The Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Cannabis sativa Extracts on LPS-Induced Cytokines Release in Human Macrophages
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Analysis of Cannabinoids Content Using HPLC
2.2. Analysis of Time of Induction of Inflammation by LPS
2.3. Treatment with Selected Concentrations of LPS, THC, CBD, and Extracts Does Not Reduce the Viability of Macrophages
2.4. Cannabis sativa Extracts Attenuate TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, MCP-1, IL-10, and IL-6 Production in LPS-Stimulated THP-1 Macrophages
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Main Reagents
3.2. Plant Growth and Extract Preparation
3.3. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Analysis of Cannabinoids
3.4. Terpene Analysis
3.5. Cell cultures and Treatments
3.6. Cell Viability Assay Using Trypan Blue
3.7. Multiplex ELISA
3.8. Statistical Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions and Limitations of This Study
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Total THC, % | Total CBD, % | THC (μM) | CBD (μM) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
#14 | 33.35 ± 2.75 | 2.81 ± 0.23 | 7.42 ± 0.56 | 0.63 ± 0.04 |
#131 | 2.11 ± 0.19 | 19.65 ± 2.05 | 0.47 ± 0.03 | 4.37± 0.33 |
#178 | 33.98 ± 3.12 | 1.01 ± 0.09 | 7.56 ± 0.64 | 0.22 ± 0.02 |
Terpenes in mg/g | #131 | #178 | #14 |
---|---|---|---|
α-Pinene | 0.295 ± 0.055 | 0.649 ± 0.12 | 0.048 ± 0.008 |
β-Pinene | 0.212 ± 0.046 | 0.245 ± 0.042 | 0.068 ± 0.012 |
β-Myrcene | ND | 0.361 ± 0.064 | 0.124 ± 0.042 |
Limonene | 0.262 ± 0.052 | 0.003 ± 0.001 | 0.263 ± 0.062 |
Terpinolene | 0.025 ± 0.005 | 0.008 ± 0.002 | 0.004 ± 0.001 |
Linalool | 0.058 ± 0.009 | 0.029 ± 0.005 | 0.193 ± 0.062 |
α-Bisabolol | 0.003 ± 0.001 | 0.244 ± 0.06 | 0.061 ± 0.02 |
trans-Caryophyllene | 0.04 ± 0.008 | 0.076 ± 0.014 | 0.545 ± 0.08 |
α-Humulene | ND | 0.04 ± 0.009 | 0.136 ± 0.03 |
trans-Nerolidol | ND | 0.008 ± 0.002 | 0.187 ± 0.04 |
cis-Nerolidol | 0.001 ± 0.001 | 0.003 ± 0.001 | ND |
Camphene | 0.022 ± 0.006 | 0.025 ± 0.001 | 0.015 ± 0.005 |
β-Ocimene | ND | 0.089 ± 0.016 | ND |
Fenchone isomers | ND | 0.003 ± 0.001 | 0.004 ± 0.001 |
δ-3-Carene | 0.506 ± 0.12 | 0.001 ± 0.001 | ND |
α-Terpinene | 0.006 ± 0.002 | 0.573 ± 0.11 | ND |
Eucalyptol | 0.002 ± 0.001 | ND | ND |
γ-Terpinene | ND | 0.001 ± 0.001 | ND |
β-Cymene | ND | 0.048 ± 0.009 | ND |
Camphor isomers | ND | 0.118 ± 0.04 | ND |
Isopulegol | 0.01 ± 0.004 | 0.016 ± 0.004 | ND |
Caryophyllene oxide | 0.017 ± 0.005 | 0.098 ± 0.003 | ND |
Valencene | ND | 0.01 ± 0.003 | ND |
Geraniol | 0.005 ± 0.002 | 0.004 ± 0.002 | ND |
Guaiol | 0.029 ± 0.005 | 0.116 ± 0.04 | ND |
trans-P-Ocimene | 0.016 ± 0.004 | ND | ND |
α-Humulene | 0.025 ± 0.006 | ND | 0.136 ± 0.034 |
Fenchyl Alcohol | ND | ND | 0.036 ± 0.007 |
Borneol isomers | ND | ND | 0.012 ± 0.003 |
α-Terpineol | ND | ND | 0.052 ± 0.009 |
Total Terpenes | 1.534 ± 0.32 | 2.768 ± 0.46 | 1.75 ± 0.25 |
Analyzed Cytokines | CBD | THC | #131 | #14 | #178 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
IL-1β | ↓ | = | = | ↓ | ↓ |
IL-6 | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ |
IL-8 | ↓ | = | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ |
IL-10 | ↓ | = | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ |
MCP-1 | = | = | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ |
TNF-α | ↓ | = | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ |
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Zaiachuk, M.; Suryavanshi, S.V.; Pryimak, N.; Kovalchuk, I.; Kovalchuk, O. The Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Cannabis sativa Extracts on LPS-Induced Cytokines Release in Human Macrophages. Molecules 2023, 28, 4991. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28134991
Zaiachuk M, Suryavanshi SV, Pryimak N, Kovalchuk I, Kovalchuk O. The Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Cannabis sativa Extracts on LPS-Induced Cytokines Release in Human Macrophages. Molecules. 2023; 28(13):4991. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28134991
Chicago/Turabian StyleZaiachuk, Mariia, Santosh V. Suryavanshi, Nazar Pryimak, Igor Kovalchuk, and Olga Kovalchuk. 2023. "The Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Cannabis sativa Extracts on LPS-Induced Cytokines Release in Human Macrophages" Molecules 28, no. 13: 4991. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28134991