Natural and Synthetic Agents Targeting Reactive Carbonyl Species against Metabolic Syndrome
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. General Overview of Reactive Carbonyl Species (RCS)
3. The Role of RCS in Pathogenesis of MeS and MeS Related Disorders
4. Management of Metabolic Disorders Using RCS
4.1. Synthetic Agents Targeting Carbonyl Species for Combatting MeS
4.2. Carnosine
4.3. Histidine Dipeptides
4.4. Metformin
4.5. Simvastatin
4.6. Glycyrrhizin
4.7. Candesartan
5. Natural Agents Targeting Carbonyl Species for Combating MeS
5.1. Natural Products Combatting MeS
5.2. Diabetes
5.2.1. Polyphenols
5.2.2. Nrf-2 Activators
5.2.3. Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)
5.2.4. Melatonin
5.3. Obesity
5.3.1. Terpenoids
5.3.2. Organosulfur
5.3.3. Omega-3 Fatty Acids
5.4. Dyslipidemia
Lipid-Lowering Plants
5.5. Osteoporosis
5.5.1. Lycopenes
5.5.2. Phyto-Estrogens
5.6. Other Disorders
5.6.1. Chromium
5.6.2. Cinnamon
6. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
Abbreviations
AGE | Advanced glycation end products |
ALE | Advanced Lipoxidation end products |
APO | Apolipoprotein |
BMI | Body Mass Index |
CAT | Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase |
CNDP 1 | Carnosine Dipeptidase 1 |
CYP450 | Cytochrome P450 |
Cr+3 | Trivalent chromium |
CVD | Cardiovascular disease |
DHA | Docosahexaenoic acid |
DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid |
EPA | Eicosapentaenoic acid |
GABA | Gamma-Aminobutyric acid |
GLUT 4 | Glucose transporter type-4 |
GSH | Peroxide Glutathione peroxide |
HDL-C | High density lipoprotein- Cholesterol |
HMG CoA | β-Hydroxy β-methyl glutaryl-CoA |
HNE | 4-Hydroxy-trans-2-NonEnal |
LDL-C | Low density lipoprotein-Cholesterol |
LMWCr+3 | Low molecular weight chromium binding |
LOOH | Lipid peroxides |
LP | Lipoprotein |
LP-a | Lipoprotein a |
MetS | Metabolic syndrome |
mRNA | Messenger RNA |
NrF2 | Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 |
NTx | N-elopeptide |
PPAR | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor |
RCS | Reactive carbonyl species |
ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
Tchol | Total cholesterol |
TGs | Triglycerides |
TNF | Tumor necrosis factor |
TZDs | Thiazolidinedione |
T2D | Type-2 diabetes |
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Metabolic Disorders | RCS | Targeted Agent | Experimental Model | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
In-vitro Study | ||||
Diabetic nephropathy | RAGE | Glucagon-like peptide | Human mesangial cells | [49] |
Insulin resistance | AGEs, Protein carbonyls | NAC, AGD, SAM, D3T | Striated Gastrocnemius muscle | [50] |
Human Study | ||||
Diabetes | MG | Metformin | Type II diabetes patients | [51] |
Diabetes complications | RAGE | Simvastatin | Type II diabetes patients | [52] |
In-vivo Study | ||||
Liver damage | AGEs, RAGE, protein carbonyls | Glycyrrhiza | Wistar rats fed with high fructose | [53] |
Dyslipidemia | HNE (4-Hydroxy-trans-2-NonEnal), AGEs | Carnosine | Zucker rats | [54] |
Diabetic atherosclerosis | RCS, AGEs, ALEs, RAGE | LR-90 | Diabetic rats induced with streptozotocin | [55] |
Diabetic neuropathy | RAGE | Candesartan | Dahl salt-sensitive rats injected with MG | [56] |
Liver/renal toxicity | RAGE, protein carbonyls | Prach | Wistar rats injected with CCl4 | [57] |
Type II Diabetes | RCS, HNE, PUFAs | Carnosine | Fructose fed Wistar rats and HFHS fed GP 4 het mice | [47] |
Metabolic Diseases | RCS | Targeted Agent | In-Vivo Model | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dyslipidemia | ALEs, AGEs, RCS, HNE | Carnosine | Zucker obese rats | [47] |
Renal function | ALEs, AGEs, RCS, HNE | Carnosine | Zucker obese rats | [47] |
Obesity | HNE, RCS, AGE, PUFAs | Carnosine | Fructose-fed rats | [72] |
Anticancer | AGEs, ALEs, RCS | MGO | Mitochondria malignant cells | [72] |
MeS | Drug | Model | Result | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Obesity | Carnosine | Obese Humans | Significant decline in the percentage of egested adducts followed by a significant elevation of the urinary excretion of carnosine (through urine) | [74] |
Dyslipidemia | Carnosine | Zucker obese rats | In obese Zucker rats, both L- and D-CAR (D-carnosine) dramatically reduced obesity-related illnesses by preventing the development of dyslipidemia, hypertension, and kidney damage. | [47] |
Renal Function | Carnosine | Zucker obese rats | In obese Zucker rats, both L- and D-CAR dramatically reduced obesity-related illnesses by preventing the development of dyslipidemia, hypertension, and kidney damage. | [47] |
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Behl, T.; Gupta, A.; Chigurupati, S.; Singh, S.; Sehgal, A.; Badavath, V.N.; Alhowail, A.; Mani, V.; Bhatia, S.; Al-Harrasi, A.; et al. Natural and Synthetic Agents Targeting Reactive Carbonyl Species against Metabolic Syndrome. Molecules 2022, 27, 1583. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27051583
Behl T, Gupta A, Chigurupati S, Singh S, Sehgal A, Badavath VN, Alhowail A, Mani V, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, et al. Natural and Synthetic Agents Targeting Reactive Carbonyl Species against Metabolic Syndrome. Molecules. 2022; 27(5):1583. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27051583
Chicago/Turabian StyleBehl, Tapan, Amit Gupta, Sridevi Chigurupati, Sukhbir Singh, Aayush Sehgal, Vishnu Nayak Badavath, Ahmad Alhowail, Vasudevan Mani, Saurabh Bhatia, Ahmed Al-Harrasi, and et al. 2022. "Natural and Synthetic Agents Targeting Reactive Carbonyl Species against Metabolic Syndrome" Molecules 27, no. 5: 1583. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27051583