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Article

Oxidative [3+2]Cycloaddition of Alkynylphosphonates with Heterocyclic N-Imines: Synthesis of Pyrazolo[1,5-a]Pyridine-3-phosphonates

by
Igor Philippov
1,
Yuriy Gatilov
1,
Alina Sonina
1 and
Aleksey Vorob’ev
1,2,*
1
Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS, 9 Lavrentiev Avenue, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
2
Department of Natural Science, Faculty of Organic Chemistry, Novosibirsk State University, 1 Pirogova Street, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2022, 27(22), 7913; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27227913
Submission received: 20 October 2022 / Revised: 1 November 2022 / Accepted: 4 November 2022 / Published: 16 November 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Organic Heteroatom Compounds: Synthesis Design and Theoretical Studies)
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Abstract

A series of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-3-ylphosphonates were prepared with moderate to good yields by the oxidative [3+2]cycloaddition of 2-subtituted ethynylphosphonates with in situ generated pyridinium-N-imines and their annulated analogs. 2-Aliphatic and 2-Ph acetylenes demonstrate low activity, and the corresponding pyrazolopyridines were achieved with a moderate yield in the presence of 10 mol% Fe(NO3)3·9H2O. At the same time, tetraethyl ethynylbisphosphonate, diethyl 2-TMS- and 2-OPh-ethynylphosphonates possess much greater reactivity and the corresponding pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridines, and their annulated derivatives were obtained with good to excellent yields without any catalyst. 2-Halogenated ethynylphosphonates also readily reacted with pyridinium-N-imines, forming complex mixtures containing poor amounts of 2-halogenated pyrazolopyridines.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine is an important structural motif in modern medicinal chemistry, as it possesses high metabolic stability and acts as an isostere to indole, purine or other azaindole cores. An anti-inflammatory drug ibudilast (3-isobutyryl-2-isopropylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine) (Figure 1) has been marketed in Japan for over 25 years and used for the treatment of asthma, post-stroke dizziness and ocular allergies [1,2]. Over the recent years, ibudilast has been paid much attention as an agent for therapy of multiple sclerosis and neurodegenerative disorders [3,4]. Recently, pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine scaffolds have been utilized in the design of DDX3X helicase [5], Pan-JAK kinase [6], C-terminal Src kinase [7], human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase [8], p110α-selective PI3 kinase [9], p38 kinase [10], ERK inhibitors [11], 5-HT4 [12], EP1 [13], D3 dopamine receptors antagonists, antitubercular [14] and antimalarial [15] agents, etc. Numerous general approaches have been reported for the construction of this heterocyclic core [16,17]. Among them, the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of electron-deficient alkynes and alkenes, such as unsaturated carbonyl compound [18] or nitroalkenes [19,20], with pyridinium-N-imines followed by oxidation is one of the most common methods of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine synthesis.
Due to the great importance of phosphonate groups in drug design research [21,22], the combination of a pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine moiety with a phosphonate group could be a promising building block for developing new pharmaceuticals. Previously, 2-substituted pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-5-phosphonates were obtained by condensation of pyrazole-5-carbaldehydes with diethyl (3-bromoprop-1-en-1-yl)phosphonate [23] (Scheme 1a). The cycloaddition of EWG-substituted alkynylphosphonates with pyridinium-N-imines led to pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-2-phosphonates [24] and to 3-phosphonates [25] when the EWG was a benzoyl or a perfluoroalkyl group, respectively (Scheme 1b). Since such cycloadditions represent fast and efficient routes to phosphorylated heterocylces, we decided to explore alkynylphosphonates with aliphatic, phenyl, OPh, halogen, TMS and PO(OEt)2-substituents at the triple bond in the reaction with pyridinium-N-imines. In contrast to benzoyl and perfluoroalkyl groups, aliphatic and phenyl substituents show electron donating properties and may reduce the reactivity of acetylenes in such cycloaddition reactions. At the same time, according to the Hammett parameter [26], the PO(OEt)2-group has a slightly stronger electron-withdrawing effect than CO2R. Thus, tetra-alkyl ethynylbisphosphonates have long been recognized to be active in Diels-Alder and 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions [27]. Substituted dienes [28], furane [29], anthracene derivatives [30] and pyrones [31,32] were applied as diene components, and azides [33], nitrile oxides [34] and diazomethane [27] were used as 1,3-dipoles. Dialkyl ethynylphosphonates are also effective dipolarophiles and are often used for the construction of triazole [35,36], pyrazole [37,38] and β-lactam [39] units. However, only several examples of cycloaddition reactions of 2-substituted ethynylphosphonates bearing aryl-, alkyl- or sulfonamide substituent with azides [40,41] or nitrile oxides [42,43] have been reported recently.

