Chloroquine Potentiates the Anticancer Effect of Pterostilbene on Pancreatic Cancer by Inhibiting Autophagy and Downregulating the RAGE/STAT3 Pathway
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Pterostilbene Inhibits Growth in PDAC Cell Lines
2.2. The Combination of Pterostilbene and Chloroquine Exerts Enhanced Cytotoxicity against Pancreatic Cancer Cells
2.3. Pterostilbene Combined with Chloroquine Downregulates the RAGE/STAT3 Signaling Pathways and Increases Apoptosis
2.4. The Combination of PT and CQ Treatment Enhances Anticancer Effects in an Orthotopic Pancreatic Cancer Model
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Chemicals
4.2. Reagents
4.3. Cell Culture
4.4. Cell Viability Assay
4.5. Detection of SubG0/G1 and Apoptosis by Flow Cytometry
4.6. Immunofluorescence Staining and Detection of Autophagy
4.7. Western Blot Analysis
4.8. Transmission Electron Microscopy
4.9. Orthotopic Pancreatic Cancer Model
4.10. H&E Staining and Immunohistochemistry Staining
4.11. Statistical Analysis
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Groups | Number of Mice | Inhibition (%) | TVQTs | TGDTs | p-Value (t-Test) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | CQ | PT | |||||
Control | 5 | -- | 17.6 ± 2.3 | -- | |||
CQ | 5 | 29.9 ± 12.8 | 24.1 ± 4.2 | 6.5 ± 4.2 | * <0.05 | ||
PT | 5 | 19.7 ± 13.4 | 21.3 ± 3.4 | 3.6 ± 3.4 | 0.08 | 0.27 | |
CQ + PT | 5 | 39.4 ± 17.2 | 33.5 ± 12.0 | 15.9 ± 12.0 | * <0.05 | 0.14 | # <0.05 |
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Chen, R.-J.; Lyu, Y.-J.; Chen, Y.-Y.; Lee, Y.-C.; Pan, M.-H.; Ho, Y.-S.; Wang, Y.-J. Chloroquine Potentiates the Anticancer Effect of Pterostilbene on Pancreatic Cancer by Inhibiting Autophagy and Downregulating the RAGE/STAT3 Pathway. Molecules 2021, 26, 6741. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26216741
Chen R-J, Lyu Y-J, Chen Y-Y, Lee Y-C, Pan M-H, Ho Y-S, Wang Y-J. Chloroquine Potentiates the Anticancer Effect of Pterostilbene on Pancreatic Cancer by Inhibiting Autophagy and Downregulating the RAGE/STAT3 Pathway. Molecules. 2021; 26(21):6741. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26216741
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Rong-Jane, Yi-Jhen Lyu, Yu-Ying Chen, Yen-Chien Lee, Min-Hsiung Pan, Yuan-Soon Ho, and Ying-Jan Wang. 2021. "Chloroquine Potentiates the Anticancer Effect of Pterostilbene on Pancreatic Cancer by Inhibiting Autophagy and Downregulating the RAGE/STAT3 Pathway" Molecules 26, no. 21: 6741. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26216741