Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Pinus densiflora Bark Extract in Gerbil Hippocampus Following Transient Forebrain Ischemia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Total Polyphenols, Flavonoids, and Proanthocyanidins of Pinus densiflora Bark Extract (PBE)
2.2. PBE Protected Hippocampal Neurons from Ischemic Injury
2.2.1. Finding by Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) Staining
2.2.2. Finding by Neuron-Specific Soluble Nuclear Antigen (NeuN) Immunohistofluorescence
2.2.3. Finding by Fluoro-Jade B (F-J B) Histofluorescence
2.3. PBE Attenuated Microglia Activation (Microgliosis) in Ischemic CA1
2.4. PBE Decreased Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Ischemic CA1 Pyramidal Neurons
2.4.1. Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNF- α) Immunoreactivity
2.4.2. Interleukin 1β (IL-1β) Immunoreactivity
2.5. PBE Increased Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines in Ischemic CA1 Pyramidal Neurons
2.5.1. IL-4 Immunoreactivity
2.5.2. IL-13 Immunoreactivity
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Preparation of PBE Administration
4.2. Qualitative Analysis of PBE
4.2.1. Total Phenol Content
4.2.2. Total Flavonoid Content
4.2.3. Total Proanthocyanidin Content
4.3. Experimental Animals
4.4. Experimental Groups and PBE Administration
4.5. Induction of TFI
4.6. Preparation of Brain Tissue Sections
4.7. H&E Staining
4.8. NeuN Immunofluorescence and F-J B Histofluorescence Staining
4.9. Immunohistochemistry
4.10. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability Statement
Abbreviations
CA | cornu ammonis |
F-J B | fluoro-Jade B |
H&E | hematoxylin and eosin |
IL | interleukin |
NeuN | neuron-specific soluble nuclear antigen |
PBE | Pinus densiflora bark extract |
RI | relative immunoreactivity |
ROD | relative optical density |
SO | stratum oriens |
SP | stratum pyramidale |
SR | stratum radiatum |
TFI | transient forebrain ischemia |
TNF-α | tumor necrosis factor α |
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Total Polyphenols (mg GAE/g) | Total Flavonoids (mg QE/g) | Total Proanthocyanidins (mg CE/g) |
---|---|---|
92.89 ± 0.66 | 23.57 ± 0.11 | 53.42 ± 6.74 |
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Park, J.H.; Kim, J.D.; Lee, T.-K.; Han, X.; Sim, H.; Kim, B.; Lee, J.-C.; Ahn, J.H.; Lee, C.-H.; Kim, D.W.; et al. Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Pinus densiflora Bark Extract in Gerbil Hippocampus Following Transient Forebrain Ischemia. Molecules 2021, 26, 4592. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26154592
Park JH, Kim JD, Lee T-K, Han X, Sim H, Kim B, Lee J-C, Ahn JH, Lee C-H, Kim DW, et al. Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Pinus densiflora Bark Extract in Gerbil Hippocampus Following Transient Forebrain Ischemia. Molecules. 2021; 26(15):4592. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26154592
Chicago/Turabian StylePark, Joon Ha, Jong Dai Kim, Tae-Kyeong Lee, Xionggao Han, Hyejin Sim, Bora Kim, Jae-Chul Lee, Ji Hyeon Ahn, Choong-Hyun Lee, Dae Won Kim, and et al. 2021. "Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Pinus densiflora Bark Extract in Gerbil Hippocampus Following Transient Forebrain Ischemia" Molecules 26, no. 15: 4592. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26154592