2. Results

At the beginning of our work, N-aminopyridinium tetrafluoroborate 1 and diethyl phenylethynylphosphonate 2a were taken as model substrates for screening optimal conditions. The reaction was followed using 31P NMR to estimate the phosphonate conversion and yield of products. The commonly used K2CO3/MeCN system (Table 1, entry 1) failed to reach the full conversion of 2a, and only a 5-fold excess of salt 1 allowed for achieving the complete consumption of reagent 2a. In the next step, various additives were tried to increase the reactivity of 2a. Initially, we hypothesized that the electron-withdrawing character of the PO(OEt)2-group could be increased by the coordination of metal ions to the phosphonate group oxygen atom. However, strong Lewis acids such as AlCl3 or ZnCl2 preferably interacted with N-imines and, therefore, were not suitable for catalysis. Then, AgNO3 was used, as it was effective in the catalytic hydration of alkynylphosphonates [44]. However, no effect was found with 10 mol% AgNO3 (Table 1, entry 3). Next, we paid our attention to LiCl, which is known to catalyze cycloaddition reactions. The usage of 10 mol% led to notable conversion growth (Table 1, entry 4), but the increased load of LiCl resulted in lowering the conversion (Table 1, entry 5). The addition of Ni and Co salts had no significant effect on the reaction. During further experiments, redox-active additives were employed to accelerate the oxidation step of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine synthesis (see discussion on the mechanism below). The application of chloranil or DDQ was unsuccessful, apparently due to the oxidation reaction with N-imines. Copper salts were previously applied for nitropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine synthesis from pyridinium-N-imines and nitrostyrenes [20]. However, in our case, Cu salts completely inhibited the reaction (Table 1, entries 9, 10). Fe(NO3)3 is broadly used as a catalyst in a wide scope of oxidation reactions. Recently, it has been found to be effective in the promotion of 3-acyl-1,2,4-oxadiazole synthesis from alkynes and nitriles [45]. Moreover, iron (III) nitrate mediated synthesis of acylisoxazoles from terminal alkynes was reported [46]. Therefore, we decided to try Fe(NO3)3 in nonahydrate form in our reaction. With an additive level of 10 mol% in CH3CN, we observed an 88% conversion of 2a (Table 1, entry 11). Interestingly, other iron salts, such as FeCl3 and FeSO4, were not as effective as Fe(NO3)3. Further experiments revealed that changing the solvent from CH3CN to the more polar DMSO led to the full conversion of 2a (Table 1, entries 12, 13). No yield changes were observed with an increase in the additive level from 10 to 20 mol%; moreover, 5 mol% Fe(NO3)3 did not lead to the full conversion of phosphonate. Heating had a negative effect on the reaction (Table 1, entry 16). Therefore, the use of Fe(NO3)3 as an additive and DMSO as a solvent were found to be the optimal conditions.
With the optimized conditions in hand, the scope of pyridinium salts and alkynylphosphonates was explored (Scheme 2). First, we examined the effect of the substituents in the pyridinium ring of N-aminopyridinium salts on the reaction with phosphonate 2a. The cycloaddition proceeded sluggishly in case of mild donating and moderate withdrawing substituents and required increased equivalents of starting salts. 2-Me-, 4-Me-, and 4-CO2Me-substituted N-aminopyridinium salts showed moderate to good yields of corresponding pyrazolopyridines 3b–e. Despite the bulkiness of phenyl group, a good yield of 7-Ph-substituted pyrazolopyridine 3d was obtained with only 1 eq of salt. Regioselectivity of the cycloaddition of 3d was confirmed using X-ray analysis [47]. Strong donating groups are not favorable and significantly reduce reactivity. Thus, pyrazolopyridine 3f was obtained only in 33% yield with 5 equivalents of 4-OMe-substituted salt. At the same time, 1-amino-4-NMe2-pyridinium mesitylenesulfonate was completely unreactive under used conditions. Such behavior was likely associated with the low acidity of the NH2-group, which could not be deprotonated by K2CO3. The use of DBU or t-BuOK as stronger bases also showed no positive results, apparently due to their reaction with alkyne. Quinolinium and isoquinolinium salts facilitated the dimerization of the corresponding N-imines [48,49] and no cycloaddition products were formed. Subsequently, we investigated the impact of the R-group in 2-R-alkynylphosphonate on the reaction with salt 1. Pyrazolopyridines 3h–j were obtained in moderate yields (30–40%), indicating that both alkyl and cycloalkyl groups led to the decrease in the corresponding phosphonate reactivity. Moreover, the phosphonate bearing the bulky t-Bu-group required a large excess of starting salts to obtain the desired product. α-Hydroxyalkyl substituted acetylenes were also moderately active and formed products 3k,l.
Having succeeded in the Fe(NO3)3-catalyzed alkynylphosphonates cycloaddition, bisphosphonylated acetylene 4a was further studied. In contrast to phosphonate 2a, acetylene 4a showed much greater reactivity and showed pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-2,3-bisphosphonates 5a–j with good to excellent yields without an Fe(NO3)3 additive (Scheme 3). However, pyridinium salts with strong donating groups were still much less reactive. Thus, 4-NMe2-substituted pyridinium salts did not undergo cycloaddition, and in the case of 4-OMe derivatives the corresponding pyrazolopyridine 5e was obtained with a moderate yield in the mixture with the parent 4-OMe-pyridine. Enhanced activity of alkyne 4a made it possible to obtain annulated derivatives 5g–j with relatively high yields.
TMS-substituted ethynylphosphonate 4b also possessed high reactivity toward pyridinium salts (Scheme 3). The loss of the TMS group during the process was observed and corresponding pyrazolopyridines 5k–o were obtained. Annulated derivatives 5p,q were prepared as well, but in the case of quinolinium and isoquinolinium salts only dimers of corresponding N-imines were observed. The higher activity of TMS-phosphonate 4b in contrast to 2-alkyl- and 2-phenylalkynylphosphonates could be explained by the fast removal of the TMS group of 4b in the K2CO3/DMSO medium with the formation of intermediate diethyl ethynylphosphonate.
Molecules 27 07913 sch003
Scheme 3. Reaction scopes for cycloaddition of N-imines with tetraethyl acetylene bisphosphonate (isolated yields). a The substance was obtained in mixture with 4-metoxypyridine and other unidentified products, yield determined using NMR with CH2Br2 as a standard.
Scheme 3. Reaction scopes for cycloaddition of N-imines with tetraethyl acetylene bisphosphonate (isolated yields). a The substance was obtained in mixture with 4-metoxypyridine and other unidentified products, yield determined using NMR with CH2Br2 as a standard.
Molecules 27 07913 sch003
Next, the applicability of 2-halogenated and 2-OPh alkynylphosphonates 4c–f in the cycloaddition reaction with pyridinium-N-imines was studied (Scheme 4). For all halogenated alkynes, the reaction resulted in the formation of complex reaction mixtures from which corresponding 2-Cl and 2-I-pyrazolopyridines 5r,t were isolated with a low yield. Investigation of the reaction mixtures using NMR 31P and GC-MS for alkyne 4c showed the formation of a significant amount of dehalogenated product 5k when DMSO was used as a solvent. Various solvents were screened and the maximum yield of 5r was reached in MeCN with K2CO3 as a base, while the nature of the inorganic base had no remarkable effect on the ratio of 5r:5k. When the excess of salt 1 was taken, formation of 2-aminopyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine along with products 5k and 5r was also observed. In contrast to halogenated acetylenes 4c–e, the cycloaddition reaction of OPh-substituted phosphonate 4f in THF resulted in a good yield of pyrazolopyridine 5u. The regioselectivity for product 5u was confirmed using X-ray analysis [50].
In terms of previous reports on N-imine cycloadditions [51], a plausible mechanism for the interaction of pyridinium salts with studied alkynes is shown in Scheme 5a. Ylide 6, formed by the deprotonation of salt 1a, reacts with alkynylphosphonates via concerted [3+2]cycloaddition or via Michael addition/intramolecular cyclization, yielding adduct 7. Such intermediates are typically not observable due to the fast rearrangement of dihydropyrazolopyridines 8, which lead to products 3a–l, 5a–q during oxidation. To shed some light on the role of iron (III) nitrate, we provided the reaction between 1a and 2a under an Ar atmosphere (Table 1, entries 19, 20). In the case of 10 mol% additive loading, only a poor yield of 3a was observed, comparable to the value of the additive load. However, when 1 eq of Fe(NO3)3 was taken, a full conversion of 2a was accomplished with a 70% isolated yield of 3a. Additionally, Fe(NO3)3 could affect the reactivity by coordination of Fe3+-ion to the phosphonate group or by nitration of the triple bond (Scheme 5b). Nevertheless, no changes using 31P NMR were found after the addition of iron nitrate to phosphonate 2a in the DMSO even after heating up to 100 °C. Therefore, it could be concluded that iron nitrate serves as a redox mediator in the oxidation of intermediate 8.
Taking into account the low reactivity of 2-alkyl and 2-Ph- acetylenephosphonates, the cycloaddition step in this case is slow and probably reversible, so large amounts of N-imines are lost to degradation. Therefore, additional amounts of N-imines are required. For acetylenes 4a–f, cycloaddition is fast and the oxidation of intermediate 8 is a limiting step.
Molecules 27 07913 sch005
Scheme 5. Plausible reaction mechanisms.
Scheme 5. Plausible reaction mechanisms.
Molecules 27 07913 sch005

