Next Article in Journal
Engineering Peptide Inhibitors of the HFE–Transferrin Receptor 1 Complex
Next Article in Special Issue
Synthesis, In Vitro Anti-Microbial Analysis and Molecular Docking Study of Aliphatic Hydrazide-Based Benzene Sulphonamide Derivatives as Potent Inhibitors of α-Glucosidase and Urease
Previous Article in Journal
Enhanced Cytotoxic Effects of Arenite in Combination with Active Bufadienolide Compounds against Human Glioblastoma Cell Line U-87
Previous Article in Special Issue
Development of Novel 1,3-Disubstituted-2-Thiohydantoin Analogues with Potent Anti-Inflammatory Activity; In Vitro and In Silico Assessments
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Molecules
Volume 27
Issue 19
10.3390/molecules27196580
molecules-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

New Triazinoindole Bearing Benzimidazole/Benzoxazole Hybrids Analogs as Potent Inhibitors of Urease: Synthesis, In Vitro Analysis and Molecular Docking Studies

by
Sundas Mumtaz
1,
Shahid Iqbal
2,*,
Mazloom Shah
3,
Rafaqat Hussain
1,
Fazal Rahim
1,*,
Wajid Rehman
1,
Shoaib Khan
1,
Obaid-ur-Rahman Abid
1,*,
Liaqat Rasheed
1,
Ayed A. Dera
4,
Hanan A. Al-ghulikah
5,
Sana Kehili
6,
Eslam B. Elkaeed
7,8,
Hamad Alrbyawi
9 and
Mohammed Issa Alahmdi
10
1
Department of Chemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra 21300, Pakistan
2
Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences (SNS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12, Islamabad 46000, Pakistan
3
Department of Chemistry, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology (AUST), Abbottabad 22010, Pakistan
4
Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
5
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
6
Adham University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
7
Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
8
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh 13713, Saudi Arabia
9
Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology Department, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Medina 42353, Saudi Arabia
10
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2022, 27(19), 6580; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196580
Submission received: 11 September 2022 / Revised: 27 September 2022 / Accepted: 29 September 2022 / Published: 4 October 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Probing Pharmacological and Biological Performance of Synthetic and Natural Compounds)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Twenty-four analogs based on triazinoindole bearing benzimidazole/benzoxazole moieties (1–25) were synthesized. Utilizing a variety of spectroscopic methods, including 1H-, 13C-NMR, and HREI-MS, the newly afforded compounds (1–25) were analyzed. The synthesized analogs were tested against urease enzyme (in vitro) as compared to the standard thiourea drug. All triazinoindole-based benzimidazole/benzoxazole analogs (1–25) exhibited moderate to excellent inhibition profiles, having IC50 values of 0.20 ± 0.01 to 36.20 ± 0.70 μM when evaluated under the positive control of thiourea as a standard drug. To better understand the structure–activity relationship, the synthesized compounds were split into two groups, “A” and “B.” Among category “A” analogs, analogs 8 (bearing tri-hydroxy substitutions at the 2,4,6-position of aryl ring C) and 5 (bearing di-hydroxy substitutions at the 3,4-position of aryl ring C) emerged as the most potent inhibitors of urease enzyme and displayed many times more potency than a standard thiourea drug. Besides that, analog 22 (which holds di-hydroxy substitutions at the 2,3-position of the aryl ring) and analog 23 (bearing ortho-fluoro substitution) showed ten-fold-enhanced inhibitory potential compared to standard thiourea among category “B” analogs. Molecular docking studies on the active analogs of each category were performed; the results obtained revealed that the presence of hydroxy and fluoro-substitutions on different positions of aryl ring C play a pivotal role in binding interactions with the active site of the targeted urease enzyme.

1. Introduction

Urease is a nickel-dependent metalloenzyme that catalyzes the hydrolytic degradation of urea to afford carbon dioxide and ammonia [1]. The survival of Helicobacter pylori was enhanced by liberating ammonia via increasing the value of pH in an aqueous solution [2]. Moreover, it was noted that numerous disorders related to gastroduodenal function were caused by Helicobacter pylori. These disorders include urinary catheter encrustation, gastric cancer, duodenal ulcers, and peptic ulcers [3,4]. Urea breakdown is controlled by urease inhibitors, which also prevent ureolytic bacterial infections that lead to destruction [5]. Keeping in mind the biological significance of organic heterocyclic compounds, which function as inhibitors against urease enzymes, medicinal chemists have paid substantial attention to synthesizing novel heterocyclic urease inhibitors as possible drug candidates [6]. Numerous heterocyclic substances have been used to inhibit the urea enzyme for the treatment of gastroduodenal disorders over the past few decades, including the derivatives of hydroxamic acid and urea, triazole, coumarin, Schiff bases, semicarbazone, oxadiazole, and piperidine [7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15]. Furthermore, a variety of antifreeze agents have been reported and have, therefore, gained significant attention from medicinal chemists by inhibiting urease enzymes [16].
Triazinoindole scaffolds were reported to have numerous biological activities, such as anti-depressants [17], antihypertensives [18], antihypoxic [19], anti-inflammatory [20], and antibacterial and antifungal profiles [21]. Furthermore, some triazinoindole analogs have been identified as active drugs for the treatment of the common cold [22,23,24,25].
Benzimidazole scaffolds showed a broad range of biological activities, including anti-glycation [26], anti-tumor [27], anti-diabetic [28], antiprotozoal [29], anti-psychotic [30], ant-viral [31] and antioxidant profiles [32]. There are several anticancer drugs (preclinical or clinical trials) with a benzimidazole moiety in their core skeleton, including nocodazole [33], bendamustine [34], and Hoechst 33,258 [35].
In several therapeutic fields, such as antifungal [36], antibacterial [37], anti-inflammatory [38], and anticancer [39] contexts, benzoxazole derivatives have been identified as “privileged scaffolds” to access compounds with intriguing biological characteristics. Furthermore, boxazomycin B, nakijinol B, benoxaprofen, boxazomycin A, calcimycin, nataxazole, nocarbenzoxazole G, flunoxaprofen, and chloroxazole are biologically active drugs that hold a benzoxazole skeleton in their core structure [40,41,42].
Encouraged by the success of nitrogen-, oxygen-, and sulfur-containing fused heterocyclic compounds, such as triazinoindole [43,44], benzoxazole [45], and benzimidazole [46] as potent inhibitors of alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase, and the urease enzyme, we developed a method for the synthesis of hybrid analogs, based on triazinoindole bearing benzimidazole/benzoxazole (1–25) scaffolds in an effort to further investigate the inhibitory potential, with the hopes that it could demonstrate more effectiveness against the urease enzyme (Figure 1).
Our research group has been working on studying alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase, as well as urease, which are also included in the targeted study [47,48].

