Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase Potentials of Cassia timoriensis DC. Flowers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Phytochemical Screening of Cassia timoriensis Flowers
2.2. Antioxidant Capacity of Cassia timoriensis Flower Extracts
2.3. Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Cassia timoriensis Flower Extracts
2.4. In Vitro Anti-Acetylcholinesterase Activity of Cassia timoriensis Flower Extracts
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials (Chemicals)
3.2. Plant Collection and Identification
3.3. Plant Extraction and Fractionation
3.4. Phytochemical Screening
3.5. Antioxidant Capacity
3.5.1. Total Flavonoid Content (TFC)
3.5.2. Total Phenolic Content (TPC)
3.5.3. Radical Scavenging Capacity
3.6. Anti-Inflammatory Activity
3.7. Inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase Activity
3.8. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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No. | Class | Test | HE | EE | ME | AE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Alkaloids | Mayer’s test | - | - | - | - |
Wagner’s test | - | - | - | - | ||
Dragendorff’s test | - | - | - | - | ||
2 | Flavonoids | Alkaline reagent test | + | + | + | - |
Zn/HCL reduction test | + | + | + | - | ||
3 | Tannins | Ferric chloride test | + | + | + | + |
4 | Saponins | Frothing test | - | - | - | + |
5 | Cardiac glycosides | Keller–Killiani test | - | - | - | - |
6 | Anthraquinones glycoside | Borntrager’s test | - | + | - | - |
7 | Steroids | Liebermann–Burchard test | + | + | + | - |
Salkowski test | + | + | + | + | ||
8 | Terpenoids | Modified Salkowski test | + | - | + | - |
9 | Coumarins | - | + | + | + | - |
10 | Quinones | - | - | - | - | - |
11 | Proteins | Millon’s test | - | + | + | + |
12 | Carbohydrates | Benedict’s test (reducing sugar) | - | + | + | + |
Sample | TPC mg GAE/g DW | TFC mg QE/g DW | Antioxidant Activity (DPPH Assay) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
% Inhibition * | IC50 (µg/mL) | |||
n-Hexane extract | 136.36 ± 9.58 | 300.58 ± 10.78 | 45.18 ± 0.51 | 54.08 ± 0.78 |
Ethyl acetate extract | 527.43 ± 5.83 | 851.83 ± 10.08 | 97.80 ± 0.29 | 20.12 ± 0.12 |
Methanol extract | 321.75 ± 11.33 | 493.92 ± 9.27 | 71.74 ± 0.39 | 34.48 ± 0.07 |
Aqueous extract | 31.05 ± 7.94 | 61.83 ± 9.10 | 12.18 ± 2.58 | - |
Ascorbic acid | - | - | 98.73 ± 0.25 | 20.22 ± 0.03 |
Sample | Concentration (µg/mL) | % Inhibition ** |
---|---|---|
n-Hexane extract | 100 | 43.13 ± 2.63 |
200 | 85.25 ± 2.50 | |
Ethyl acetate extract | 100 | 92.38 ± 0.74 |
200 | 92.50 ± 1.38 | |
Methanol extract | 100 | 89.45 ± 1.25 |
200 | 92.22 ± 1.09 | |
Aqueous extract | 100 | 36.76 ± 1.50 |
200 | 87.16 ± 2.02 | |
Indomethacin | 100 | 90.04 ± 0.87 |
200 | 91.15 ± 0.32 |
Sample | % Inhibition * | IC50 (µg/mL) |
---|---|---|
Galantamine | 98.64 ± 0.01 | 1.33 ± 0.03 |
Aqueous extract | 38.32 ± 0.09 | - |
Methanol extract | 96.55 ± 0.02 | 6.40 ± 0.27 |
Ethyl acetate extract | 96.87 ± 0.05 | 6.91 ± 0.38 |
n-Hexane extract | 92.35 ± 0.014 | 12.08 ± 0.95 |
No. | Class | Test | Method | Positive Result | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Alkaloids | Mayer’s test | A few milligrams of each extract were dissolved individually in dilute HCL and filtered. Then, the filtrates were separately treated with Mayer’s, Wagner’s, and Dragendorff’s Reagents to test for the presence of alkaloids. | Turbidity or creamy precipitate | [19] |
Wagner’s test | Yellow–brown precipitate | [19] | |||
Dragendorff’s test | Turbidity or orange–red precipitate | [19] | |||
2 | Flavonoids | Alkaline test | About 2 mL of 20% NaOH solution was added to 1 mL of alcoholic solution of each plant extract individually. | Observation of intense yellow color | [19] |
