Repositioned Natural Compounds and Nanoformulations: A Promising Combination to Counteract Cell Damage and Inflammation in Respiratory Viral Infections
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Inflammatory Response to Respiratory Viral Infections
The Interplay between Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Viral Infections
3. Treatment of Respiratory Viral Infections
4. Nanotechnology
4.1. Polymeric Nanoparticles
4.2. Liposomes
4.3. Micelles
4.4. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Liquid Carriers
5. Natural Products and Nanotechnological Approach to Treating Respiratory Viral Infections
5.1. Curcumin
5.2. Resveratrol
5.3. Quercetin
5.4. Vitamin C
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Virus | Inflammatory Response | Reference |
---|---|---|
IAV | Elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines are associated with poor prognosis. Infection with A/H5N1 virus or the pandemic H1N1 2009 virus induces higher levels of IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ and chemokines in patient sera, particularly in fatal cases, compared to seasonal strains of IAV. | [36,37,38] |
SARS-CoV-2 | Secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (including IL-6, Interferon gamma inducible protein-10, macrophage inflammatory protein 1α and β, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) that attract monocytes, macrophages, and T-cells to the site of infection, promote further inflammation (with the addition of T-cell-produced IFN-γ) and establish a pro-inflammatory feedback loop. The cytokine storm circulates to other organs, causing multi-organ damage. Interferon gamma-inducible protein-10 and monocyte-chemoattractant protein-1 are biomarkers associated with the severity of COVID-19 disease. | [39,40,41] |
RSV | IL-8-mediated cellular response leads to lung inflammation and tissue damage. Humoral response is characterized by the production of several Th1 and Th2 cytokines and chemokines. Elevated levels of Th2 cytokines, particularly IL-6, are associated with patients with bronchiolitis or pneumonia requiring hospitalization. | [42,43,44,45] |
Rhinovirus | Secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and IFN-γ, and chemokines such as C-C motif ligand 5 and IL-8, which drive the recruitment of immune cells to the site of infection, contributing to tissue damage. | [46,47] |
Type | Description | Pharmacokinetic Improvements | References |
---|---|---|---|
Polymeric NPs | Colloidal particles of natural or synthetic polymer matrices constructed with various designs/sizes. Size: 10–100 nm |
| [105] |
Liposomes | Self-assembled phospholipid vesicles of concentric lipid bilayers that enclose a central aqueous compartment. Size: 50–100 nm |
| [106] |
Micelles | Autonomous aggregated colloidal structures with a hydrophobic core and hydrophilic shell. Size: 10–100 nm |
| [107] |
Lipid NPs (solid lipid NPs and nanostructured liquid carriers) | Lipophilic particles with a lipid core matrix stabilized by surfactants or emulsifiers. The lipid matrix is made by solid lipids in solid lipid NPs or solid lipids and liquid oils in nanostructured liquid carriers. Size: 100–400 nm |
| [108] |
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Mariano, A.; Bigioni, I.; Marchetti, M.; Scotto d’Abusco, A.; Superti, F. Repositioned Natural Compounds and Nanoformulations: A Promising Combination to Counteract Cell Damage and Inflammation in Respiratory Viral Infections. Molecules 2023, 28, 4045. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28104045
Mariano A, Bigioni I, Marchetti M, Scotto d’Abusco A, Superti F. Repositioned Natural Compounds and Nanoformulations: A Promising Combination to Counteract Cell Damage and Inflammation in Respiratory Viral Infections. Molecules. 2023; 28(10):4045. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28104045
Chicago/Turabian StyleMariano, Alessia, Irene Bigioni, Magda Marchetti, Anna Scotto d’Abusco, and Fabiana Superti. 2023. "Repositioned Natural Compounds and Nanoformulations: A Promising Combination to Counteract Cell Damage and Inflammation in Respiratory Viral Infections" Molecules 28, no. 10: 4045. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28104045