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Chemistry

2.1.1. Synthesis of 7-Nitro-5H-[1,2,4]triazino[5,6-b]indole-3-thiol (III)

Thiosemicarbazide (II) is a reacted isatin solution (I) that is stirred in water, along with potassium carbonate (as a catalyst). The resultant mixture was held under reflux and stirred until the conversion was complete (monitored by TLC). Triazinoindole-3-thiol (III), which was obtained after the solvent evaporated while being agitated at refluxing temperature, was further purified after being washed with n-hexane, to provide a pure form of the intermediate 3-marcapto triazinoindole (IV).

2.1.2. Synthesis of 2-(Chloromethyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole (VIb)

The intermediate 2-(chloromethyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole (IVb) was synthesized through the cyclization of phenyl 1,2-diamine (IVa) in a 4N HCl solution under reflux conditions.

2.1.3. Synthesis of 2-(Chloromethyl)benzo[d]oxazole (VIb)

In the formation of intermediates (VIb), the stirred solution of 2-aminophenol (VIa) in 4N HCl solution underwent cyclization via stirring at the refluxing temperature over a pre-heated sand bath to access the formation of benzoxazole-based intermediate (VIb). After being stirred at the refluxing temperature, the solvent was evaporated by applying conditions of reduced pressure to yield the solid form of 2-(chloromethyl) benzo[d]oxazole (VIb).

2.1.4. Synthesis of 3-(((1H-Benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)methyl)thio)-8-nitro-5H-[1,2,4]triazino[5,6-b]indole (V)

The following phase was the sequential addition of an intermediate (IVb) and triethylamine in ethanol, followed by the direct dehydrogenation of an intermediate (III). To enable the synthesis of a benzimidazole intermediate for triazinoindole, the crude mixture was stirred continuously until the consumption of both intermediates (III) and (IVb) was completed, which yielded compound (V).

2.1.5. Synthesis of 2-(((8-Nitro-5H-[1,2,4]triazino[5,6-b]indol-3-yl)thio)methyl)benzo[d]oxazole (VI)

Additionally, a triazinoindole-based benzoxazole intermediate was produced by treating an intermediate (III) with an intermediate (VIb) in ethanol and then adding the necessary quantity of triethylamine, which yielded compound (VI).

2.1.6. Synthesis of Substituted 2-(((8-Nitro-5H-[1,2,4]triazino[5,6-b]indol-3-yl)thio)methyl)benzo[d]oxazole (1–12)

Encouraged by the success of the triazinoindole-based benzimidazole (V) synthesis, we sought to broaden the application of this practical approach by treating the triazinoindole-based benzimidazole (V) with various substituted benzoyl chlorides in ethanol, under the catalytic action of triethylamine (Scheme 1). We were pleased to find that the resulting residue was stirred and refluxed at refluxing temperature to afford the synthesis of the desired triazinoindole bearing benzimidazole (1–12).

2.1.7. Synthesis of Substituted (3-((Benzo[d]oxazol-2-ylmethyl)thio)-8-nitro-5H-[1,2,4]triazino[5,6-b]indol-5-yl)(phenyl)methanone (13–25)

As with benzoxazole (VI), we sought to broaden the application of this practical approach by treating the triazinoindole-based benzoxazole (VI) with various substituted benzoyl chlorides in ethanol, under the catalytic action of triethylamine. We were pleased to find that the resulting residue was stirred and refluxed at the refluxing temperature to afford the synthesis of the desired triazinoindole bearing benzoxazole (13–25).

2.2. In Vitro Urease Inhibitory Activity

All newly afforded triazinoindole bearing benzimidazole/benzoxazole derivatives (1–25) were tested for their ability to inhibit the urease enzyme (in vitro). It is noteworthy that, in comparison to the thiourea standard, all triazinoindole-containing benzimidazole/benzoxazole compounds exhibited moderate to excellent inhibitory activity against the urease enzyme (Table 1). The synthesized compounds were divided into two groups, in order to better understand the structure-activity relationship (SAR). When benzotriazole reacts with various substituted benzoic acids that have an amide bond, 12 derivatives (1–12) of “Category A” are produced, whereas the 12 derivatives (13–25) of “Category B” are also produced when 3-marcaptotriazinoindole substrate reacts with benzimidazole, which has an active methylene part with the chloro group (Table 1). The triazinoindole, benzimidazole, benzoxazole, carbonyl group, and aryl part/s of the structure are all actively contributing to the activity, and any variations in this activity can be attributed to the various substitution groups on the aryl ring/s (R), according to the limited structure-activity relationship (SAR).

2.2.1. Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) for Urease Inhibitory Activity

Based on variable replaced “R” groupings, the restricted structure-activity relationship for each category was examined. Even if the triazinoindole and carbonyl moieties are playing a key role in the SAR for alpha-amylase inhibitory activity in both categories, the variations in these activities are brought on by the varying features of the aryl ring/s (R).