3. Materials and Methods

Starting materials, unless otherwise noted, were obtained from commercial supplies and used without purification. O-(mesitylenesulfonyl)hydroxylamine (MSH) [52], mesitylenesulfonates of N-aminated heterocycles [52] and 1-aminopyridinium tetrafluoroborate [53] were obtained from previously published procedures. For the preparation of phenyl, alkyl and cycloalkyl alkynylphosphonates, Zhao’s CuSO4-catalysed cross-coupling procedure was applied [54]. Diethyl 2-chloroethynylphosphonate was obtained from a dichloroacetylene solution using the procedure of Svintsitskaya et al. [55] (Caution! Dichloroacetylene is extremely explosive). Tetraethyl acetylenebisphosphonate [56], diethyl 2-bromoethynylphosphonate [57] and diethyl 2-iodoethynylphosphonate [58] were prepared according to previously described methods.
The TLC was carried out on Sorbfil silica plates (UV 254) with further UV light visualization. Flash column chromatography was performed on silica gel (Macherey Nagel, pore size 60 E, 230–400 mesh). Spectral and analytical studies were provided at the Chemical Service Centre of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. NMR spectra were recorded on Bruker Avance-300 (300.13 MHz for 1H, 121.5 MHz for 31P) and Avance-400 (400.13 MHz for 1H and 100.62 MHz for 13C) spectrometers, using the residual proton and carbon signals of CDCl3 (δH 7.24 ppm; δC 77.16 ppm) as internal standards. The 13C NMR spectra were registered with C-H spin decoupling. Copies of spectra of newly obtained compound are presented in the Supplementary Materials. The masses of molecular ions were determined by HRMS on a DFS Thermo scientific instrument (EI, 70 eV). Melting points were determined using Kofler hot-stage microscope and are uncorrected.
XRD data were obtained on a Bruker Kappa Apex II CCD diffractometer (Mo Kα radiation and a graphite monochromator) at 296K. The structures were solved by direct methods and refined by full-matrix least-squares method against all F2 in anisotropic approximation using the SHELX2014 programs set [59]. The H atoms positions were calculated geometrically and refined with the riding model. Absorption corrections were applied empirically using SADABS programs [60]. The solvent molecule is highly disordered and, therefore, this molecule was removed using the SQUEEZE procedure in the PLATON program [61]. Solvent accessible volume was calculated as 138 Å3 in unit cell.
General procedure for diethyl 2-phenylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-3-phosphonates synthesis.
N-aminopyridinium salt (N mmol) was dissolved in 5 mL DMSO and K2CO3 (2*N mmol) was added to produce pyridinium-N-imine. The resulting mixture was stirred for 5 min and alkynylphosphonate (1 mmol) was added followed with Fe(NO3)3*9H2O (10 mol%). The solution was kept with stirring overnight at room temperature under air atmosphere. Then, the mixture was diluted in 50 mL water and extracted three times with 20 mL of CH2Cl2. Extracts were combined, washed with water and dried over Na2SO4. Then, solvent was removed in vacuo and the resulting oil was purified by flash chromatography on silica with CHCl3/MeOH (50:1) as the eluent.
Diethyl (2-phenylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)phosphonate (3a). Yellowish oil, 281mg (85%). NMR 1H (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 1.10 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 6H), 3.89 (dp, J = 10.1 Hz, 7.3 Hz, 2H), 4.03 (dp, J = 10.1 Hz, 7.1 Hz, 2H), 6.89 (td, J = 6.9 Hz, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (ddd, J = 9.2 Hz, 6.8 Hz, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (m, 3H), 7.85 (m, 2H), 8.20 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H), 8.50 (dd, J = 6.9 Hz, 1.1 Hz, 1H). NMR 13C (100.6 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 16.1 (d, J = 7.1 Hz), 61.9 (d, J = 4.8 Hz), 93.59 (d, J = 221.0 Hz), 113.89, 119.7, 126.6, 128.2, 128. 8, 129.1, 129.6, 132.6, 145.9 (d, J = 26.3 Hz), 157.6 (d, J = 12.9 Hz). NMR 31P (121.5 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 14.3 (s). HRMS (m/z): C17H19N2O3P+•, 330.1131 (found), 330.1133 (calc).
Diethyl (5-methyl-2-phenylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)phosphonate (3b). Yellowish oil, 179mg (52%). NMR 1H (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 1.09 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 6H); 2.39 (s, 3H); 3.83–3.92 (m, 2H); 3.98–4.06 (m, 2H); 6.70 (dd, J = 7.0 Hz, 2.0 Hz, 1H); 7.34–7.41 (m, 3H); 7.81–7.85 (m, 2H); 7.98 (m, 1H); 8.36 (dd, J = 7.0 Hz, 2.2 Hz, 1H). NMR 13C (100.6 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 15.8 (d, J = 7.2 Hz), 21.2; 61.4 (d, J = 4.8 Hz), 91.9 (d, J = 221.2 Hz), 115.9, 117.7, 127.6, 127.8, 128.7, 129.2, 132.5, 137.5, 145.9 (d, J = 26.4 Hz), 157.3 (d, J = 12.9 Hz). NMR 31P (121.5 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 14.8 (s). HRMS (m/z): C18H21N2O3P+•, 344.1277 (found), 344.1284 (calc).
Diethyl (7-methyl-2-phenylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)phosphonate (3c). Yellowish oil, 261 mg (76%). NMR 1H (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 1.09 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 6H), 2.75 (s, 3H), 3.81–3.94 (m, 2H), 3.96–4.04 (m, 2H), 6.74 (dd, J = 7.0 Hz, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 7.24 (dd, J = 9.1 Hz, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 7.33–7.44 (m, 3H), 7.85–7.91 (m, 2H), 8.11 (dm, J = 9.1 Hz, 1H). NMR 13C (100.6 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 15.8 (d, J = 7.2 Hz), 17.8, 61.4 (d, J = 4.8 Hz), 93.1 (d, J = 220.4 Hz), 112.8, 116.7, 126.3, 127.8, 128.6, 129.4, 132.7, 138.5, 145.8 (d, J = 26.5 Hz), 156.6 (d, J = 12.7 Hz). NMR 31P (121.5 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 14.8 (s). HRMS (m/z): C18H21N2O3P+•, 344.1286 (found), 344.1300 (calc).
Diethyl (2,7-diphenylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)phosphonate (3d). Yellowish solid, 324 mg (80%). M.p. 122–124 °C. NMR 1H (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ = 1.14 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 6H), 3.87–4.00 (m, 2H),4.01–4.16 (m, 2H), 7.00 (dd, J = 7.1 Hz, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.36–7.52 (m, 7H), 7.87–7.96 (m, 4H), 8.28 (ddd, J = 9.0 Hz, 1.4 Hz, 0.6 Hz, 1H). NMR 13C (100.6 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 16.1 (d, J = 7.2 Hz), 61.8 (d, J = 4.9 Hz), 93.4 (d, J = 220.0 Hz), 114.5, 118.3, 126.8, 128.0, 128.4, 128.9, 129.5, 129.7, 129.8, 132.8, 133.1 (d, J = 1 Hz), 140.9, 147.0(d, J = 27.1 Hz), 156.8 (d, J = 12.4 Hz). NMR 31P (121.5 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 14.7 (s). HRMS (m/z): C23H23O3N2P+•, 406.1442 (found), 406.1441 (calc).
