Versatile Use of Chitosan and Hyaluronan in Medicine †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Viscosupplementation
1.2. Viscoprotection
1.3. Drug Delivery and Gene Therapy
1.4. Dentistry
1.5. Cosmetics
1.6. Tissue Engineering and Wound Healing
2. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Functions of HA in Articular Joints |
---|
Enhancing metabolism of chondrocytes |
Prevention of the degradation of proteoglycans and collagen in the extracellular matrix |
Inhibition of degeneration of chondrodrocytes |
Protection of chondrocytes against apoptotic death |
Form | Drug | Method |
---|---|---|
Nanoparticles | Insulin, cyclosporin A | Emulsion droplet |
Ionic gelation | ||
Coalescence Coacervation/precipitation Reverse micellar method | ||
Gels/hydrogels | Caffeine, lidocaine | Cross-linking reactions |
Insulin | Capsule shell | |
Beads | Bovine serum albumin, salbutamol | Coacervation/precipitation |
Trypsin, testosterone | Wet casting from salt solutions | |
Microspheres | Diclofenac, aspirin, 5-fluorouracil | Sieving method Water-in-oil emulsion |
Spray-drying Coacervation/precipitation Cross-linking | ||
Triamcinolone acetonide | Freeze drying | |
Reactions in supercritical fluids | ||
Tablets | Salicylic acid, diclofenac | Matrix coating |
Chitosan Derivatives | Characteristics |
---|---|
Carboxymethyl chitosan | The most widely explored derivative of chitosan with enhanced water solubility at pH > 7. |
Carbohydrate branched chitosans | These derivatives are water soluble. Carbohydrates can be grafted onto the chitosan backbone at the C-2 position by reductive alkylation, which is essential since they are recognized by the corresponding specific lectins and thus could be applied for drug targeting. |
Alkylated chitosan | Very essential as an amphiphilic polymer based on polysaccharides, enhances the stability of the interfacial film, cationic surfactant adsorbed on the alkyl chain grafted on chitosan, which promotes its solubilization. |
Thiolated chitosan derivatives | Thiourea increases the antibacterial properties of chitosan derivative. |
Trimethyl ammonium chitosan | Water soluble over all the pH range, is obtained by quaternization of chitosan, bearing good flocculating and antistatic properties. |
N-Methylene phosphonic chitosans | Have good complexing efficiency for cations such as Ca(II), and transition metals (Cu, Zn, etc.). The complexation provides corrosion protection for metal surfaces. These derivatives were also modified and grafted with alkyl chains to obtain amphiphilic properties. |
N-Succinyl chitosan | An amphiprotic derivative containing amine, hydroxyl, and carboxyl groups. It has excellent physical, chemical and biological properties required for biomedical applications. |
Chitosan-grafted copolymers | One of the most explored derivatives is polyethylene glycol grafted chitosan, which has the advantage of being water soluble, depending on the degree of grafting. |
Commercial Chitosan Preparations | Characteristics |
---|---|
Chitipack P® Eisai Co | Swollen chitin dispersed in polyethylene terephthalate, favors early granulation tissue formation. |
Chitipack S® Eisai Co | Sponge-like chitin obtained from squid. Favors early granulation tissue formation, no retroactive scar formation. Suitable for traumatic wounds and surgical tissue defects. |
Tegasorb® 3M | Chitosan particles will swell while absorbing exudate, forming a soft gel. A layer of waterproof Tegaderm® dressing covers a hydrocolloid. Suitable for leg ulcers, sacral wounds, chronic wounds. |
Chitoflex® | HemCon chitosan-based is antibacterial and biocompatible. It combines strongly to tissue surfaces and forms a flexible barrier, which can seal and stabilize the wound. For stuffing into a wound track to control severe bleeding. |
Chitoseal® Abbott | Chitosan-based. Good biocompatibility and hemostatic function. For bleeding wounds |
Chitopack C® Eisai | Cotton-like chitosan. It repairs body tissue completely, rebuilds normal subcutaneous tissue and regenerates skin regularly. |
Chitopoly® Fuji | Chitosan and polynosic Junlon polyacrylate for preparing antimicrobial wears. For preventing dermatitis. |
HemCon® Bandage | Engineered chitosan acetate preparation designed as a high-performance hemostatic dressing. |
Reaxon® (Medovent, Germany) | Chitosan-based nerve conduit which is resistant to collapse and helps to avoid the undesired drawbacks of autografts. This hydrogel is bioactive (supports nerve regeneration equivalent to the autograft), biocompatible (prevents irritation and inflammation), antiadhesive (inhibits scar tissue and neuroma formation), and antibacterial (prevents infection). |
ChitoSeat™ | A family of chitosan-based hemostatic sealants that is suitable for surgical hemorrhage of hard and soft tissue. |
Beschitin®, Unitika (Osaka, Japan) | A non-woven fabric manufactured from chitin filaments is also commercially available in Japan. It is recommended for the successful and fast healing of burns, skin abrasions, postoperative wounds, bed sores, ulcers and several other injuries. |
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Valachová, K.; Šoltés, L. Versatile Use of Chitosan and Hyaluronan in Medicine. Molecules 2021, 26, 1195. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26041195
Valachová K, Šoltés L. Versatile Use of Chitosan and Hyaluronan in Medicine. Molecules. 2021; 26(4):1195. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26041195
Chicago/Turabian StyleValachová, Katarína, and Ladislav Šoltés. 2021. "Versatile Use of Chitosan and Hyaluronan in Medicine" Molecules 26, no. 4: 1195. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26041195