2.2.2. Category “A”

Better inhibitory potentials were identified for analogs 1, 10, and 11, with nitro groups on the different locations of both aryl parts C. Among these nitro-substituted analogs, the analog 1 bearing –NO2 group on the para-position of both aryl parts C (one aryl part is linked to benzimidazole nitrogen, while the other aryl moiety is bonded to the nitrogen of triazinoindole) was found to be an active inhibitor of the urease enzyme. However, analog 10, bearing, at the –NO2 moiety, the ortho-position of both aryl parts C, showed approximately comparable potency with respect to analog 1, but showed enhanced inhibitory potential compared to analog 11, which has the –NO2 group at the meta-position of both aryl parts C. This small difference in potency of these three analogs is due to different positions of the –NO2 group around the aryl C parts. The decrease in activity of analog 10 was observed by replacing the meta-nitro group with the methoxy group, as in the case of analog 4. The enhanced activity of analog 10 might be due to the EW nature of the –NO2 group, which helps in yielding a better interaction of analog 10 within the enzyme’s pocket (Figure 2).
Analogs (2, 3, 5, and 6) being substituted with di-hydroxy groups at various positions of both aryl parts C exhibited varying degrees of inhibitory potentials. The analog 5 that has di-hydroxy substitutions at the 3,4-position of both aryl parts C was identified as the potent inhibitor of the urease enzyme among di-hydroxy groups bearing analogs. The di-hydroxy substitutions at the 3,4-position of both aryl portions C of analog 5 are found to be more favorable, making them capable of forming a number of significant interactions with the active site of enzymes. However, analog 2 bearing di-hydroxy substitutions at the 2,4-position of both aryl part Cs showed almost one-fold less activity as compared to analog 5. The activity of analog 5 was further decreased by shifting the para-hydroxyl group to the second meta-position of aryl part Cs as in the case of analog 3, which holds di-hydroxy substitutions at the 3,5-position of both aryl parts C. Among di-hydroxy substitutions bearing analog, the analog 6 bearing di-hydroxy substitutions at the 2,5-position of both aryl parts C was shown as the least inhibitor of the urease enzyme. This discrepancy in the inhibitory potential of di-hydroxy groups bearing analogs might be due to the different positions of di-hydroxy groups around both aryl parts C (Figure 3).
Analog 8, bearing tri-hydroxy substitutions at the 2,4,6-position of both aryl parts C emerged as the most active competitor of the urease enzyme and displayed twenty-fold more potency than the standard thiourea drug. The urease inhibitory potentials of analog 8 declined by the de-attachment of two hydroxyl groups present at the 2,6-position of both aryl parts C, as in the case of analog 12 (which holds only one hydroxyl group at the 4-position of both aryl parts C). Furthermore, it was also observed that the replacement of a para-hydroxyl group of both aryl parts C of analog 12; the di-methyl amino group, as in analog 9, also resulted in decreased activity. This indicates that the dimethyl amino group is not actively contributing to the activity. By comparing the analog 7 bearing meta-hydroxyl group on both aryl parts C with its structurally similar analog 12, which holds the hydroxyl group at the para-position of both aryl parts C, analog 12 showed enhanced activity compared to its counterpart, analog 7. This difference in potency might be due to the different positions of the hydroxyl group around both aryl parts C (Figure 4).

2.2.3. Category “B”

Analogs (13–25) belong to category “B”. In category “B”, analog 22, having di-hydroxy substitutions at the 2,3-position of the aryl ring, showed a many times enhanced inhibitory potential, compared to the standard thiourea drug. The inhibitory potential of analog 22 was dropped down by the removal of the ortho-hydroxyl group, followed by the incorporation of the methoxy group at the para-position of aryl ring C, as in the case of analog 20. However, the incorporation of two methoxy groups at the 2,4-position of aryl ring C of analog 21 resulted in decreased activity when compared to other hydroxy groups bearing analogs 20 and 22. This lower potency of analog 21 in comparison to analogs 20 and 22 might be due to steric hindrance, caused by the bulky methoxy groups and, hence, resulting in decreased potency (Figure 5).
The urease inhibitory activity of the halogen-substituted analogs with fluoro moiety was superior to that of the analogs with the chloro moiety. Compound 23 bearing ortho-fluoro substitution at aryl ring exhibited nine-fold more potency than standard thiourea drug. Although structurally identical, analog 24 with a meta-fluoro substitution at the aryl ring demonstrated decreased activity, suggesting that the substitution of a fluoro group at the aryl ring’s para-position may facilitate better contact with the active sites of enzymes. By comparing analogs 17 (bearing meta-chloro substitution) and 24 (bearing meta-fluoro substitution), the analog 24-bearing meta-fluoro substitution showed superior activity to analog 17. This difference might be due to the different nature (-F is a stronger EWG than –Cl) of the substituent around the aryl ring. On the other hand, the para-chloro-substituted analog 13 showed better activity than its structurally similar counterpart 17, indicating that different positions of the same substituent around aryl ring C also resulted in varied potency (Figure 6).
The analog 18 bearings of ortho-hydroxy substitution at the aryl ring exhibited an inhibitory potential many times more than the standard thiourea drug. However, the inhibitory potentials of analog 18 sharply decreased by replacing the ortho-hydroxy group with the methyl group, as in the case of compound 15, showing that the methyl group is not actively contributing to this activity. Moreover, the inhibitory potential was increased by shifting the methyl group from its ortho-position to the meta-position of the aryl ring, as in compound 19. In analog 16, the methyl group was added to the para-position of the aryl ring, which further boosted the activity. The difference in inhibitory potential found in these three analogs might be due to the different positions of the methyl group around the aryl ring (Figure 7).
On the basis of the aforementioned observation that the inhibitory potential possessed by newly synthesized triazinoindole-based benzimidazole/benzoxazole analogs was greatly influenced by changing the nature, electron-donating/electron-withdrawing effect, number/s, and position of the substituents around the aryl part C. Moreover, it was also noteworthy that analogs bearing hydroxyl groups (present at different positions on the aromatic ring, such as the para/ortho and meta-positions) as well as the fluoro group at the appropriate position of the aryl part C seemed to be the better competitor of urease enzyme and was shown to be many times more potent than standard thiourea drugs.