Ethyl 3-(diethoxyphosphoryl)-2-phenylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-5-carboxylate (3e). Yellowish oil, 301 mg (75%). NMR 1H (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 1.16 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 6H), 1.42 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H), 3.89–4.02 (m, 2H), 4.03–4.15 (m, 2H), 4.42 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 7.41–7.49 (m, 3H), 7.52 (dd, J = 7.1 Hz, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.86–7.94 (m, 2H), 8.55 (ddd, J = 7.1 Hz, 2.1 Hz, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 8.90 (m, 1H). NMR 13C (100.6 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 14.2, 15.9 (d, J = 7.1), 61.8, 61.9 (d, J = 5.3), 96.7 (d, J = 219.8), 112.8, 121.7, 128.1, 128.2, 128.4, 129.2, 129.4, 131.9, 144.5 (d, J = 25.5), 158.3 (d, J = 12.6), 164.6. NMR 31P (121.5 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 13.2 (s). HRMS (m/z): C20H23N2O5P+•, 402.1336 (found), 402.1339 (calc).
Diethyl (5-methoxy-2-phenylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)phosphonate (3f). Yellowish oil, 118mg (33%). NMR 1H (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 1.11 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 6H), 3.82–3.95 (m, 2H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 3.97–4.10 (m, 2H), 6.58 (dd, J = 7.5 Hz, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 7.36–7.45 (m, 3H), 7.51 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H), 7.80–7.86 (m, 2H), 8.31 (dd, J = 7.5 Hz, 2.0 Hz, 1H). NMR 13C (100.6 MHz, CDCl3): 15.9 (d, J = 7.2 Hz), 55.7, 61.5 (d, J = 5.0 Hz), 91.8 (d, J = 222.4 Hz), 96.5, 108.1, 127.9, 128.8, 129.20, 129.22, 132. 6, 147.6 (d, J = 26.1 Hz), 157.8 (d, J = 12.8 Hz), 158.6. NMR 31P (121.5 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 15.2 (s). HRMS (m/z): C18H21N2O4P+•, 360.1235 (found), 360.1234 (calc).
Diethyl (2-butylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)phosphonate (3g). Yellow liquid, 124 mg (40%). NMR 1H (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 0.92 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 3H), 1.28 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 6H), 1.41 (m, 2H), 1.74 (m, 2H), 2.93 (m, 2H), 3.91–4.02 (m, 2H), 4.03–4.19 (m, 2H), 6.82 (td, J = 6.9 Hz, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.24 (ddd, J = 8.9 Hz, 6.8 Hz, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.95 (dt, J = 8.9 Hz, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 8.40 (dm, J = 6.8 Hz, 1H). NMR 13C (100.6 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 13.8, 16.2 (d, J = 6.9 Hz), 22.6, 27.6, 31.5, 61.4 (d, J = 5.0 Hz), 93.4 (d, J = 223.3 Hz), 112.7, 118.4, 126.0, 128.4, 144.5 (d, J = 26.8 Hz), 160.3 (d, J = 14.7 Hz). NMR 31P (121.5 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 16.3 (s). HRMS (m/z): C15H23N2O3P+•, 310.1441 (found), 310.1445 (calc).
Diethyl (2-tert-butylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)phosphonate (3h). Yellow oil, 105 mg (34%). NMR 1H (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 1.25 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 6H), 1.47 (s, 9H), 3.91–4.17 (m, 4H), 6.79 (td, J = 7.0 Hz, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (ddd, J = 9.1 Hz, 6.8 Hz, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 8.01 (dt, J = 9.1 Hz, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 8.38 (ddt, J = 6.9 Hz, 2.1 Hz, 1.1 Hz). NMR 13C (100.6 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 16.2 (d, J = 7.1 Hz), 30.2, 34.4, 61.6 (d, J = 5.0 Hz), 91.9 (d, J = 221.7 Hz), 112.7, 118.9, 126.2, 128.7, 145.7 (d, J = 25.4 Hz), 167.5 (d, J = 15.4 Hz), 173.9. NMR 31P (121.5 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 16.1 (s). HRMS (m/z): C15H23N2O3P+•, 310.1442 (found), 310.1445 (calc).
Diethyl (2-cyclopropylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)phosphonate (3i). Yellowish liquid, 118 mg (40%). NMR 1H (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 0.98–1.09 (m, 4H), 1.28 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 6H), 2.35–2.45 (m, 1H), 3.95–4.06 (m, 2H), 4.08–4.19 (m, 2H), 6.79 (td, J = 6.9 Hz, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (ddd, J = 8.9 Hz, 6.9 Hz, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.92 (dt, J = 8.9 Hz, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 8.35 (dm, J = 6.9 Hz, 1H). NMR 13C (100.6 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 8.3, 9.4, 16.1 (d, J = 6.9 Hz), 61.4 (d, J = 4.7 Hz), 93.7 (d, J = 222.2), 112.6, 117.9, 125.9, 128.3, 144.6 (d, J = 26.3 Hz), 161.3 (d, J = 14.1 Hz). NMR 31P (121.5 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 15.5 (s). HRMS (m/z): C14H19N2O3P+•, 294.1126 (found), 294.1128 (calc).
Diethyl (2-methyl[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)phosphonate (3j). Orange oil, 76.0 mg (25 %). NMR 1H (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 1.26 (t, J = 7.2Hz, 6H), 2.23 (s, 3H), 3.90–4.04 (m, 2H), 4.04–4.17 (m, 2H), 6.80 (t, J = 6.7Hz, 1H), 7.24 (t, J = 7.8Hz, 1H), 7.92 (d, J = 9.1Hz, 1H), 8.37 (d, J = 6.8Hz, 1H). NMR 13C (100.6 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 13.7, 16.4 (d, J = 7Hz), 61.6 (d, J = 5Hz), 94.2 (d, J = 223Hz), 112.9, 118.4, 126.4, 128.5, 144.8 (d, J = 26.6 Hz), 156.2 (d, J = 14.0 Hz). NMR 31P (121.5 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 15.2 (s). HRMS (m/z): C12H17O3N2P+•, 268.0968 (found), 268.0971 (calc).
Diethyl (2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)phosphonate (3k). Recrystallization from ethanol. Yellowish solid, 99.9 mg (32%). M.p. 82–84 °C. NMR 1H (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 1.29 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 6H), 1.72 (s, 6H), 6.95–4.09 (m, 2H), 4.11–4.24 (m, 2H), 6.45 (s, 1H), 6.89 (td, J = 6.9 Hz, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (ddd, J = 8.9 Hz, 6.9 Hz, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.71 (dt, J = 8.9 Hz, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 8.46 (dm, J = 6.9 Hz, 1H). NMR 13C (100.6 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 16.1 (d, J = 6.9 Hz), 29.9, 62.1 (d, J = 4.9 Hz), 69.8, 90.9 (d, J = 218.7 Hz), 113.1, 117.8, 126.6, 129.0, 143.9 (d, J = 22.2 Hz), 167.9 (d, J = 16.1 Hz). NMR 31P (121.5 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 18.3 (s). HRMS (m/z): C14H21N2O4P+•, 312.1241 (found), 312.1243 (calc).
