Macrophage-Mediated Immune Responses: From Fatty Acids to Oxylipins
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Fatty Acids
2.1. Medium-Chain and Uneven Saturated Fatty Acids
2.2. Long-Chain Saturated Fatty Acids
2.3. Monounsaturated Fatty Acids
2.4. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
2.4.1. Linoleic Acid
2.4.2. Gamma-Linolenic Acid and Dihomo-Gamma-Linolenic Acid
2.4.3. Eicosatrienoic Acid
2.4.4. Arachidonic Acid
2.4.5. Adrenic Acid
2.4.6. Docosapentaenoic Acid
2.5. Omega-3 PUFAs
3. Concluding Remarks
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Symbol | Name | Abbreviation | Effect on Inflammation | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Type 1 | Type 2 | |||
Medium-Chain Saturated Fatty Acids | ||||
12:0 | Lauric acid | LU | ↑↓ | ? |
14:0 | Myristic acid | MA | ↑ | ? |
Uneven Saturated Fatty Acids | ||||
15:0 | Pentadecanoic acid | PdA | ↓ | ? |
17:0 | Heptadecanoic or Margaric acid | MaA | ? | ? |
Long-Chain Saturated Fatty Acids | ||||
16:0 | Palmitic acid | PA | ↑ | ? |
18:0 | Stearic acid | SA | ↑ | ? |
20:0 | Arachidic acid | ArA | ↑ | ? |
22:0 | Docosanoic acid | ? | ? | |
23:0 | Tricosanoic acid | ? | ? | |
24:0 | Tetracosanoic acid | ? | ? | |
26:0 | Hexacosanoic acid | ? | ? | |
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids | ||||
16:1 | Palmitoleic acid | PoA | ↓ | ↑? |
17:1 | Heptadecenoic acid | ? | ? | |
18:1 | Oleic acid | OA | ↓ | ↑ |
20:1 | Gadoleic acid | ? | ? | |
22:1 | Docosenoic acid | ? | ? | |
24:1 | Tetracosenoic acid | ? | ? | |
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Omega-6 and Omega-9 | ||||
18:2 | Linoleic acid | LA | ↑↓ | ↑ |
18:3 N6 | Gamma-linolenic acid | GLA | ↓ | ? |
20:2 | Eicosadienoic acid | EDA | ↑ | ? |
20:3 N6 | Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid | DGLA | ↓ | ? |
20:3 N9 | Eicosatrienoic acid or mead acid | ETA N9 | ? | ? |
20:4 | Arachidonic acid | AA | ↑ | ↑ |
22:4 | Adrenic acid | AdA | ↑ | ? |
22:5 N6 | Docosapentaenoic acid | DPA N6 | ↓ | ↑ |
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Omega-3 | ||||
18:3 N3 | Alpha-linolenic acid | ALA | ↓ | ↑ |
18:4 N3 | Stearidonic acid | SDA | ↓ | ↑? |
20:3 N3 | Eicosatrienoic acid | ETA N3 | ↓ | ? |
20:5 N3 | Eicosapentaenoic acid | EPA | ↓ | ? |
22:5 N3 | Docosapentaenoic acid | DPA N3 | ↓ | ? |
22:6 N3 | Docosahexaenoic acid | DHA | ↓ | ? |
Fatty Acid | Findings | Selected References |
---|---|---|
MA | Myristoylation of viral protein-4 (VP4) increased TLR2 aggregation with MyD88 in mouse BM-macrophages and chemokine production in human alveolar macrophages | [22] |
In human embryonic kidney (HEK)293 cells, myristoylation of TRIF-related adaptor molecule (TRAM), followed by its translocation to the plasma membrane, was essential for TLR4 signaling and LPS activation | [23] | |
LU | LU increased TLR signaling and COX-2 expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages | [24,25] |
LU increased killing of Brucella abortus in vitro and in vivo likely through GPR84 | [26] | |
Improved insulin resistance and reduced inflammation in THP-1 macrophages and in vivo | [27,28] | |
PdA | In a model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis induced by methionine- and choline-deficient diet, administration of PdA reduced ceroid-laden macrophages | [30] |
PdA reduced reactive oxygen species in human hepatic cell line and production of type 1 proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cells | [29] |
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Balestrieri, B.; Di Costanzo, D.; Dwyer, D.F. Macrophage-Mediated Immune Responses: From Fatty Acids to Oxylipins. Molecules 2022, 27, 152. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27010152
Balestrieri B, Di Costanzo D, Dwyer DF. Macrophage-Mediated Immune Responses: From Fatty Acids to Oxylipins. Molecules. 2022; 27(1):152. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27010152
Chicago/Turabian StyleBalestrieri, Barbara, David Di Costanzo, and Daniel F. Dwyer. 2022. "Macrophage-Mediated Immune Responses: From Fatty Acids to Oxylipins" Molecules 27, no. 1: 152. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27010152
APA StyleBalestrieri, B., Di Costanzo, D., & Dwyer, D. F. (2022). Macrophage-Mediated Immune Responses: From Fatty Acids to Oxylipins. Molecules, 27(1), 152. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27010152