2.3. Docking Study

Molecular docking was used to investigate the active component in newly afforded triazinoindole-based benzimidazole/benzoxazole analogs against the urease enzyme. When evaluated, newly afforded analogs with either a tri-hydroxy substitution or a fluoro moiety displayed improved inhibitory potentials (in vitro). These tri-hydroxy and fluoro-substituted analogs were subsequently subjected to a molecular docking study to investigate their binding site, and the results show that the most potent analogs 8, 5, 22, and 23 not only display better potency (in vitro) but also established numerous significant interactions (in silico) with the active site of amino acid. According to the PLI profile of the most active analog 8 bearing tri-hydroxy substitutions at the 2,4,6-position of both aryl rings C, analog 8 displays several significant interactions with urease enzymes including Asp332, Phe335, Leu253, Asp224, Ala170, Lys169 and Cys322 as shown in (Figure 8A), while analog 5 against urease enzyme adopted several key interactions including Phe568, Ala564, Arg378, Glu372, Arg359, Gly368, Ala370, Leu365 and Val148 as shown in (Figure 8B).
The third most active analog 22, which has tri-hydroxy substitutions at the positions 2,4,6 of aryl ring C, shows a variety of noteworthy interactions with the urease enzyme including Phe568, Arg378, Glu372, Arg369, Gly371, Val148, and Ala151 as shown in (Figure 9A), while analog 23, against the urease enzyme, adopted several key interactions such as Asn152, Ala148, Gly371, Glu372, Ala370, Leu2365, Arg369, Phe570, and Phe568 as shown in (Figure 9B).
In the case of the standard thiourea drug (Figure 10A) and its derivative (Figure 10B), when subjected to molecular docking, these established important interactions with the catalytic residue of the amino acid of the urease enzyme. Thiourea interacts with the catalytic residue of amino acid through hydrogen bonding and forms five hydrogen bonds with the catalytic residue of amino acid. Similarly, a thiourea-based drug (Figure 10B) established key interactions with the active site of the urease enzyme, including the carbon hydrogen bond, pi-alkyl, and van der Waals interactions. By comparing the interactions developed by the active analogs of the series, such as 8, 5, 22, and 23, with thiourea and its derivative, the potent analogs 8, 5, 22, and 23 established some additional interactions (pi-cation, pi-anion, pi-sigma, pi-pi stacking, pi-sulfur, and halogen bond interaction) with the active residue of amino acid of the urease enzyme; therefore, these analogs were found to be many times more potent than the standard thiourea drug.

3. Experimental

3.1. General Information

Every chemical was obtained from genuine suppliers (Merck, Sigma) and was used without any refinement. A clear and authentic TLC was used, whereas the Buchi M-560 was employed to determine the melting point. Additionally, the 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectra of synthetically produced derivatives were captured using the Bruker 500 Ultra-shield plus NMR (500 MHz). The chemical shift values for TMS were expressed in ppm and the coupling constant was expressed in Hz. A high-resolution electron impact mass spectrophotometer was used to measure the mass of the synthesized derivatives.

3.2. General Procedure for the Formation of Triazinoindole-Based Benzimidazole/Benzoxazole Derivatives (1–25)

The synthesis of triazinoindole-based benzimidazole/benzoxazole derivatives (1–25) was completed in several steps. In the first step, 3-mercapto triazinoindole intermediate (III) was afforded by the reaction of isatin (I) (1 equivalent) with thiosemicarbazide (II) (1 equivalent) in MeOH (10 mL), under the catalytic amount of potassium carbonate (0.6 mmol). On the other hand, 1,2-diamine benzene (IVA)/2-amino phenol (VIA) was cyclized in 4N HCl solution (10 mL) on stirring at the refluxing temperature over a pre-heated sand bath, to access the formation of the 2-(chloromethyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole (IVB)/benzoxazole based intermediate (VIB). In the next step, the 3-mercapto triazinoindole intermediate (III) (1 equivalent) was directly subjected to dehydrogenation upon the sequential addition of 2-(chloromethyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole (IVB) (1 equivalent) and triethylamine (few drops) in ethanol (10 mL) to afford a synthesis of triazinoindole bearing benzimidazole intermediate (V). Furthermore, an intermediate (III) (1 equivalent) was also treated with a benzoxazole-based intermediate (VIB) (1 equivalent) in ethanol (10 mL), followed by the addition of the catalytic amount of triethylamine (a few drops) to yield the triazinoindole-based benzoxazole intermediate (VII). In the final step, triazinoindole-based benzimidazole (V) (1 equivalent) and triazinoindole-based benzoxazole (VII) (1 equivalent) with different substituted benzoyl chloride (2 equivalent with intermediate (V), adding 1 equivalent with the intermediate (VII) in ethanol (10 mL) under the catalytic action of triethylamine (a few drops). We were pleased to see that stirring the resultant residue at the refluxing temperature provided the necessary yield for the synthesis of the required triazinoindole bearing benzimidazole (1–12) and benzoxazole hybrid scaffolds (13–25).

3.3. Urease Inhibition Assay

First, 5 μL of the test compounds were added to the reaction mixtures, which also contained 25 μL of enzyme solution and 55 μL of buffer containing 100 mM urea, then the mixtures were incubated in 96-well plates at 30 °C for 15 min (0.5 mM concentration). For the kinetics analysis, urea concentrations were changed from 2 to 24 mM. Urease activity was determined by measuring ammonia generation using Weatherburn’s indophenol method. In a nutshell, each well received 45 μL of the 0.005% w/v sodium nitroprusside, phenol reagent 1% w/v phenol, and 70 μL of the alkali reagent—0.1% active chloride NaOCl and 0.5% w/v NaOH. Using a microplate reader, rising absorbance at 630 nm was observed after 50 min (Molecular Devices, San Jose, CA, USA). In a final volume of 200 μL, each reaction was carried out three times. Using the software SoftMaxPro, the results (change in absorbance per minute) were processed (Molecular Devices, San Jose, CA, USA). The experiments were run at pH 6.8 throughout. The formula 100-(ODtest well/ODcontrol) 100 was used to calculate the percentage of inhibition. The preferred standard inhibitor was thiourea [49].

3.4. Assay Protocol for Docking Study

Utilizing Discovery Studio Visualizer’s (DSV) MGL tool 1.5.7 and AutoDock Vina, a molecular docking study was carried out. In this work, the synthetic analogs were tested against the urease enzyme. These enzymes’ structures were found in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) by using the search code 4ubp. The target protein and the prepared ligand were both saved in PDB format after the first step of protein preparation, which involved utilizing DSV to remove the water molecules and existing ligands. The process was then continued in AutoDock, where the protein was charged with polar hydrogen, Kollman, and Gasteiger charges. Additionally, the chosen ligand was constructed using a torsion tree to find the root. Finally, a configuration file was created and saved in the same docking folder along with the X, Y, and Z axis for both the ligand and protein in PDBQT format. The ligand was then generated in various postures using a command line, yielding a total of 9 distinct poses in the PDBQT format. The dock protein and ligand were then opened in DSV to determine the ligand-enzyme active site interaction. The given article summarizes the additional information [50]. Details about thiourea drugs [51]; Spectral analysis are provided in the supplementary materials.

