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Article

Systematic Study of Quaternary Ammonium Cations for Bromine Sequestering Application in High Energy Density Electrolytes for Hydrogen Bromine Redox Flow Batteries

by
Michael Küttinger
1,2,
Paulette A. Loichet Torres
1,
Emeline Meyer
1,
Peter Fischer
1,* and
Jens Tübke
1,2
1
Applied Electrochemistry, Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer Straße 7, D-76327 Pfinztal, Germany
2
Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KIT, Straße am Forum 8, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2021, 26(9), 2721; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092721
Submission received: 26 February 2021 / Revised: 23 April 2021 / Accepted: 26 April 2021 / Published: 6 May 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Redox Flow Batteries: Developments and Applications)
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Abstract

Bromine complexing agents (BCAs) are used to reduce the vapor pressure of bromine in the aqueous electrolytes of bromine flow batteries. BCAs bind hazardous, volatile bromine by forming a second, heavy liquid fused salt. The properties of BCAs in a strongly acidic bromine electrolyte are largely unexplored. A total of 38 different quaternary ammonium halides are investigated ex situ regarding their properties and applicability in bromine electrolytes as BCAs. The focus is on the development of safe and performant HBr/Br2/H2O electrolytes with a theoretical capacity of 180 Ah L−1 for hydrogen bromine redox flow batteries (H2/Br2-RFB). Stable liquid fused salts, moderate bromine complexation, large conductivities and large redox potentials in the aqueous phase of the electrolytes are investigated in order to determine the most applicable BCA for this kind of electrolyte. A detailed study on the properties of BCA cations in these parameters is provided for the first time, as well as for electrolyte mixtures at different states of charge of the electrolyte. 1-ethylpyridin-1-ium bromide [C2Py]Br is selected from 38 BCAs based on its properties as a BCA that should be focused on for application in electrolytes for H2/Br2-RFB in the future.
Keywords: electrochemistry; bromine; quaternary ammonium salts; sequestration; hydrogen bromine redox flow battery; electrolyte; liquid/liquid phase equilibrium electrochemistry; bromine; quaternary ammonium salts; sequestration; hydrogen bromine redox flow battery; electrolyte; liquid/liquid phase equilibrium

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MDPI and ACS Style

Küttinger, M.; Loichet Torres, P.A.; Meyer, E.; Fischer, P.; Tübke, J. Systematic Study of Quaternary Ammonium Cations for Bromine Sequestering Application in High Energy Density Electrolytes for Hydrogen Bromine Redox Flow Batteries. Molecules 2021, 26, 2721. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092721

AMA Style

Küttinger M, Loichet Torres PA, Meyer E, Fischer P, Tübke J. Systematic Study of Quaternary Ammonium Cations for Bromine Sequestering Application in High Energy Density Electrolytes for Hydrogen Bromine Redox Flow Batteries. Molecules. 2021; 26(9):2721. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092721

Chicago/Turabian Style

Küttinger, Michael, Paulette A. Loichet Torres, Emeline Meyer, Peter Fischer, and Jens Tübke. 2021. "Systematic Study of Quaternary Ammonium Cations for Bromine Sequestering Application in High Energy Density Electrolytes for Hydrogen Bromine Redox Flow Batteries" Molecules 26, no. 9: 2721. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092721

APA Style

Küttinger, M., Loichet Torres, P. A., Meyer, E., Fischer, P., & Tübke, J. (2021). Systematic Study of Quaternary Ammonium Cations for Bromine Sequestering Application in High Energy Density Electrolytes for Hydrogen Bromine Redox Flow Batteries. Molecules, 26(9), 2721. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092721

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