Diethyl (2-(1-hydroxycyclohexyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)phosphonate (3l). Recrystallization from ethanol. Orange solid, 158 mg (45%). NMR 1H (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 1.25 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 6H), 1.62 (m, 4H), 1.90 (m, 6H), 2.11 (d, J = 11.0 Hz, 3H), 3.98 (m, 2H), 4.13 (dp, J = 10.1, 7.2, 2H), 6.08 (s, 1H), 6.86 (td, J = 6.9 Hz, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (m, 1H), 7.68 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H), 8.43 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 1H). NMR 13C (100.6 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 16.0 (d, J = 7.0 Hz), 21.6, 25.6, 37.3, 62.0 (d, J = 4.8 Hz), 70.7, 90.9 (d, J = 218.2 Hz), 113.0, 117.8, 126.5, 128.9, 143.8 (d, J = 22.1 Hz), 168.7 (d, J = 16.1 Hz). NMR 31P (121.5 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 18.6 (s). HRMS (m/z): C17H25N2O4P+•, 352.1545 (found), 352.1547 (calc).
General experimental procedure for synthesis of pyrazolopyridines 5a-r, 5t,u.N-aminopyridinium salt (1 mmol) was dissolved in 5 mL DMSO and K2CO3 (5 mmol) was added to produce pyridinium-N-imine. The resulting mixture was stirred for 5 min and alkynylphosphonate (1 mmol) was added. The solution was kept with stirring overnight at RT under air atmosphere. Then, the mixture was diluted in water and extracted three times with 20 mL of CH2Cl2. The extracts were combined and washed with water and dried over Na2SO4. Then, the solvent was removed in vacuo and the resulting oil was purified by flash chromatography on silica with CHCl3/MeOH (50:1).
Tetraethyl pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-2,3-diylbis(phosphonate) (5a). Yellow oil, 370 mg (95%). NMR 1H (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 1.17 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 6H), 1.22 (t J = 7.0 Hz, 6H), 3.86–420 (m, 8H), 6.86 (tdd, J = 6.9 Hz, 1.4 Hz, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (ddd, 9.1 Hz, 6.8 Hz, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 8.13 (dm, J = 9.1, 1H), 8.42 (dm, J = 6.8, 1H). NMR 13C (100.6 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 15.6 (d, J = 7.0 Hz), 15.7 (d, J = 7.0 Hz), 61.5 (d, J = 5.1 Hz), 62.4 (d, J = 5.8 Hz), 99.95 (dd, J = 221.9 Hz, 24.2 Hz), 114.34, 119.58, 126.41, 128.42, 144.30 (dd, J = 25.6 Hz, 9.9 Hz), 146.84 (dd, J = 227.7 Hz, 14.1 Hz). NMR 31P (121.5 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 7.8 (s), 11.3 (s). HRMS (m/z): C15H24N2O6P2+•, 390.1104 (found), 390.1106 (calc).
Tetraethyl (5-methylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-2,3-diyl)bis(phosphonate) (5b). Orange oil, 194 mg (48%). NMR 1H (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 1.28 (t, 7.1 Hz, 6H), 1.32 (t, 7.1 Hz, 6H), 2.38 (s, 3H), 3.98–4.14 (m, 4H), 4.15–4.30 (m, 4H), 6.77 (dd, J = 7.0 Hz, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.02 (s, 1H), 8.39 (dd, J = 7.0 Hz, 2.1 Hz, 1H). NMR 13C (100.6 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 16.0 (d, J = 7.1 Hz), 16.1 (d, J = 7.1 Hz), 21.2, 61.9 (d, J = 5.1 Hz), 62.9 (d, J = 5.9 Hz), 98.8 (dd, J = 222.5 Hz, 24.4 Hz), 117.3, 118.3, 127.9, 138.2, 145.1 (dd, J = 25.9 Hz, 9.8 Hz), 147.3 (dd, J = 228.1, 14.1 Hz). NMR 31P (121.5 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 8.2 (s), 12.0 (s). HRMS (m/z): C16H26N2O6P2+•, 404.1261 (found), 404.1264 (calc).
Tetraethyl (6-methylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-2,3-diyl)bis(phosphonate) and tetraethyl (4-methylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-2,3-diyl)bis(phosphonate) (5c). An inseparable mixture of isomers was obtained. Orange oil, 194 mg (48%). Signals of the heterocyclic part were as follows. For tetraethyl (6-methylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-2,3-diyl)bis(phosphonate) NMR 1H (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 2.34 (s, 3H), 7.19 (dd, J = 9.2 Hz, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 8.16 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H), 8.33 (s). For tetraethyl (4-methylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-2,3-diyl)bis(phosphonate) NMR 1H (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 2.80.
Ethyl 2,3-bis(diethoxyphosphoryl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-5-carboxylate (5d). Orange oil, 286 mg (62%). NMR 1H (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 1.35 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 6H), 1.38 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 6H), 1.40 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 4.10–4.36 (m, 8H), 4.41 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.57 (ddd, J = 7.3 Hz, 1.9 Hz, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 8.58 (ddd, J = 7.3 Hz, 2.1 Hz, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 8.96 (s, 1H). NMR 13C (100.6 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 14.1, 16.1 (d, J = 6.9 Hz), 16.2 (d, J = 6.9 Hz), 61.9, 62.4 (d, J = 5.4 Hz), 63.3 (d, J = 5.9 Hz), 103.9 (dd, J = 220.8 Hz, 23.8 Hz), 114.0, 122.6, 128.8, 143.8 (dd, J = 24.9 Hz, 10.1 Hz), 148.5 (dd, J = 227.8 Hz, 14.0 Hz), 164.2. NMR 31P (121.5 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 7.2 (s), 10.4 (s). HRMS (m/z): C18H28N2O8P2+•, 462.1312 (found), 462.1315 (calc).
Tetraethyl (5-methoxypyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-2,3-diyl)bis(phosphonate) (5e). Yellow liquid, 202mg. Mixture of 53e and 4-methoxypyridine. NMR 1H (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 1.26 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 6H), 1.30 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 6H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 3.96–4.28 (m, 8H), 6.59 (dd, J = 7.6, 2.8, 1.0, 1H), 7.50 (d, J = 2.8, 1H), 8.29 (dd, J = 7.6, 2.0, 1H). NMR 13C (100.6 MHz, CDCl3): NMR 31P (121.5 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 8.1 (s), 12.3 (s). HRMS (m/z): C16H26N2O7P2+•, 420.1210 (found), 420.1215 (calc).
Tetraethyl 5-(pyridin-4-yl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-2,3-diyldiphosphonate (5f). Brown oil, 411 mg (88 %). NMR 1H (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 1.30 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 6H), 1.35 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 6H), 4.04–4.33 (m, 8H), 7.25 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (m, 2H), 8.59–8.68 (m, 4H). NMR 13C (100.6 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 16.0 (d, J = 6.0 Hz), 16.1 (d, J = 6.0 Hz), 62.1 (d, J = 5.1 Hz), 62.9 (d, J = 5.9 Hz), 101.5 (dd, J = 221.4 Hz, 24.0 Hz), 113.5, 117.8, 121.1, 129.2, 136.7, 144.7, 144.8 (dd, J = 25.6 Hz, 10.1 Hz), 148.1 (dd, J =227.6 Hz, 13.9 Hz), 150.3. NMR 31P (121.5 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 5.7 (s), 9.5 (s). HRMS (m/z): C20H27N3O6P2+•, 467.1366 (found), 467.1370 (calc).