4. Conclusions

In conclusion, we have created a straightforward method for producing triazinoindole, which includes benzimidazole/benzoxazole, by simply condensing 3-mercapto triazinoindole with a substrate of benzimidazole/benzoxazole. The scope and diversity of this practical synthetics approach work well with the variety of benzoyl chloride. It is a viable alternative for the synthesis of triazinoindole-bearing benzimidazole/benzoxazole analogs, due to its characteristics of quick reaction time, simple operation, mild reaction conditions, and high efficiency. Additionally, hybrid analogs (1–25) of triazinoindole containing benzimidazole/benzoxazole were tested in vitro for their ability to inhibit urease, according to a technique that has been documented in the literature. Among the series, compounds 8 (bearing tri-hydroxy substitutions on both aryl parts C), 5 (bearing di-hydroxy substitutions at the 3,4-position of both aryl parts C), 22 (di-hydroxy substitutions at the 2,3-position of aryl part C) and 23 (bearing ortho-fluoro substitution at aryl part C) with IC50 values of 0.20 ± 0.01, 0.90 ± 0.01, 1.70 ± 0.10, and 1.10 ± 0.01 μM were found to be many times more potent than thiourea as a standard inhibitor (IC50 = 21.86 ± 0.40 µM). The enhanced inhibitory profile of these scaffolds may be caused by the presence of the tri-, di-hydroxy-, and fluoro groups at various positions on the phenyl ring C. By involving the oxygen of the tri-, di-hydroxy group, and fluoro group in hydrogen bonding with the active sites of enzymes, these scaffolds have demonstrated a much better inhibitory profile. Molecular docking research was employed to identify the binding interactions between the most active scaffolds and the enzyme active site.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/molecules27196580/s1, detail about thiourea based drugs and spectral analysis of the compounds.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, writing-original draft Preparation, S.M. and S.I.; methodology, M.S.; software, R.H., F.R. and O.-u.-R.A.; validation, project administration, critical revision, W.R., S.K. (Sana Kehili) and H.A.A.-g.; writing review and editing, resources, funding, L.R., A.A.D. and H.A.; investigation, writing-original draft preparation, S.K. (Shoaib Khan), E.B.E., H.A. and M.I.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

The authors would like to thank the Deanship of Scientific Research at Umm Al-Qura University for supporting this work by Grant Code: (22UQU4340549DSR03). This research was funded by Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number (PNURSP2022R95), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University for funding this work under grant number (GRP/242/43).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The data will be available on request.

Conflicts of Interest

There are no conflicts to declare.

Sample Availability

Not available.

