kan, L.L.-Y.; Chan, B.C.-L.; Leung, P.-C.; Wong, C.-K. Natural-Product-Derived Adjunctive Treatments to Conventional Therapy and Their Immunoregulatory Activities in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Molecules 2023, 28, 5804. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28155804
Kan LL-Y, Chan BC-L, Leung P-C, Wong C-K. Natural-Product-Derived Adjunctive Treatments to Conventional Therapy and Their Immunoregulatory Activities in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Molecules. 2023; 28(15):5804. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28155804
Chicago/Turabian StyleKan, Lea Ling-Yu, Ben Chung-Lap Chan, Ping-Chung Leung, and Chun-Kwok Wong. 2023. "Natural-Product-Derived Adjunctive Treatments to Conventional Therapy and Their Immunoregulatory Activities in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer" Molecules 28, no. 15: 5804. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28155804