Zn/HCl test | A pinch of zinc dust added to 2 mL of the alcoholic solution of sample. Then, a few drops of concentrated HCL were added slowly. | Observation of pink to red color | [20] | ||
3 | Tannins | Ferric chloride test | About 10 mg of the extracts was boiled in 10 mL of water in a test tube and then filtered. Then, a few drops of 1% ferric chloride wew added to the filtrate. | Hydrolysable tannins give bluish-black color, while condensed give brownish-green color | [19] |
4 | Saponin | Frothing test | A few milligrams of each extract were mixed separately with 5 mL of distilled water and mixed vigorously. | Persistent foam | [19] |
5 | Cardiac glycoside | Keller–Killiani test | About 3 mg of each extract was dissolved in 3 mL of concentrated acetic acid. Then, one drop of 5% FeCl3 solution was added, followed by few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid. | A reddish-brown ring forms at the interface | [18,19] |
6 | Anthraquinone glycoside | Borntrager’s test | A few milligrams of each extract were treated with dilute HCL and boiled for 5 min, cooled, and shaken with an equal volume of chloroform, benzene, or any other organic layer; then, the organic layer was separated and treated with ammonia. | Pink to red color in aqueous alkaline layer | [19] |
7 | Steroids | Salkowski’s test | A few milligrams of sample were treated with chloroform and filtered. The filtrates were then treated with a few drops of concentrated sulfuric acid. | Greenish-yellow color indicates the presence of steroids | [18,19] |
Liebermann–Burchard test | About 2 mg of each extract was dissolved in acetic anhydride, heated, and cooled before adding 1 mL of concentrated sulphuric acid along the test tube’s sides. | Green color indicates the presence of steroids nucleus | [18,19] | ||
8 | Triterpenoids | Modified Salkowoski’s test | About 1 mL of each of the four extracts was added to 1 mL of chloroform and filtered to clarify the solution, followed by dropwise addition of a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid at the wall side of test tube. | Observation of reddish-brown color | |
9 | Coumarins | - | To 2 mL of each extract, a few drops of 10% alcoholic NaOH were added. | Observation of yellow color | [19] |
10 | Quinone | - | To 1 mL of each extract, a few drops of NaOH were added. | Observation of red or blue green color | [19] |
11 | Protein | Million’s test | A few drops of Million’s reagent were added to 2 mL of each sample and mixed. | Red color or precipitate indicated the presence of protein | [19] |
12 | Carbohydrate | Benedict’s test | A few drops of Benedict’s reagent were added to an aqueous solution of each plant extract and mixed. | Observation of orange–red color | [19] |
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Alhawarri, M.B.; Dianita, R.; Razak, K.N.A.; Mohamad, S.; Nogawa, T.; Wahab, H.A. Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase Potentials of Cassia timoriensis DC. Flowers. Molecules 2021, 26, 2594. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092594
Alhawarri MB, Dianita R, Razak KNA, Mohamad S, Nogawa T, Wahab HA. Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase Potentials of Cassia timoriensis DC. Flowers. Molecules. 2021; 26(9):2594. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092594
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlhawarri, Maram B., Roza Dianita, Khairul Niza Abd Razak, Suriani Mohamad, Toshihiko Nogawa, and Habibah A. Wahab. 2021. "Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase Potentials of Cassia timoriensis DC. Flowers" Molecules 26, no. 9: 2594. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092594