References

  1. Zambelli, B.; Musiani, F.; Benini, S.; Ciurli, S. Chemistry of Ni2+ in urease: Sensing, trafficking, and catalysis. Acc. Chem. Res. 2011, 44, 520–530. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Mobley, H.L.; Hausinger, R.P. Microbial ureases: Significance, regulation, and molecular characterization. Microbiol. Rev. 1989, 53, 85–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Lodhi, M.A.; Nawaz, S.A.; Iqbal, S.; Khan, K.M.; Rode, B.M.; Choudhary, M.I. 3D-QSAR CoMFA studies on bis-coumarine analogues as urease inhibitors: A strategic design in anti-urease agents. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2008, 16, 3456–3461. [Google Scholar]
  4. Tanaka, T.; Kawase, M.; Tani, S. Urease inhibitory activity of simple α, β-unsaturated ketones. Life Sci. 2003, 73, 2985–2990. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Hanif, M.; Saleem, M.; Hussain, M.T.; Rama, N.H.; Zaib, S.; Aslam, M.A.M.; Jones, P.G.; Iqbal, J. Synthesis, urease inhibition, antioxidant and antibacterial studies of some 4-amino-5-aryl-3H-1, 2, 4-triazole-3-thiones and their 3, 6-disubstituted 1, 2, 4-triazolo [3, 4-b] 1, 3, 4-thiadiazole derivatives. J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 2012, 23, 854–860. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  6. Saeed, A.; Rehman, S.; Channar, P.A.; Larik, F.A.; Abbas, Q.; Hassan, M.; Raza, H.; Flörke, U.; Seo, S. Synthesis, x-ray crystal structure elucidation and hirshfeld surface analysis of n-((4-(1h-benzo[d]imidazole-2-yl)phenyl)carbamothioyl)benzamide: Investigations for elastase inhibition, antioxidant and dna binding potentials for biological applications. J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 2017, 4, 1–10. [Google Scholar]
  7. Arora, R.; Issar, U.; Kakkar, R. In Silico study of the active site of Helicobacter pylori urease and its inhibition by hydroxamic acids. J. Mol. Graph. Model. 2018, 83, 64–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Amtul, Z.; Siddiqui, R.A.; Choudhary, M.I. Chemistry and mechanism of urease inhibition. Curr. Med. Chem. 2002, 9, 1323–1348. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Abid, O.U.R.; Babar, T.M.; Ali, F.I.; Ahmed, S.; Wadood, A.; Rama, N.H.; Uddin, R.; Khan, A.; Choudhary, M.I. Identification of novel urease inhibitors by high-throughput virtual and in vitro screening. Med. Chem. Lett. 2010, 1, 145–149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  10. Pervez, H.; Chohan, Z.H.; Ramzan, M.; Nasim, F.U.H.; Khan, K.M. Synthesis and biological evaluation of some new N4-substituted isatin-3-thiosemicarbazones. J. Enzyme Inhib. Med. Chem. 2009, 24, 437–446. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Aslam, M.A.S.; Mahmood, S.U.; Shahid, M.; Saeed, A.; Iqbal, J. Synthesis, biological assay in vitro and molecular docking studies of new Schiff base derivatives as potential urease inhibitors. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2011, 46, 5473–5479. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  12. Perveen, S.; Khan, K.M.; Lodhi, M.A.; Choudhary, M.I.; Voelter, W. Urease and α-chymotrypsin inhibitory effects of selected urea derivatives. Lett Drug Des. Discov. 2008, 5, 401–405. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Hanif, M.; Shoaib, K.; Saleem, M.; Hasan Rama, N.; Zaib, S.; Iqbal, J. Synthesis, urease inhibition, antioxidant, antibacterial, and molecular docking studies of 1, 3, 4-oxadiazole derivatives. Int. Sch. Res. Not. 2012, 2012, 9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  14. Shamim, S.; Khan, K.M.; Salar, U.; Ali, F.; Lodhi, M.A.; Taha, M.; Khan, F.A.; Ashraf, S.; Ul-Haq, Z.; Ali, M.; et al. 5-Acetyl-6-methyl-4-aryl-3, 4-dihydropyrimidin-2 (1H)-ones: As potent urease inhibitors; synthesis, in vitro screening, and molecular modeling study. Bioorg. Chem. 2018, 76, 37–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  15. Taha, M.; Wadood, A. Synthesis and molecular docking study of piperazine derivatives as potent urease inhibitors. Bioorg. Chem. 2018, 78, 411–417. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  16. Fadel, H.H.; Lotfy, S.N.; Asker, M.M.; Mahmoud, M.G.; Al-Okbi, S.Y. Nutty-like flavor production by Corynbacterium glutamicum 1220T from enzymatic soybean hydrolysate. Effect of encapsulation and storage on the nutty flavoring quality. J. Adv. Res. 2018, 10, 31–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  17. Shelke, S.M.; Bhosale, S.H. Synthesis, antidepressant evaluation and QSAR studies of novel 2-(5H-[1,2,4]triazino [5,6-b]indol-3-ylthio)-N-(substituted phenyl)acetamides. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2010, 20, 4661–4664. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Monge, A.; Palop, J.; Ramierz, C.; Font, M.; Fernandez-Alveraz, E. New 5H-1,2,4-triazino [5,6-b]indole and aminoindole derivatives. Synthesis and studies as inhibitors of blood platelet aggregation, anti-hypertensive agents and thromboxane synthetase inhibitorsNouveaux dérivés 5H-1,2,4-triazino [5,6-b]indole et de l’aminoindole. Synthèse et évaluation comme inhibiteurs de l’agrégation plaquettaire, agents anti-hypertenseurs et inhibiteurs de la thromboxane synthétase. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 1991, 26, 179. [Google Scholar]
  19. Aswar, U.M.; Kalshetti, P.P.; Shelke, S.M.; Bhosale, S.H.; Bodhankar, S.L. Effect of newly synthesized 1,2,4-triazino [5,6-b]indole-3-thione derivatives on olfactory bulbectomy induced depression in rats. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 2012, 2, 992. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  20. Tomchin, A.B.; Uryupov, O.Y.; Zhukova, T.I.; Kuznetsova, T.A.; Kostycheva, M.V.; Smirnov, A.V. Thiourea and Thiosemicarbazide Derivatives: Structure, Transformations, and Pharmacological Activity. Part II. Antihypoxic Activity of 1,2,4-triazino [5,6-b]indole Derivatives. Pharmaceut. Chem. J. 1997, 31, 125–133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Kgokong, J.L.; Smith, P.P.; Matsabisa, G.M. 1,2,4-Triazino-[5,6b]indole derivatives: Effects of the trifluoromethyl group on in vitro antimalarial activity. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2005, 13, 2935–2942. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  22. Gladych, J.M.Z.; Hunt, J.H.; Jack, D.; Haff, R.F.; Boyle, J.J.; Stewart, R.C.; Ferlanto, R.J. Inhibition of Rhinovirus by Isatin Thiosemicarbazone Analogues. Nature 1969, 221, 286. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Boyle, J.J.; Raupp, W.G.; Stanfield, F.J.; Haff, R.F.; Dick, E.C.; Alessio, D.D.; Dick, C.R. Progress in Rhinovirus Chenotherapy. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1970, 173, 477. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Gwaltney, J.M. Rhinovirus inhibition by 3-substituted triazinoindoles. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1970, 133, 1148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Haff, R.F.; Flagg, W.B.; Gallo, J.J.; Hoover, J.R.E.; Miller, J.A.; Pinto, C.A.; Pagano, J.F. The in vitro antiviral activity of a triazinoindole (SK & F 40491). Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1972, 141, 475–478. [Google Scholar]
