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Article

Green Synthesis of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Using Ocimum sanctum Leaf Extract: In Vitro Characterization and Its Healing Efficacy in Diabetic Wounds

by
Mohammad Zaki Ahmad
1,
Ali S. Alasiri
1,*,
Javed Ahmad
1,
Abdulsalam A. Alqahtani
1,
Md Margub Abdullah
2,
Basel A. Abdel-Wahab
3,4,
Kalyani Pathak
5,
Riya Saikia
5,
Aparoop Das
5,
Himangshu Sarma
6 and
Seham Abdullah Alzahrani
7
1
Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 11001, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
2
Advanced Materials and Nano-Research Centre, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Arts, Najran University, Najran 11001, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
3
Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 11001, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
4
Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 7111, Egypt
5
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh 786004, Assam, India
6
Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility (SAIF), Girijananda Chowdhury Institute of Pharmaceutical Science (GIPS), Guwahati 781017, Assam, India
7
Pharmacy Department, Khamis Mushait General Hosptial, King Khalid Rd, Al Shifa, Khamis Mushait 62433, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2022, 27(22), 7712; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27227712
Submission received: 27 September 2022 / Revised: 5 November 2022 / Accepted: 6 November 2022 / Published: 9 November 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Nano-Based Drug Delivery System)
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Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most prevalent metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia due to impaired glucose metabolism. Overproduction of free radicals due to chronic hyperglycemia may cause oxidative stress, which delays wound healing in diabetic conditions. For people with diabetes, this impeded wound healing is one of the predominant reasons for mortality and morbidity. The study aimed to develop an Ocimum sanctum leaf extract-mediated green synthesis of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) and further incorporate them into 2% chitosan (CS) gel for diabetic wound healing. UV-visible spectrum analysis recorded the sharp peak at 235 and 320 nm, and this was the preliminary sign for the biosynthesis of TiO2 NPs. The FTIR analysis was used to perform a qualitative validation of the biosynthesized TiO2 nanoparticles. XRD analysis indicated the crystallinity of TiO2 NPs in anatase form. Microscopic investigation revealed that TiO2 NPs were spherical and polygonal in shape, with sizes ranging from 75 to 123 nm. The EDX analysis of green synthesized NPs showed the presence of TiO2 NPs, demonstrating the peak of titanium ion and oxygen. The hydrodynamic diameter and polydispersity index (PDI) of the TiO2 NPs were found to be 130.3 nm and 0.237, respectively. The developed TiO2 NPs containing CS gel exhibited the desired thixotropic properties with pseudoplastic behavior. In vivo wound healing studies and histopathological investigations of healed wounds demonstrated the excellent wound-healing efficacy of TiO2 NPs containing CS gel in diabetic rats.
Keywords: Ocimum sanctum leaf extract; titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs); green synthesis; energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis; chitosan gel; diabetic wounds Ocimum sanctum leaf extract; titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs); green synthesis; energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis; chitosan gel; diabetic wounds
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MDPI and ACS Style

Ahmad, M.Z.; Alasiri, A.S.; Ahmad, J.; Alqahtani, A.A.; Abdullah, M.M.; Abdel-Wahab, B.A.; Pathak, K.; Saikia, R.; Das, A.; Sarma, H.; et al. Green Synthesis of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Using Ocimum sanctum Leaf Extract: In Vitro Characterization and Its Healing Efficacy in Diabetic Wounds. Molecules 2022, 27, 7712. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27227712

AMA Style

Ahmad MZ, Alasiri AS, Ahmad J, Alqahtani AA, Abdullah MM, Abdel-Wahab BA, Pathak K, Saikia R, Das A, Sarma H, et al. Green Synthesis of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Using Ocimum sanctum Leaf Extract: In Vitro Characterization and Its Healing Efficacy in Diabetic Wounds. Molecules. 2022; 27(22):7712. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27227712

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ahmad, Mohammad Zaki, Ali S. Alasiri, Javed Ahmad, Abdulsalam A. Alqahtani, Md Margub Abdullah, Basel A. Abdel-Wahab, Kalyani Pathak, Riya Saikia, Aparoop Das, Himangshu Sarma, and et al. 2022. "Green Synthesis of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Using Ocimum sanctum Leaf Extract: In Vitro Characterization and Its Healing Efficacy in Diabetic Wounds" Molecules 27, no. 22: 7712. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27227712

APA Style

Ahmad, M. Z., Alasiri, A. S., Ahmad, J., Alqahtani, A. A., Abdullah, M. M., Abdel-Wahab, B. A., Pathak, K., Saikia, R., Das, A., Sarma, H., & Alzahrani, S. A. (2022). Green Synthesis of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Using Ocimum sanctum Leaf Extract: In Vitro Characterization and Its Healing Efficacy in Diabetic Wounds. Molecules, 27(22), 7712. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27227712

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