Tetraethyl pyrazolo[1,5-a]quinoline-2,3-diyldiphosphonate (5g). Yellow oil, 290 mg (66 %). NMR 1H (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 1.32 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 6H), 1.41 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 6H), 4.10-4.22 (m, 4H), 4.27-4.38 (m, 4H), 7.52 (ddd, J = 8.3 Hz, 7.2 Hz, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.64 (d, J = 9.4 Hz, 1H), 7.70 (ddd, J = 8.4 Hz, 7.2 Hz, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.80 (dd, J = 7.8 Hz, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.18 (d, J = 9.4 Hz, 1H), 8.64 (dm, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H). NMR 13C (100.6 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 16.0 (d, J = 6.9 Hz), 16.2 (d, J = 6.6 Hz), 62.3 (d, J = 5.2 Hz), 63.2 (d, J = 6.0 Hz), 102.9 (dd, J = 220.5, 24.7 Hz), 116.2 (d, J = 1.3 Hz), 117.1, 123.7, 126.3, 128.1, 128.3, 129.9, 133.87, 143.21 (dd, J = 25.5 Hz, 9.4 Hz), 146.10 (dd, J = 230.8 Hz, 14.1 Hz). NMR 31P (121.5 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 8.6 (s), 12.1 (s). HRMS (m/z): C19H26N2O6P2+•, 440.1258 (found), 440.1261 (calc).
Tetraethyl (9-hydroxypyrazolo[1,5-a]quinoline-2,3-diyl)bis(phosphonate) (5h). Purified by chromatography on Al2O3, with CHCl3 as eluent. Yellow oil, 410 mg (90%). NMR 1H (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 1.33 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 6H), 1.40 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 6H), 4.07–4.38 (m, 8H), 7.23 (dd, J = 7.9 Hz, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (dd, J = 7.9 Hz, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (t, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.65 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 1H), 8.12 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 1H), 11.36 (s, 1H). NMR 13C (100.6 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 16.1 (d, J = 6.8 Hz), 16.2 (d, J = 6.5 Hz), 62.4 (d, J = 5.2 Hz), 63.3 (d, J = 6.0 Hz), 102.8 (dd, J = 219.5 Hz, 23.1 Hz), 116.6, 116.7, 118.6, 121.6, 125.5, 127.4, 129.4, 142.9 (dd, J = 25.2 Hz, 9.8 Hz), 144.1 (dd, J = 228.3 Hz, 14.8 Hz), 148.4. NMR 31P (121.5 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 6.1 (s), 10.7 (s). HRMS (m/z): C19H26N2O7P2+•, 456.1205 (found), 456.1210 (calc).
Tetraethyl pyrazolo[5,1-a]isoquinoline-1,2-diylbis(phosphonate) (5i). Yellow oil, 418 mg (95 %). NMR 1H (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 1.32 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 6H), 1.40 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 6H), 4.15–4.38 (m, 8H), 7.21–7.30 (m, 1H), 7.68 (td, J = 7.3 Hz, 2.0 Hz, 2H), 7.77 (dd, J = 7.3 Hz, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.34 (dd, J = 7.3 Hz, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 9.33 (dm, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H). NMR 13C (100.6 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 16.3 (d, J = 6.9 Hz), 16.4 (d, J = 6.9 Hz), 62.7 (d, J = 5.6 Hz), 63.3 (d, J = 6.0 Hz), 103.9 (dd, J = 218.5 Hz, 24.5 Hz), 116.2, 124.1, 126.2, 127.5, 127.8, 128.6, 129.7, 130.4, 141.9 (dd, J = 24.9 Hz, 9.1 Hz), 148.3 (dd, J = 229.7 Hz, 13.9 Hz). NMR 31P (121.5 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 8.6 (s), 12.7 (s). HRMS (m/z): C19H26N2O6P2+•, 440.1261 (found), 440.1265 (calc).
Tetraethyl pyrazolo[1,5-a][1,10]phenanthroline-2,3-diylbis(phosphonate) (5j). Purified by chromatography on Al2O3, with CHCl3 as eluent. Yellow oil, 422 mg (86 %). NMR 1H (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 1.27 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 6H), 1.43 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 6H), 4.05–4.22 (m, 4H), 4.31–4.55 (m, 4H), 7.49 (dd, J = 8.1 Hz, 4.1 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (d, J = 9.3 Hz, 1H), 7.71 (s, 2H), 8.16 (dd, J = 8.2, 1.9, 1H), 8.47 (d, J = 9.3 Hz, 1H), 9.10 (dd, J = 4.2 Hz, 1.9 Hz, 1H). NMR 13C (100.6 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 15.9 (d, J = 6.9 Hz), 16.1 (d, J = 6.9 Hz), 61.9 (d, J = 5.0 Hz), 63.3 (d, J = 6.0 Hz), 101.1 (dd, J = 218.4, 24.3), 119.0, 121.9, 125.0, 126.1, 126.3, 127.8, 128.7, 129.9, 135.8, 139.3, 145.6 (dd, J = 27.3, 9.1), 147.3 (dd, J = 232.1, 12.8), 149.8. NMR 31P (121.5 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 8.0 (s), 11.7 (s). HRMS (m/z): C22H27N3O6P2+•, 491.1366 (found), 491.1370 (calc).
Diethyl (pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)phosphonate (5k). Without purification. Yellow oil, 110 mg (98%). NMR 1H (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 1.34 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 6H), 4.02–4.25 (m, 4H), 6.97 (td, J = 6.9 Hz, J = 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (ddd, J = 8.9 Hz, J = 6.9 Hz, J = 1.0 Hz, 1H), 7.98 (dt, J = 8.9 Hz, J = 1.0 Hz, 1H), 8.23 (d, J = 1.9 Hz, 1H), 8.57 (ddt, J = 7.0 Hz, J = 2.1 Hz, J = 1.0 Hz, 1H). NMR 13C (100.6 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 16.4 (d, J = 7 Hz), 62.0 (d, J = 5 Hz), 96.4 (d, J = 224 Hz), 113.7, 118.6, 126.7, 129.3, 142.8 (d, J = 25.0 Hz), 146.4 (d, J = 14.0 Hz). NMR 31P (121.5 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 14.3 (s). HRMS (m/z): C11H15N2O3P+•, 254.0822 (found), 254.0820 (calc).
Diethyl (5-methylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)phosphonate (5l). Without purification. Brown oil, 75 mg (65%). NMR 1H (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 1.30 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 6H), 2.41 (s, 3H), 3.96–4.20 (m, 4H), 6.74 (dd, J = 7.1 Hz, J = 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.69 (s, 1H), 8.11 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H), 8.39 (dd, J = 7.15 Hz, J = 1.4 Hz). NMR 13C (100.6 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 16.2 (d, J = 7 Hz), 21.2, 61.8 (d, J = 5 Hz), 94.8 (d, J = 224 Hz), 116.1, 116.8, 128.2, 137.9, 142.9 (d, J = 25 Hz), 146.2 (d, J = 14 Hz). NMR 31P (121.5 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 14.8 (s). HRMS (m/z): C12H17N2O3P+•, 268.0975 (found), 268.0971 (calc).
Diethyl (7-methylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)phosphonate (5m). Without purification. Brown oil, 125 mg (98%). NMR 1H (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 1.29 (t, J = 7 Hz, 6H), 2.77 (s, 3H), 3.96–4.21 (m, 4H), 6.79 (d, J = 7 Hz, 1H), 7.25–7.32 (m, 1H), 7.82 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 8.24 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H). NMR 13C (100.6 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 16.2 (d, J = 7 Hz), 17.9, 61.7 (d, J = 5 Hz), 96.3 (d, J = 224 Hz), 112.8, 115.9, 126.5, 138.9, 145.6 (d, J = 14 Hz). NMR 31P (121.5 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 14.7 (s). HRMS (m/z): C12H17N2O3P+•, 268.0974 (found), 268.0971 (calc).
Diethyl (7phenylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)phosphonate (5m). Purified by chromatography on SiO2, with EtOAc:hexane (1:1) as eluent. Yellow solid, 74mg (36 %). NMR 1H (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 1.32 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 6H), 3.99–4.24 (m, 4H), 6.99 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 1H), 7.39–7.47 (m, 1H), 7.48–7.57 (m, 3H), 7.79–7.85 (m, 2H), 7.95 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H), 8.22 (s, 1H). NMR 13C (100.6 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 16.2 (d, J = 7.2 Hz), 61.8 (d, J = 5.2 Hz), 96.4 (dd, J = 227 Hz), 114.2, 117.2, 126.7, 128.4, 129.1, 129.7, 132.8, 141.4, 143.4, 143.8, 145.7, 145.9. NMR 31P (121.5 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 14.5 (s). HRMS (m/z): C17H19N2O3P+•, 330.1125 (found), 330.1133 (calc).
Methyl 3-dietoxyphosphorylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-5-carboxylate (5o). Without purification. Brown oil, 110 mg (80%). NMR 1H (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 1.33 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 6H), 3.96 (s, 3H), 4.01–4.24 (m, 4H), 7.51 (dd, J = 7 Hz, J = 1 Hz, 1H), 8.27 (d, J = 1.7 Hz, 1H), 8.56 (dm, J = 6.5 Hz, 1H), 8.64 (s, 1H). NMR 13C (100.6 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 16.2 (d, J = 7 Hz), 52.7, 62.1 (d, J = 5 Hz), 99.9 (d, J =222 Hz), 112.7, 120.9, 128.1, 128.9, 141.6 (d, J = 25 Hz), 147.0 (d, J = 12 Hz), 164.9. NMR 31P (121.5 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 12.8 (s). HRMS (m/z): C13H17N2O5P+•, 312.0864 (found), 312.0871 (calc).
Diethyl (9-hydroxypyrazolo[1,5-a]quinoline-3-yl)phosphonate (5p). Without purification. Colorless crystals, 130 mg (95%). NMR 1H (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 1.33 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 6H), 4.00–4.28 (m, 4H), 7.26 (d, J = 7.8Hz, 1H), 7.31 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (t, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.66 (d, J = 9.4 Hz, 1H), 7.81 (d, J = 9.4 Hz, 1H), 8.21 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H), 11.68 (s, 1H). NMR 13C (100.6 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 16.2 (d, J = 7 Hz), 62.0 (d, J = 5 Hz), 98.8 (d, J = 222 Hz), 115.7, 116.4, 118.4, 122.3, 125.2, 126.8, 129.0, 140.5 (d, J = 25 Hz), 142.5 (d, J = 14 Hz), 148.5. NMR 31P (121.5 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 14.1 (s). HRMS (m/z): C15H17N2O4P+•, 320.0922 (found), 320.0921 (calc).
Diethyl (pyrazolo[1,5-a][1,10]phenantroline-3-yl)phosphonate (5q). Without purification. Brown oil, 115 mg (75%). NMR 1H (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 1.28 (t, J = 7 Hz, 6H), 3.98–4.22 (m, 4H), 7.61 (dd, J = 8.2 Hz, J = 4.3 Hz, 1H), 7.75–7.86 (m, 3H), 8.24 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 1H), 8.29 (dd, J = 8.2 Hz, J = 1.3 Hz, 1H), 9.38 (dd, J = 4.3 Hz, J = 1.4 Hz). NMR 13C (100.6 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 16.2 (d, J = 7.5 Hz), 62.0 (d, J = 5 Hz), 97.9 (d, J = 222 Hz), 118.2, 122.1, 124.9, 126, 126.7, 127.7, 129.2, 130.6, 136.3, 139.8, 143.6, 143.8, 146.4, 146.5, 150.5. NMR 31P (121.5 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 14.8 (s). HRMS (m/z): C18H18N3O3P+•, 355.1078 (found), 355.1080 (calc).
Diethyl (2-chloro[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)phosphonate (5r). Purified by chromatography on SiO2, with CHCl3/MeOH (50:1) as the eluent. Yellow oil, 92.4 mg (32%). NMR 1H (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 1.33 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 6H), 3.99-4.24 (m, 4H), 6.95 (t, J = 6.7 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 8.09 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 8.41 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 1H). NMR 13C (100.6 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 16.1 (d, J = 6.9 Hz), 62.1 (d, J = 6.0 Hz), 94.1 (d, J = 225 Hz), 113.9, 118.7, 127.3, 128.4, 145.2 (d, J = 24 Hz), 145.2 (d, J = 25 Hz), 146.7 (d, J = 9 Hz). NMR 31P (121.5 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 10.4 (s). HRMS (m/z): C11H14O3N235ClP+•, 288.0422 (found), 288.0425 (calc).
Diethyl (2-iodo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)phosphonate (5t). Purified by chromatography on SiO2, with CHCl3/MeOH (50:1) as the eluent. Yellow oil, 57.0 mg (15%). NMR 1H (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 1.34 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 6H), 3.97–4.10 (m, 2H), 4.11–4.24 (m, 2H), 6.88 (td, J = 6.8 Hz, J = 1 Hz, 1H), 7.32 (t, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 8.15 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H), 8.46 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 1H). NMR 13C (100.6 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 16.1 (d, J = 6.9 Hz), 62.1 (d, J = 6.0 Hz), 101.8 (d, J = 227 Hz), 106.4 (d, J = 12 Hz), 113.6, 118.4, 127.0, 128.1, 145.2 (d, J = 25 Hz). NMR 31P (121.5 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 11.1 (s). HRMS (m/z): C11H14O3N2IP+•, 379.9783 (found), 379.9781 (calc).
Diethyl (2-phenoxy[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)phosphonate (5u). THF was used as the solvent instead of MeCN. Purified by chromatography on SiO2, with CH2Cl2/NEt3 (100:1) as the eluent. Yellow crystals, 260.0 mg (75%). NMR 1H (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 1.31 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 6H), 4.02–4.25 (m, 4H), 6.83 (td, J = 7.1 Hz, J = 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.12–7.30 (m, 4H), 7.30–7.42 (m, 3H), 8.01 (d, J = 9 Hz, 1H), 8.27 (dt, J = 6.9 Hz, J = 1 Hz, 1H). NMR 13C (100.6 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 16.1 (d, J = 6.9 Hz), 62.1 (d, J = 6.0 Hz), 82.3 (d, J = 227 Hz), 112.7, 118.0, 119.5, 124.6, 126.9, 128.8, 129.4, 145.0 (d, J = 24 Hz), 155.2, 164.4 (d, J = 7 Hz). HRMS (m/z): C17H19O4N2P+•, 346.1086 (found), 346.1082 (calc).

4. Conclusions

In summary, an operationally simple procedure toward 3-phosphonylated pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridines based on the cycloaddition of diethyl 2-alkyl-, 2-cycloalkyl-, phenylethynylphosphonates and N-aminopyridinium salts with catalysis by cheap Fe(NO3)3·9H2O was achieved. The reaction is applicable for mild donating and withdrawing functional groups in the pyridinium ring and for various 2-alkyl and α-hydroxyalkyl acetylenephosphonates. Tetraethyl ethylene-1,2-bis(phosphonate), diethyl 2-TMS- and 2-OPh-ethynylphosphonate reacted smoothly without any catalyst to yield the corresponding 2,3-bisphosphonylated and 3-phosphonylated pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridines and their annulated analogs.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/molecules27227913/s1, Figure S1: Crystal structures of pyrazolopyridines 3d (A) and 5u (B). Copies of 1H, 13C and 31P NMR spectra of the obtained compounds.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, A.V. and I.P.; methodology, A.V.; investigation, I.P.; writing—original draft preparation, A.V. and I.P.; writing—review and editing, A.V.; project administration, A.V.; X-ray analysis, Y.G. and A.S.; funding acquisition, A.V. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the Ministry of Science and Education of Russian Federation, grant number 122040800262-9.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Sample Availability

Samples of the compounds are available from the authors.

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Molecules 27 07913 g001
Figure 1. Biologically active derivatives of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine.
Figure 1. Biologically active derivatives of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine.
Molecules 27 07913 g001
Molecules 27 07913 sch001
Scheme 1. Approaches toward pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridinyl phosphonate synthesis [24,25].
Scheme 1. Approaches toward pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridinyl phosphonate synthesis [24,25].
Molecules 27 07913 sch001
Molecules 27 07913 sch002
Scheme 2. Reaction scopes for cycloaddition of N-imines with alkynylphosphonates (isolated yields). a Mixture of diethyl prop-1-yn-1-ylphosphonate and diethyl propa-1,2-diene-1-ylphosphonate was used. b Without the addition of Fe(NO3)3, 0% was observed.
Scheme 2. Reaction scopes for cycloaddition of N-imines with alkynylphosphonates (isolated yields). a Mixture of diethyl prop-1-yn-1-ylphosphonate and diethyl propa-1,2-diene-1-ylphosphonate was used. b Without the addition of Fe(NO3)3, 0% was observed.
Molecules 27 07913 sch002
Molecules 27 07913 sch004
Scheme 4. Reaction of pyridinium-N-imines with 2-halogenated diethyl acetylenephosphonate.
Scheme 4. Reaction of pyridinium-N-imines with 2-halogenated diethyl acetylenephosphonate.
Molecules 27 07913 sch004
Table 1. Optimization of the reaction conditions.
Table 1. Optimization of the reaction conditions.
Molecules 27 07913 i001
EntrySolvent/Additive 1Conversion of 2a, % 2
1CH3CN/–63
2CH3CN/– 3100 (64 4)
3CH3CN/AgNO3 (10 mol%)63
4CH3CN/LiCl (10 mol%)80
5CH3CN/LiCl (20 mol%)56
6CH3CN/Ni(OAc)2 (10 mol%)64
7CH3CN/Co(NO3)2 (10 mol%)60
8CH3CN/chloranil or DDQ (1 eq)0
9CH3CN/CuSO4 (10 mol%)0
10CH3CN/CuI (10 mol%)0
11CH3CN/Fe(NO3)3·9H2O (10 mol%)88
12DMF/Fe(NO3)3·9H2O (10 mol%)82
13DMSO/Fe(NO3)3·9H2O (10 mol%)100 (84 4)
14DMSO/Fe(NO3)3·9H2O (20 mol%)100 (84 4)
15DMSO/Fe(NO3)3·9H2O (5 mol%)89
16DMSO/Fe(NO3)3·9H2O (10 mol%), 60 °C67
17DMSO/FeCl347
18DMSO/FeSO4·5H2O (10 mol%)66
19DMSO/Fe(NO3)3·9H2O (10 mol%)
under Ar		15
20DMSO/Fe(NO3)3·9H2O (1 eq)
under Ar		100 (70 4)
1 If otherwise noted, reactions were carried out under air. 2 Yield is determined using 31P NMR without purification. 3 Five equivalents of salt 1 were used. 4 Isolated yield of 3a.
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MDPI and ACS Style

Philippov, I.; Gatilov, Y.; Sonina, A.; Vorob’ev, A. Oxidative [3+2]Cycloaddition of Alkynylphosphonates with Heterocyclic N-Imines: Synthesis of Pyrazolo[1,5-a]Pyridine-3-phosphonates. Molecules 2022, 27, 7913. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27227913

AMA Style

Philippov I, Gatilov Y, Sonina A, Vorob’ev A. Oxidative [3+2]Cycloaddition of Alkynylphosphonates with Heterocyclic N-Imines: Synthesis of Pyrazolo[1,5-a]Pyridine-3-phosphonates. Molecules. 2022; 27(22):7913. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27227913

Chicago/Turabian Style

Philippov, Igor, Yuriy Gatilov, Alina Sonina, and Aleksey Vorob’ev. 2022. "Oxidative [3+2]Cycloaddition of Alkynylphosphonates with Heterocyclic N-Imines: Synthesis of Pyrazolo[1,5-a]Pyridine-3-phosphonates" Molecules 27, no. 22: 7913. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27227913

APA Style

Philippov, I., Gatilov, Y., Sonina, A., & Vorob’ev, A. (2022). Oxidative [3+2]Cycloaddition of Alkynylphosphonates with Heterocyclic N-Imines: Synthesis of Pyrazolo[1,5-a]Pyridine-3-phosphonates. Molecules, 27(22), 7913. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27227913

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