  26. Taha, M.; Ismail, N.H.; Jamil, W.; Rashwan, H.; Kashif, S.M.; Sain, A.A.; IlhamAdenan, M.; Anouar, E.H.; Ali, M.; Rahim, F.; et al. Synthesis of novel derivatives of 4- methylbenzimidazole and evaluation of their biological activities. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2014, 84, 731–738. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  27. Xiang, P.; Zhou, T.; Wang, L.; Sun, C.Y.; Hu, J.; Zhao, Y.L.; Yang, L. Novel benzothiazole benzimidazole and benzoxazole derivatives as potential antitumor agents: Synthesis and preliminary in vitro biological evaluation. Molecules 2012, 17, 873–883. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  28. Valdez-Padilla, D.; Rodríguez-Morales, S.; Campos, A.H.; Luis, F.H.; Mulia, L.Y..; Contreras, A.T.; Castillo, R. Synthesis and antiprotozoal activity of novel 1-methylbenzimidazole derivatives. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2009, 17, 1724–1730. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Ishikawa, M.; Nonoshita, K.; Ogino, Y.; Nagae, Y.; Tsukahara, D.; Hosaka, H.; Hosaka, H.; Maruki, H.; Ohyama, S.; Yoshimoto, R.; et al. Discovery of novel 2-(pyridine-2-yl)-1H-benzimidazole derivatives as potent glucokinase activators. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2009, 19, 4450–4454. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Hamaguchi, W.; Masuda, N.; Isomura, M.; Miyamoto, S.; Kikuchi, S.; Amano, Y.; Hanbou, K.; Mahira, T.; Watanabe, T. Design and synthesis of novel benzimidazole derivatives as phosphodiesterase 10A inhibitors with reduced CYP1A2 inhibition. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2013, 21, 7612–7623. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Luo, Y.; Yao, J.P.; Yang, L.; Feng, C.L.; Tang, W.; Wang, G.F.; Lu, W. Design and synthesis of novel benzimidazole derivatives as inhibitors of hepatitis B virus. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2010, 18, 5048–5055. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  32. Padmavathi, V.; Venkatesh, B.C.; Muralikrishna, A.; Padmaja, A. The Reactivity of Gem Cyanoester Ketene Dithiolates towards the Development of Potent Antioxidant Heterocycles. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2012, 60, 449–4458. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  33. Vasquez, R.J.; Howell, B.; Yvon, A.M.; Wadsworth, P.; Cassimeris, L. Nanomolar concentrations of nocodazole alter microtubule dynamic instability in vivo and in vitro. Mol. Biol. Cell. 1997, 8, 973. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  34. Knauf, W.U.; Lissichkov, T.; Aldaoud, A. Phase III randomized study of bendamustine compared with chlorambucil in previously untreated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J. Clin. Oncol. 2009, 27, 4378. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Jenkins, T.C. Targeting multi-stranded DNA structures. Curr. Med. Chem. 2000, 7, 99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  36. Baldisserotto, A.; Demurtas, M.; Lampronti, I.; Tacchini, M.; Moi, D.; Balboni, G.; Pacifico, S.; Vertuani, S.; Manfredini, S.; Onnis, V. Synthesis and evaluation of antioxidant and antiproliferative activity of 2-arylbenzimidazoles. Bioorg. Chem. 2019, 94, 103396. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Sirgamalla, R.; Kommakula, A.; Konduru, S.; Ponakanti, R.; Devaram, J.; Boda, S. Cupper-catalyzed an efficient synthesis, characterization of 2-substituted benzoxazoles, 2-substituted benzothiazoles derivatives and their anti-fungal activity. Chem. Data Collec. 2020, 27, 100362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Aswathy, V.V.; Alper-Hayta, S.; Yalcin, G.; Mary, Y.S.; Panicker, C.Y.; Jojo, P.J.; Kaynak-Onurdag, F.; Armaković, S.; Armaković, S.J.; Yildiz, I.; et al. Modification of benzoxazole derivative by bromine-spectroscopic, antibacterial and reactivity study using experimental and theoretical procedures. J. Mol. Structu. 2017, 1141, 495–511. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Tariq, S.; Kamboj, P.; Alam, O.; Amir, M. 1, 2, 4-Triazole-based benzothiazole/benzoxazole derivatives: Design, synthesis, p38α MAP kinase inhibition, anti-inflammatory activity and molecular docking studies. Bioorg. Chem. 2018, 81, 630–641. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Demmer, C.S.; Bunch, L. Benzoxazoles and oxazolopyridines in medicinal chemistry studies. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2015, 97, 778–785. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Kakkar, S.; Tahlan, S.; Lim, S.M.; Ramasamy, K.; Mani, V.; Shah, S.A.A.; Narasimhan, B. Benzoxazole derivatives: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation. Chem. Cent. J. 2018, 12, 92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  42. Guzow, K.; Mulkiewicz, E.; Obuchowski, M.; Wiczk, W. Biological activity of 3-(2-benzoxazol-5-yl) alanine derivatives. Amino Acids 2021, 53, 1257–1268. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  43. Taha, M.; Alshamrani, F.J.; Rahim, F.; Hayat, S.; Ullah, H.; Zaman, K.; Imran, S.; Khan, K.M.; Naz, F. Synthesis of novel triazinoindole-based thiourea hybrid: A study on α-glucosidase inhibitors and their molecular docking. Molecules 2019, 24, 3819. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  44. Rahim, F.; Tariq, S.; Taha, M.; Ullah, H.; Zaman, K.; Uddin, I.; Wadood, A.; Khan, A.A.; Rehman, A.U.; Uddin, N.; et al. New triazinoindole bearing thiazole/oxazole analogues: Synthesis, α-amylase inhibitory potential and molecular docking study. Bioorg. Chem. 2019, 92, 103284. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Balogun, M.M.; Shamim, S.; Khan, K.M.; Salar, U.; Oladosu, I.A.; Lateef, M.; Wadood, A.; Taha, M.; Moronkola, D.O.; Rehman, A.U.; et al. 2-Mercapto Benzoxazole Derivatives as Novel Leads: Urease Inhibition, In Vitro and In Silico Studies. Chem. Sel. 2021, 6, 8490–8498. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Zaman, K.; Rahim, F.; Taha, M.; Ullah, H.; Wadood, A.; Nawaz, M.; Khan, F.; Wahab, Z.; Shah, S.A.A.; Rehman, A.U.; et al. Synthesis, in vitro urease inhibitory potential and molecular docking study of Benzimidazole analogues. Bioorg. Chem. 2019, 89, 103024. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Hussain, R.; Ullah, H.; Rahim, F.; Sarfraz, M.; Taha, M.; Iqbal, R.; Abdelaziz, M.A. Multipotent Cholinesterase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease: Synthesis, Biological Analysis and Molecular Docking Study of Benzimidazole-Based Thiazole Derivatives. Molecules 2022, 27, 6087. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Khan, S.; Iqbal, S.; Khan, M.; Rehman, W.; Shah, M.; Hussain, R.; Farouk, A.E. Design, Synthesis, In Silico Testing, and In Vitro Evaluation of Thiazolidinone-Based Benzothiazole Derivatives as Inhibitors of α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase. Pharmaceuticals 2022, 15, 1164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Weatherburn, M.W. Phenol-hypochlorite reaction for determination of ammonia. Anal. Chem. 1967, 39, 971–974. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Khan, S.; Ullah, H.; Rahim, F.; Nawaz, M.; Hussain, R.; Rasheed, L. Synthesis, in vitro α-amylase, α-glucosidase activities and molecular docking study of new benzimidazole bearing thiazolidinone derivatives. J. Mol. Structu. 2022, 1269, 133812. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Doğan, Ş.D.; Gündüz, M.G.; Doğan, H.; Krishna, V.S.; Lherbet, C.; Sriram, D. Design and synthesis of thiourea-based derivatives as Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth and enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase (InhA) inhibitors. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2020, 199, 112402. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Molecules 27 06580 g001 550
Figure 1. Rationale of the current study.
Figure 1. Rationale of the current study.
Molecules 27 06580 g001
Molecules 27 06580 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Synthesis of triazinoindole-based benzimidazole/benzoxazole derivatives.
Scheme 1. Synthesis of triazinoindole-based benzimidazole/benzoxazole derivatives.
Molecules 27 06580 sch001
Molecules 27 06580 g002 550
Figure 2. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) study of analogs 1, 4, 10, and 11.
Figure 2. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) study of analogs 1, 4, 10, and 11.
Molecules 27 06580 g002
Molecules 27 06580 g003 550
Figure 3. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) of di-hydroxyl groups bearing analogs 2, 3, 5 and 6.
Figure 3. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) of di-hydroxyl groups bearing analogs 2, 3, 5 and 6.
Molecules 27 06580 g003
Molecules 27 06580 g004 550
Figure 4. SAR study of analogs 7, 8, 9, and 12.
Figure 4. SAR study of analogs 7, 8, 9, and 12.
Molecules 27 06580 g004
Molecules 27 06580 g005 550
Figure 5. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) study of analogs 20, 21, and 22.
Figure 5. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) study of analogs 20, 21, and 22.
Molecules 27 06580 g005
Molecules 27 06580 g006 550
Figure 6. Structure-activity relationship study of halogen-substituted analogs 13, 17, 23, and 24.
Figure 6. Structure-activity relationship study of halogen-substituted analogs 13, 17, 23, and 24.
Molecules 27 06580 g006
Molecules 27 06580 g007 550
Figure 7. SAR study for analogs 15, 16, 18, and 19.
Figure 7. SAR study for analogs 15, 16, 18, and 19.
Molecules 27 06580 g007
Molecules 27 06580 g008 550
Figure 8. Protein-ligand interactions (PLI) profile most active analogs of triazinoindole-based benzimidazole category. (A) for compound 8, while (B) for compound 5 against urease enzyme.
Figure 8. Protein-ligand interactions (PLI) profile most active analogs of triazinoindole-based benzimidazole category. (A) for compound 8, while (B) for compound 5 against urease enzyme.
Molecules 27 06580 g008
Molecules 27 06580 g009 550
Figure 9. Protein-ligand interactions (PLI) profile of the most active analogs of the triazinoindole-based benzoxazole category. (A) shows compound 22, while (B) shows compound 23 against the urease enzyme.
Figure 9. Protein-ligand interactions (PLI) profile of the most active analogs of the triazinoindole-based benzoxazole category. (A) shows compound 22, while (B) shows compound 23 against the urease enzyme.
Molecules 27 06580 g009
Molecules 27 06580 g010 550
Figure 10. Protein-ligand interaction (PLI) profile of standard thiourea and its derivative. (A) is for standard thiourea, while (B) is the thiourea drug against the urease enzyme.
Figure 10. Protein-ligand interaction (PLI) profile of standard thiourea and its derivative. (A) is for standard thiourea, while (B) is the thiourea drug against the urease enzyme.
Molecules 27 06580 g010
Table
Table 1. Triazinoindole-based benzimidazole/benzoxazole analogs, with different substituent(s) and IC50 values, against the urease enzyme.
Table 1. Triazinoindole-based benzimidazole/benzoxazole analogs, with different substituent(s) and IC50 values, against the urease enzyme.
Molecules 27 06580 i001
S.NORIC50 ± SEM
(μM)		S.NORIC50 ± SE
(μM)
14-nitro17.60 ± 0.3022,4-dihydroxy1.90 ± 0.10
33,5-dihydroxy2.10 ± 0.1042-methoxy32.20 ± 0.30
53,4-dihydroxy0.90 ± 0.0162,5-dihydroxy6.70 ± 0.20
73-hydroxy18.90 ± 0.4082,4,6-trihydroxy0.20 ± 0.01
94-dimethylamino31.10 ± 0.30102-nitro19.30 ± 0.40
113-nitro26.60 ± 0.50124-hydroxy14.60 ± 0.30
Standard Thiourea21.86 ± 0.40 μM
Molecules 27 06580 i002
134-chloro9.70 ± 0.20144-methyl ethanoate23.90 ± 0.50
152-methyl36.20 ± 0.70164-methyl28.20 ± 0.50
173-chloro22.20 ± 0.50182-hydroxy3.80 ± 0.10
193-methyl34.90 ± 0.70203-hydroxy-4-methoxy2.70 ± 0.10
212,4-dimethoxy31.76 ± 0.50222,3-dihydroxy1.70 ± 0.10
232-fluoro1.10 ± 0.01243-fluoro1.60 ± 0.01
253-nitro21.20 ± 0.40---
Standard Thiourea21.86 ± 0.40 μM
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Mumtaz, S.; Iqbal, S.; Shah, M.; Hussain, R.; Rahim, F.; Rehman, W.; Khan, S.; Abid, O.-u.-R.; Rasheed, L.; Dera, A.A.; et al. New Triazinoindole Bearing Benzimidazole/Benzoxazole Hybrids Analogs as Potent Inhibitors of Urease: Synthesis, In Vitro Analysis and Molecular Docking Studies. Molecules 2022, 27, 6580. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196580

AMA Style

Mumtaz S, Iqbal S, Shah M, Hussain R, Rahim F, Rehman W, Khan S, Abid O-u-R, Rasheed L, Dera AA, et al. New Triazinoindole Bearing Benzimidazole/Benzoxazole Hybrids Analogs as Potent Inhibitors of Urease: Synthesis, In Vitro Analysis and Molecular Docking Studies. Molecules. 2022; 27(19):6580. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196580

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mumtaz, Sundas, Shahid Iqbal, Mazloom Shah, Rafaqat Hussain, Fazal Rahim, Wajid Rehman, Shoaib Khan, Obaid-ur-Rahman Abid, Liaqat Rasheed, Ayed A. Dera, and et al. 2022. "New Triazinoindole Bearing Benzimidazole/Benzoxazole Hybrids Analogs as Potent Inhibitors of Urease: Synthesis, In Vitro Analysis and Molecular Docking Studies" Molecules 27, no. 19: 6580. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196580

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop