Next Article in Journal
A Pyranoxanthone as a Potent Antimitotic and Sensitizer of Cancer Cells to Low Doses of Paclitaxel
Next Article in Special Issue
Homobivalent Lamellarin-Like Schiff Bases: In Vitro Evaluation of Their Cancer Cell Cytotoxicity and Multitargeting Anti-Alzheimer’s Disease Potential
Previous Article in Journal
Implication of Lactucopicrin in Autophagy, Cell Cycle Arrest and Oxidative Stress to Inhibit U87Mg Glioblastoma Cell Growth
Previous Article in Special Issue
Synthesis of Conformationally Constrained d-Glu-meso-DAP Analogs as Innate Immune Agonists
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Molecules
Volume 25
Issue 24
10.3390/molecules25245844
molecules-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Novel 3-Acetyl-2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-oxadiazolines: Synthesis and Biological Activity

by
Kinga Paruch
1,*,
Łukasz Popiołek
1,
Anna Biernasiuk
2,
Anna Hordyjewska
3,
Anna Malm
2 and
Monika Wujec
1
1
Chair and Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodźki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
2
Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
3
Chair and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Dentistry, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodźki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2020, 25(24), 5844; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25245844
Submission received: 11 November 2020 / Revised: 4 December 2020 / Accepted: 6 December 2020 / Published: 10 December 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biologically Active Heterocyclic Compounds)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The aim of our study was the two-stage synthesis of 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives. The first step was the synthesis of hydrazide–hydrazones from 3-methyl-4-nitrobenzhydrazide and the corresponding substituted aromatic aldehydes. Then, the synthesized hydrazide–hydrazones were cyclized with acetic anhydride to obtain new 3-acetyl-2,3-disubstituted-1,3,4-oxadiazolines. All of obtained compounds were tested in in vitro assays to establish their potential antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity. Our results indicated that few of the newly synthesized compounds had some antimicrobial activity, mainly compounds 20 and 37 towards all used reference bacterial strains (except Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and fungi. These substances showed a strong or powerful bactericidal effect, especially against Staphylococcus spp. belonging to Gram-positive bacteria. Compound 37 was active against Staphylococcus epidermidis at minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) = 0.48 µg/mL and was characterized by low cytotoxicity. This compound possessed quinolin-4-yl substituent in the second position of 1,3,4-oxadiazole ring and 3-methyl-4-nitrophenyl in position 5. High effectiveness and safety of these derivatives make them promising candidates as antimicrobial agents. Whereas the compound 20 with the 5-iodofurane substituent in position 2 of the 1,3,4-oxadiazole ring showed the greatest activity against S. epidermidis at MIC = 1.95 µg/mL.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Antibiotic resistance has now become a global problem [1]. Countries around the world are struggling with it, which is why the fight against microbial resistance has been identified as a priority issue in the field of public health by several major global organizations and agencies, i.e., the European Food Safety Authority, the European Medicines Agency, and the European Prevention Office and Disease Control [1]. Thus, the synthesis of new compounds with potential antimicrobial activity is still a major challenge in science today.
The largest number of acute infections described in the literature are caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. It is believed that these etiologic factors most often cause life-threatening infections during inpatient treatment and in palliative care centers [2]. An additional difficulty in controlling these pathogens is their resistance to β-lactam antibiotics and even methicillin. These types of strains are called: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) [3]. They cause infection mainly in people with low immunity. These bacterial strains possess a unique ability to adhere to surfaces without the receptors, only through the production of mucus. Due to this patients with any foreign bodies (i.e., patients after recent surgery with implanted artificial valves or implants, catheterized, intubated, or dialyzed) are extremely susceptible to the risk of infection [4,5]. Treatment of infections caused by these microorganisms is particularly difficult because the source of infection is their natural reservoir, i.e., man. As a result of this many species of staphylococci species are part of our natural microflora covering the skin, throat or the atrium of the nose [6,7].
Recent research conducted in our group has revealed that 3-acetyl-2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-oxadiazolines show significant bioactivity [8,9]. These derivatives have a broad spectrum of activity mainly: antibacterial [10,11,12,13,14,15], antifungal [16,17,18,19], antitubercular [20,21,22], antiprotozoal [23,24], anti-cancer [25,26,27,28], antioxidant [29,30]. They also can act as monoamine oxidase inhibitors [31,32,33,34]. In addition, commonly used drugs, such as Furamizole [35], Nesapidil [36], Raltegravir [37], Tiodazosin [38,39], and Zibotentan [40,41] contain 1,3,4-oxadiazole system (Figure 1).
The 3-acetyl-1,3,4-oxadiazolines are usually obtained as a result of the cyclization reaction of the corresponding hydrazones in an acetic anhydride medium [12,30,42,43,44,45].
The mechanism of the antibacterial action of 1,3,4-oxadiazoles may result from the presence of the –N=CO group in their structure and the transcription of genes involved in biofilm formation, such as SARA (regulator of gene expression), icaA (polysaccharide intercellular adhesion (PIA) or polymeric N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG) production), spa (surface protein for bacterial aggregation), fnbA (fibronectin-binding protein A) and fnbB (fibronectin-binding protein B). The gene necessary for biofilm formation in S. aureus as well as the main global regulator of the diverse range of virulence determinants in S. aureus [9,10].
The 3-acetyl-2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-oxadizole derivatives seems to be promising antimicrobial agents especially because the seriousness of the growing threat from bacteria fully indicates the urgent need to search for new chemotherapeutics that are stable to the resistance mechanisms created by microorganisms.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Chemistry

For this research, we synthesized new hydrazide–hydrazones (2–19) and 3-acetyl-2,5-disubstituted 1,3,4-oxadiazoline derivatives (20–37) with the use of the cyclization reaction of appropriate hydrazide–hydrazones (2–19) with neat acetic anhydride (Scheme 1).
Novel hydrazide–hydrazones (2–19) were obtained in good yields (59–98%), but 3-acetyl-2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-oxadiazoline (20–37) were obtained in lower yields (10–35%). Synthesized compounds are stable solids and could be dissolved in DMSO at room temperature. The successful synthesis of novel derivatives was confirmed by analyzing observed signals on 1H and 13C NMR spectra.
Hydrazide–hydrazones (2–19) possessed the following characteristic signals on the 1H NMR spectra, which confirmed the successful conduction of condensation reactions: singlet for the NH group in the range of 11.73–12.91 ppm and signal for the =CH group at δ 8.23–9.11 ppm. Signals for other fragments of synthesized molecules (2–19) were observed at expected values of chemical shift. In the case of 13C NMR spectra, signals for =CH and C=O groups appeared in the range of δ 137.11–138.61 ppm and 161.18–185.41 ppm, respectively. Additionally, we observed characteristic signals for =CH and C=O groups at expected regions in the FT-IR spectra.
On the other hand, for 3-acetyl-2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-oxadiazoline derivatives (20–37) in the 1H NMR, the singlet signal for the CH group of 1,3,4-oxadiazoline was observed at δ 7.15–10.01 ppm and for the acetyl substituent for the methyl group, it appeared at δ 1.93–2.57 ppm. Signals for the CH group and the carbon atom of 1,3,4-oxadiazoline in the 13C NMR spectra were found at δ 88.41–125.08 ppm and δ 150.83–155.08 ppm, respectively. Similarly, the signal for the methyl group of the acetyl substituent appeared around 20 ppm. Additionally, we observed characteristic signals for C=O, C=N and C-OC bonds at the expected values in FT-IR spectra.
The reaction leading to new 2,5-disubstituted 3-acetyl-1,3,4-oxadiazoline derivatives (2–37) is presented in Scheme 1.

2.2. Microbiology

Synthesized hydrazide–hydrazones (2–19) and 1,3,4-oxadiazoline derivatives (20–37) were screened in vitro against a panel of Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria and fungi from Candida spp. and subjected to cytotoxicity analysis.
Table 1 and Table 2 present compounds, which displayed some antimicrobial activity. Most of these substances showed antibacterial effect against reference Gram-positive bacteria. Among them, 2, 20, and 37 indicated the highest antibacterial activity with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranged from 0.48 µg/mL to 500 µg/mL and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) from 0.48 µg/mL to 1000 µg/mL towards all Gram-positive bacteria. These compounds showed strong activity with a bactericidal effect against staphylococci, especially towards Staphylococcus epidermidis American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 12228 (MIC = MBC = 0.48–15.62 µg/mL and MBC/MIC = 1–2) and good or moderate bactericidal activity towards other Gram-positive bacteria (MIC = 31.25–500 µg/mL, MBC = 31.25–1000 µg/mL and MBC/MIC = 1–4). The best active compound 37 had quinolin-4-yl substituent in the second position of oxadiazole ring and 3-methyl-4-nitrophenyl in position 5. While compounds 2 and 20 had the same substituent 5-iodofuran but compound 2 is hydrazide-hydrazone and compound 20 is 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivative (Table 1 and Table 2).
The substances 2, 14–16, 24, and 32 also showed antimicrobial effect against all Gram-positive bacteria, but much weaker or almost no activity with MIC = 62.5–1000 µg/mL, MBC = 125–>2000 µg/mL). S. epidermidis ATCC 12228 was sensitive to all tested compounds (MIC = 0.48–1000 µg/mL and MBC = 0.48–>2000 µg/mL), particularly to substances 2, 20, 21, 30, and 37 (very strong, bactericidal effect with MIC = 0.48–7.81 µg/mL). The activity of compound 37 was more than 8 times greater than that of nitrofurantoin and compound 20 indicated activity more than two times greater. Other substances showed moderate and mild activity or were inactive towards Gram-positive bacteria (Table 1 and Table 2).
The activity of compounds 20 and 37 against S. aureus ATCC 25923 and S. aureus ATCC 6538 strains ranged from 7.81–15.62 µg/mL, which was a value comparable to the activity of nitrofurantoin and even for compound 37 twice as high (Table 1 and Table 2).
In the case of Gram-negative bacteria, Bordetella bronchiseptica ATCC 4617 was the most sensitive to studied compounds (6, 12, 13, 19, 20, 22, 24, 27, 30–32, and 37). Moreover, substance 20 indicated the highest activity towards this bacteria and rods from Enterobacterales family with good, bactericidal effect (MIC = 62.5–125 µg/mL, MBC = 125–500 µg/mL and MBC/MIC = 2–4). Compound 20 showed also mild, bactericidal activity towards Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 (MIC = 1000 µg/mL and MBC = 2000 µg/mL, MBC/MIC = 2). Moreover, compounds 24 and 37 exhibited moderate or mild effect against Gram-negative bacteria and no activity towards Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883, Proteus mirabilis ATCC 12453, and P. aeruginosa ATCC 9027(Table 1 and Table 2).
The results presented in Table 1 and Table 2 also indicated some antifungal effect of tested compounds against yeasts belonging to reference Candida spp. Among studied substances, derivatives numbered 6, 12, 13, 19, 20, 24, 31, 32, 34, and 37 showed anticandidal activity towards all reference strains. Derivative 20 had good fungicidal effect with MIC = 31.25–125 µg/mL and MFC = 62.5–500 µg/mL (MFC/MIC = 2–4). Substances 22, 24, and 37 indicated varied, both fungicidal and fungistatic activity (MIC = 15.62–500 µg/mL, MFC = 15.62–2000 µg/mL and MFC/MIC = 1–16). In the case of compounds 12–13, 31, and 32 activity was the same with moderate fungicidal effect (MIC = 250–500 µg/mL, MFC = 500–1000 µg/mL and MFC/MIC = 1–4). For compounds 2, 6, 12, and 14, the activity was weak or moderate (MIC = 500–1000 µg/mL, MFC > 1000 µg/mL) or not at all. The remaining substances did not show any antimycotic effects (Table 1 and Table 2).
Detailed microbiological tables containing data on the activity of all compounds against all tested microbial strains can be found in the Supplementary Materials (Tables S1 and S2).

2.3. Cytotoxicity Studies

The 24 h and 48 h culture of L929 cells with 3-acetyl-2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-oxadiazolines (24, 29, 37) showed that the tested compounds did not adversely affect the viability of normal cells. These compounds increased the viability of cells, especially during the 48 h culture (Table 3).
The 24 h and 48 h culture of A549 with compounds (24, 29, 37) showed that the best effect in promoting of the cytotoxicity was obtained using compound 37 at a concentration of 100 and 50 µM during the 24 h culture. Other compounds did not produce such effect, and sometimes quite the opposite—an increase of cell viability (Table 4).
The 24 h and 48 h culture of HeLa cells with (24, 29, 37) derivatives showed that the main effect was the increase of cell viability. There was no decrease in cell cytotoxicity (Table 5). All tested compounds belonged to the group of 3-acetyl-2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-oxadiazolines and were derived from 3-methyl-4-nitrobenzhydrazide 1. Compound 24 possessed 5-(4-chlorophenyl)furan-2-yl scaffold in second position of 1,3,4-oxadiazole ring whereas compound 29 had 4-(pyridin-2-yl)phenyl in the same position and compound 37 had quinolin-4-yl substituent in the second position of 1,3,4-oxadiazole ring.

2.4. SAR Analysis

Based on our microbiological studies, it can be concluded that the activity of 3-acetyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives is greater than that of the corresponding hydrazide–hydrazones. On this basis, it can be concluded that compounds containing two heterocyclic rings are more active than compounds containing only one. Ideal confirmation of this theory are compounds 2 and 20. Compounds 2 and 20 had the same substituent 5-iodofuran but compound 2 was a hydrazide-hydrazone and compound 20 was a 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivative. The cyclization product had two times better activity against most of the tested bacterial strains.
Structure-activity analysis carried out on the 1,3,4-oxadiazole molecules showed that the position 2 and 5 are a critical site of modification of these kind of molecules and play a dominant role in defining the pharmacological activity of synthesized derivatives [11,14,17,46]. The most active compound of the series was 37 which had quinolin-4-yl substituent in second position of 1,3,4-oxadiazole ring and 3-methyl-4-nitrophenyl in position 5. The Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 strain turned out to be the most sensitive to hydrazide—hydrazones. On the other hand, among Gram-positive, the most sensitive to oxadiazoles was Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, among Gram-negative Bordetella bronchiseptica ATCC 4617, and among Candida albicans ATCC 2091 fungi. Compound 2 turned out to be the most active among compounds 2–19, and causes a drastic decrease in activity in relation to all tested strains. In compound 11, the pyridin-2-ylphenyl substituent appears to be a significant fragment in building activity against Gram-negative bacteria. The replacement of atom I (compound 2) with a Cl atom (compound 18) causes a very marked increase in activity in relation to Candida spp. Moreover, changing the substitution in the quinoline ring from 4 to 2 drastically lowers the activity. On the basis of compounds 13 and 14, it can also be concluded that the change of the substituent ring from the six-membered to the five-membered causes a decrease in activity against Micrococcus luteus ATCC 10240 and Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633.
The conversion of the two most active hydrazones into the appropriate oxadiazoles increases their activity against all strains tested. Replacing the iodine atom with a nitro or 4-chlorophenyl group causes a decrease in activity against the tested Gram-positive, Gram-negative and fungi. Conversely, replacing the iodine atom with chlorine causes a decrease in activity in relation to Gram-positive, Gram-negative, but an increase in relation to most Candida fungi. On the basis of compounds 31 and 32, it can be concluded that replacing the 5-membered substituent with the 6-membered substituent causes a two-fold decrease in activity in relation to C. albicans ATCC 2091, however, it does not change the activity in relation to other Candida spp.
Comparing the activity of hydrazones and oxadiazoles, it can be stated that hydrazones are a group of compounds showing higher activity in relation to Gram-positive bacteria. S. aureus ATCC 25923 turned out to be the most sensitive strain to hydrazones and S. epidermidis ATCC 12228 to oxadiazoles. Both groups slightly inhibit the multiplication of Gram-negative bacteria. In both cases, the most sensitive strain is B. bronchiseptica ATCC 4617. Analyzing the activity against fungi of the strains Candida, it can be concluded that oxadiazoles are characterized by higher activity in relation to all strains.
More detailed studies are reasonable to determine the additional physicochemical and biological parameters to get further insight into the relationship between structure and activity and optimize the performance of this series of molecules.

3. Material and Methods

3.1. Chemistry

All reagents used for the experiments were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Munich, Germany) and Merck Co. (Darmstadt, Germany) and used without further purification. They had a class of the purity declared by the manufacturer. The melting points of the obtained compounds were determined with a Fisher–Johns apparatus (Fisher Scientific, Schwerte, Germany), without any correction. The purity of the compounds obtained was assessed through thin layer chromatography (TLC) on plates covered with silica gel (aluminum oxide 60 F-254) by Merck. Chloroform-ethanol mixtures in the ratio 10:1 (v/v) were used as the mobile phase. Spots were developed by irradiation with UV light with a wavelength λ = 254 nm. FT-IR spectra were recorded on a Nicolet 6700 spectrometer (Thermo Scientific, USA); in cm−1. 1H and 13C NMR spectra were recorded on the Bruker Avance 300 and 600 apparatus (Bruker BioSpin GmbH, Hamburg, Germany). The compounds were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO-d6) for analysis. Tetramethylsilane (TMS) was used as an internal standard. Chemical shift values are given in ppm. Then elemental analyses were determined by a Perkin Elmer 2400 series II CHNS/O analyzer (PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA), and the results were within ±0.4% of the theoretical value.

3.2. Synthesis of Hydrazide–Hydrazones of 3-Methyl-4-nitrobenzoic Acid (2–19)

New hydrazide–hydrazones of 3-methyl-4-nitrobenzoic acid (2–19) were obtained on the basis of the procedure reported earlier [47,48]. The 3-Methyl-4-nitrobenzhydrazide (0.01 mole) was dissolved in 10 mL of ethanol (96%) and appropriately substituted aldehyde (0.01 mole) was added. The mixture was heated under reflux for 3 h. Subsequently, the solution was allowed to cool and placed in refrigerator for 24 h. The precipitate was filtered off and recrystallized from ethanol.
Physico–chemical properties of hydrazide–hydrazones of 3-methyl-4-nitrobenzoic acid (2–19) are presented in Supplementary Materials.

3.3. Synthesis of 3-Acetyl-2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-oxadiazolines (20–37)

The 0.001 mole of appropriate hydrazide–hydrazone of 3-methyl-4-nitrobenzhydrazide (2–19) was dissolved in 3 mL of neat acetic anhydride and heated under reflux for 3 h. Subsequently, the acetic anhydride was removed under reduced pressure. The compound which remains in the flask was cooled to room temperature and crushed ice was added to the flask. After that, it was shaken vigorously for about 5 min and left at room temperature for 24 h. Then, the precipitate formed was filtered off and recrystallized from ethanol:acetone (3:1 v/v) mixture.
Physico–chemical properties of 3-acetyl-2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-oxadiazolines (20–37) are presented in Supplementary Materials.

3.4. Microbiology

The in vitro screening of compounds 2–37 was performed with the use of the broth microdilution method as described earlier by our group [47,48] and according to the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) and Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines [49,50]. We used a panel of reference and clinical or saprophytic strains of microorganisms from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) in microbiology assays. All of the experiments were repeated three times, and representative data are presented. All of the stock solutions of the tested compounds were dissolved in DMSO.

3.5. Cytotoxicity Studies

3.5.1. Cell Lines

The A549 cell line were obtained from ECACC and maintained in DMEM or EMEM, respectively, supplemented with 2 mM of glutamine, 10% fetal bovine serum, and antibiotics (1% of 100 U/L penicillin, 100 mg/mL streptomycin). L929 (NCTC clone 929, ATCC® CCL-1™) and HeLa (ATCC® CCL-2™) cell lines were obtained from ATCC and maintained in EMEM supplemented with antibiotics (1% of 100 U/L penicillin, 100 mg/mL streptomycin) and with 5% and 10% FBS respectively. Cell line was routinely grown in tissue culture flasks (75 cm2) and kept in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 at 37 °C. All examined cell lines was tested against mycoplasma contamination with microbiological assays. The research was carried out using the normal cell line L929—mouse fibroblast and cancer cells: HeLa—human cervical cancer, A549—human lung cancer. All of the stock solutions of the tested compounds were dissolved in DMSO.

3.5.2. MTT Analysis

To determine tested compounds cytotoxicity, an indirect method was used—using spectrophotometric measurement of product concentration resulting from the reduction of the chemical compound by living cells (with functional mitochondria). The amount of colored product is directly proportional to the metabolic activity of the cell.
The principle of the assay is based on the ability of live cells, with intact mitochondrial membrane, to reduce water-insoluble yellow 3-(4,5-dimethyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazole bromide—MTT) to purple formazan, also insoluble in water. Therefore, L929, A549, and HeLa cell lines were cultured for 24 h in 96-well plates in order to adhere well to the basis. Then 20 μL of tested compounds (range 6–200 μM) were added to the cells—compounds marked as 24, 29, 37 were tested on L929, A549, and HeLa cell lines. The untreated chosen cell lines were used as the control groups. After 24 and 48 h of incubation, 10 µL of MTT was added to the cells. Then, after 3 h, 100 µL of the medium was withdrawn from each well and quenched with the same amount of DMSO. After 5 min of incubation, absorbance at 570 nm was read on a BioTek model EPOCH ELISA plate reader. The absorbance values of the samples ranged from about 0.3 to about 1.2 and, therefore, were within the range of linearity of the Lambert–Beer law.

4. Conclusions

We synthesized nineteen novel hydrazide–hydrazones (2–19) and nineteen novel 2,5-distubstituted 3-acetyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives (20–37) and evaluated them for their in vitro antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity.
Microbiological tests showed that the most active of the tested compounds (2–37) was compound 37, which showed activity against all tested bacteria strains (except K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis, and P. aeruginosa), and fungi. S. epidermidis was sensitive to all studied compounds. Moreover, 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives (20–37) showed strong or very strong bactericidal effect, especially against Staphylococcus spp. belonging to Gram-positive bacteria.
Furthermore, cytotoxicity studies showed that compounds marked as 24, 29, 37 turned out to be the best acting compounds (especially number 37), and the line that was most sensitive to them was A549. During 24 h incubation, a decrease in viability of 58% (at dose 100 µM) and 56% (at dose 50 µM) was noted here, along with a high viability of normal cells. Compounds marked as 24, 29, 37 did not possess antiproliferative properties against checked tumor cell lines. On the contrary, after their use, an increase in proliferation was noticed. Of course, it does not mean that these compounds have carcinogenic properties. An increase in proliferation could mean that these compounds are neutral to cancer cells, and their divisions were the result of the natural cell cycle.
Furthermore, we observed significantly higher activity of compounds having a 3-acetyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole (20–39) ring compared to the initial hydrazide–hydrazones (2–19).
The compound with the most promising antibacterial and cytotoxicity profile was 3-acetyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole (37), with possessed quinolin-4-yl substituent in the second position of oxadiazole ring and 3-methyl-4-nitrophenyl in position 5. This compound showed strong or very strong activity especially against S. epidermidis (MIC = 0.48 µg/mL).
Based on the obtained antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity results, it seems practical to still search for active molecules among this group of compounds in the future.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online. Table S1: The activity data of compounds 2–19 expressed as MIC (MBC or MFC) (µg/mL) and {MBC/MIC or MFC/MIC} values against the reference strains of microorganisms, Table S2: The activity data of compounds 20–37 expressed as MIC (MBC or MFC) (µg/mL) and {MBC/MIC or MFC/MIC} values against the reference strains of microorganisms. Figure S1: 1H NMR spectrum of compound 2, Figure S2: 13C NMR spectrum of compound 2, Figure S3: 1H NMR spectrum of compound 18, Figure S4. 13C NMR spectrum of compound 18, Figure S5: 1H NMR spectrum of compound 23, Figure S6: 13C NMR spectrum of compound 23, Figure S7: 1H NMR spectrum of compound 33, Figure S8. 13C NMR spectrum of compound 33.

Author Contributions

K.P. participated in the designed of the study, performed the synthesis of the of hydrazide-hydrazones and 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives, and wrote the first draft of the manuscript, with the exception of the spectral studies, antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity activity sections. K.P. also revised critically the final version of manuscript. Ł.P. participated in the design of the study, assisted with the synthesis of hydrazide-hydrazones and 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives, analyzed the spectral data of obtained compounds and wrote the associated section of the manuscript. A.B. performed the antimicrobial activity analysis of the obtained compounds and wrote the associated section of the manuscript. A.H. performed the cytoxicity activity analysis of the obtained compounds and wrote the associated section of the manuscript. A.M. supervised and was involved in the conception of the antimicrobial activity analyses, helped with interpretation of antimicrobial activity data of synthesized compounds. M.W. participated in SAR analysis and revised critically the final version of manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external founding.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC); European Food Safety Authority (EFSA); European Medicines Agency (EMA). Joint Interagency Antimicrobial Consumption and Resistance Analysis (JIACRA) Report. EFSA J. 2017, 15, 4872. [Google Scholar]
  2. Mohammad, H.; Mayhoub, A.S.; Ghafoor, A.; Soofi, M.; Alajlouni, R.A.; Cushman, M.; Seleem, M.N. Discovery and Characterization of Potent Thiazoles versus Methicillin- and Vancomycin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J. Med. Chem. 2014, 57, 1609–1615. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  3. Carbon, C. MRSA and MRSE: Is there an answer? Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2000, 6 (Suppl. 2), 17–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  4. Weber, D.J.; Raasch, R.; Rutala, W.A. Nosocomial infections in the ICU. The growing importance of antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Chest 1999, 115 (Suppl. 3), 34–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  5. Wang, P.J.; Xie, C.B.; Sun, F.H.; Guo, L.J.; Dai, M.; Cheng, X.; Ma, Y.X. Molecular Characteristics of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis on the Abdominal Skin of Females before Laparotomy. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17, 992. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Watanabe, K.; Nakaminami, H.; Azuma, C.; Tanaka, I.; Nakase, K.; Matsunaga, N.; Okuyama, K.; Yamada, K.; Utsumi, K.; Fujii, T.; et al. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis Is Part of the Skin Flora on the Hands of Both Healthy Individuals and Hospital Workers. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2016, 39, 1868–1875. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  7. Nowakowicz-Dębek, B.; Wlazło, Ł.; Kasela, M.; Ossowski, M. Epidemiologia wielolekoopornych szczepów Staphylococcus aureus. Probl. Hig. Epidemiol. 2016, 97, 106–112. [Google Scholar]
  8. Popiołek, Ł.; Biernasiuk, A.; Paruch, K.; Malm, A.; Wujec, M. Synthesis and in vitro Antimicrobial Activity Screening of New 3-Acetyl-2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-oxadiazoline derivatives. Chem. Biodivers. 2019, 16, e1900082. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Paruch, K.; Popiołek, Ł.; Wujec, M. Antimicrobial and antiprotozoal activity of 3-acetyl-2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-oxadiazolines: A review. Med. Chem. Res. 2020, 29, 1–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  10. Zheng, Z.; Liu, Q.; Kim, W.; Tharmalingam, N.; Fuchs, B.B.; Mylonakis, E. Antimicrobial activity of 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives against planktonic cells and biofilm of Staphylococcus aureus. Future Med. Chem. 2018, 10, 283–296. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Rollas, S.; Gulerman, N.; Erdeniz, H. Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some new hydrazones of 4-fluorobenzoic acid hydrazide and 3-acetyl-2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-oxadiazolines. IL Farm. 2018, 57, 171–174. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Joshi, S.D.; More, U.A.; Pansuriya, K.; Aminabhavi, T.M.; Gadad, A.K. Synthesis and molecular modeling studies of novel pyrrole analogs as antimycobacterial agents. J. Saudi Chem. Soc. 2017, 21, 42–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  13. Fuloria, N.K.; Singh, V.; Shaharyar, M.; Ali, M. Synthesis and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Some New Oxadiazoles Derived from Phenylpropionohydrazides. Molecules 2009, 14, 1898–1903. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  14. Chawla, R.; Arora, A.; Parameswaran, M.K.; Sharma, P.C.; Michael, S.; Ravi, T.K. Synthesis of novel 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives as potential antimicrobial agents. Acta Pol. Pharm. 2010, 67, 247–253. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  15. Kumar, S.G.V.; Rajendraprasad, Y.; Mallikarjuna, B.P.; Chandrashekar, S.M.; Kistayya, C. Synthesis of some novel 2-substituted-5-[isopropylthiazole]clubbed 1,2,4-triazole and 1,3,4-oxadiazoles as potential antimicrobial and antitubercular agents. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2010, 45, 2063–2074. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  16. Ke, S.; Liu, F.; Wang, N.; Yang, Q.; Qian, X. 1,3,4-Oxadiazoline derivatives as novel potential inhibitors targeting chitin biosynthesis: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2009, 19, 332–335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  17. Yang, J.-F.; Cao, H.; Liu, H.; Li, B.-Q.; Ma, Y.-M. Synthesis and Bioactivity of Novel Bis-heterocyclic Compounds Containing Pyrazole and Oxadiazoline. J. Chin. Chem. Soc. 2011, 58, 369–375. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Koçyiğit-Kaymakçıoğlu, B.; Oruc-Emre, E.E.; Unsalan, S.; Tabanca, N.; Khan, S.I.; Wedge, D.E.; Iscan, G.; Demirci, F.; Rollas, S. Synthesis and biological activity of hydrazide-hydrazones and their corresponding 3-acetyl-2,5-disubstituted-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazoles. Med. Chem. Res. 2012, 21, 3499–3508. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Shyma, P.C.; Kalluraya, B.; Peethambar, S.K.; Telkar, S.; Arulmoi, T. Synthesis, characterization and molecular docking studies of some new 1,3,4-oxadiazolines bearing 6-methylpyridine moiety for antimicrobial property. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2013, 68, 394–404. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Baquero, E.; Quinones, W.; Ribon, W.; Caldas, M.L.; Sarmiento, L.; Echeverri, F. Effect of an Oxadiazoline and a Lignan on Mycolic Acid Biosynthesis and Ultrastructural Changes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberc. Res. Treat. 2011. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Bhat, M.A. Synthesis and anti-mycobacterial activity of new 4-thiazolidinone and 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives of isoniazid. Acta Pol. Pharm. 2014, 71, 763–770. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  22. Joshi, S.D.; Vagdevi, H.M.; Vaidya, V.P.; Gadaginamath, G.S. Synthesis of new 4-pyrrol-1-yl benzoic acid hydrazide analogs and some derived oxadiazole, triazole and pyrrole ring systems: A novel class of potential antibacterial and antitubercular agents. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2008, 43, 1989–1996. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Ishii, M.; Jorge, S.D.; de Oliveira, A.A.; Palace-Berl, F.; Sonehara, I.Y.; Pasqualoto, K.F.M.; Tavares, L.C. Synthesis, molecular modeling and preliminary biological evaluation of a set of 3-acetyl-2,5-disubstituted-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazole as potential antibacterial, anti-Trypanosoma cruzi and antifungal agents. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2011, 19, 6292–6301. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  24. Palace-Berl, F.; Jorge, S.D.; Pasqualoto, K.F.M.; Ferreira, A.K.; Maria, D.A.; Zorzi, R.R.; de Sá Bortolozzo, L.; Lindoso, J.A.L.; Tavares, L.C. 5-Nitro-2-furfuriliden derivatives as potential anti-Trypanosoma cruzi agents: Design, synthesis, bioactivity evaluation, cytotoxicity and exploratory data analysis. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2013, 21, 5395–5406. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  25. Wang, L.N.; Han, D.; Xu, F.F.; Meng, X.-B.; Li, Z.-J. Microwave-assisted efficient synthesis of glucose-based 3-acetyl-5-alkyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives catalyzed by sodium acetate. Carbohydr. Res. 2009, 344, 2113–2119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  26. Chaaban, I.; Khawass, E.L.; El Razik, H.A.A.; Elsalamouny, N.; Redondo-Horcajo, M.; Barasoain, I.; Díaz, J.F.; Yli-Kauhaluoma, J.; Moreira, M. Synthesis and biological evaluation of new oxadiazoline-substituted naphthalenyl acetates as anticancer agents. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2014, 87, 805–813. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Jin, L.; Chen, J.; Song, B.; Chen, Z.; Yang, S.; Li, Q.; Hu, D.; Xu, R. Synthesis, structure, and bioactivity of N′-substituted benzylidene-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzohydrazide and 3-acetyl-2-substituted phenyl-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2006, 16, 5036–5040. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Salum, L.; Mascarello, A.; Canevarolo, R.; Altei, W.F.; Laranjeira, A.; Neuenfeldt, P.; Stumpf, T.; Chiaradia-Delatorre, L.; Vollmer, L.; Daghestani, H.; et al. N-(1′-naphthyl)-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzohydrazide as microtubule destabilizer: Synthesis, cytotoxicity, inhibition of cell migration and in vivo activity against acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2015, 96, 504–518. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Hamdi, N.; Passarelli, V.; Romerosa, A. Synthesis, spectroscopy and electrochemistry of new 4-(4-acetyl-5-substituted-4,5-dihydro-1,3,4-oxodiazol-2-yl)methoxy)-2H-chromen-2-ones as a novel class of potential antibacterial and antioxidant derivatives. Comptes Rendus Chim. 2011, 14, 548–555. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Malhotra, M.; Rawal, R.K.; Malhotra, D.; Dhingra, R.; Deep, A.; Sharma, P.C. Synthesis, characterization and pharmacological evaluation of (Z)-2-(5-(biphenyl-4-yl)-3-(1-(imino)ethyl)-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol derivatives as potent antimicrobial and antioxidant agents. Arab. J. Chem. 2017, 10, 1022–1031. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  31. Patil, P.O.; Bari, S.B. Nitrogen heterocycles as potential monoamine oxidase inhibitors: Synthetic aspects. Arab. J. Chem. 2014, 7, 857–884. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  32. Maccioni, E.; Alcaro, S.; Cirilli, R.; Vigo, S.; Cardia, M.C.; Sanna, M.L.; Meleddu, R.; Yanez, M.; Costa, G.; Casu, L.; et al. 3-Acetyl-2,5-diaryl-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazoles: A New Scaffold for the Selective Inhibition of Monoamine Oxidase, B. J. Med. Chem. 2011, 54, 6394–6398. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  33. Ke, S.; Li, Z.; Qian, X. 1,3,4-Oxadiazole-3(2H)-carboxamide derivatives as potential novel class of monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors: Synthesis, evaluation, and role of urea moiety. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2008, 16, 7565–7572. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  34. Distinto, S.; Meleddu, R.; Yáñez, M.; Cirilli, R.; Bianco, G.; Sanna, M.; Arridu, A.; Cossu, P.; Cottiglia, F.; Faggi, C.; et al. Drug design, synthesis, in vitro and in silico evaluation of selective monoaminoxidase B inhibitors based on 3-acetyl-2-dichlorophenyl-5-aryl-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazole chemical scaffold. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2016, 108, 542–552. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  35. Bala, S.; Kamboj, S.; Kumar, A. Heterocyclic 1,3,4-oxadiazole compounds with diverse biological activities: A comprehensive review. J. Pharm. Res. 2010, 3, 2993–2997. [Google Scholar]
  36. Schlecker, R.; Thieme, P.C. The synthesis of antihypertensive 3-(1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenoxypropanolahines. Tetrahedron 1998, 44, 3289–3294. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Cocohoba, J.; Dong, B.J. Raltegravir: The First HIV Integrase Inhibitor. Clin. Ther. 2008, 30, 1747–1765. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Vardan, S.; Smulyan, H.; Mookherjee, S.; Eich, R. Effects of tiodazosin, a new antihypertensive, hemodynamics and clinical variables. Clin. Pharm. Ther. 1983, 34, 290–296. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Shi, J.; Luo, N.; Ding, M.; Bao, X. Synthesis, in vitro antibacterial and antifungal evaluation of novel 1,3,4-oxadiazole thioether derivatives bearing the 6-fluoroquinazolinylpiperidinyl moiety. Chin. Chem. Lett. 2020, 31, 434–438. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. James, N.D.; Growcott, J.W. Zibotentan endothelin ETA receptor antagonist oncolytic. Drugs Future 2009, 34, 624–633. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Fizazi, K.; Higano, C.; Nelson, J.B.; Gleave, M.; Miller, K.; Morris, T.; Nathan, F.E.; McIntosh, S.; Pemberton, K.; Moul, J.W. Phase III, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study of Docetaxel in Combination with Zibotentan in Patients with Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2013, 31, 1740–1747. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  42. Desai, N.C.; Dodiya, A.M. Conventional and microwave techniques for the synthesis and antimicrobial studies of novel 1-[2-(2-chloro-6-methyl(3-quinolyl))-5-(4-nitrophenyl)-(1,3,4-oxadiazolin-3-yl)]-3-(aryl)prop-2-en-1-ones. Arab. J. Chem. 2016, 9, 379–387. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  43. Zorzi, R.R.; Jorge, S.D.; Palace-Berl, F.; Pasqualoto, K.F.M.; de Sá Bortolozzo, L.; de Castro Siqueira, A.M.; Tavares, L.C. Exploring 5-nitrofuran derivatives against nosocomial pathogens: Synthesis, antimicrobial activity and chemometric analysis. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2014, 22, 2844–2854. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  44. Ghaisas, D.S.; Patel, N.B. Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of Newer Diaryl Ether Analogues Integrated with 1,3,4 Oxadiazole Core. IJPPR Hum. 2018, 12, 57–67. [Google Scholar]
  45. Jadhav, G.R.; Deshmukh, D.G.; Medhane, V.J.; Gaikwad, V.B.; Bholay, A.D. 2,5-Disubstituted 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives of chromeno [4,3-b]pyridine: Synthesis and study of antimicrobial potency. Heterocycl. Commun. 2016, 22, 123–130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Dewangan, D.; Pandey, A.; Sivakumar, T.; Rajavel, R.; Dubey, R. Synthesis of some Novel 2, 5-Disubstituted 1, 3, 4-Oxadiazole and its Analgesic, Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Bacterial and Anti-Tubercular Activity. Int. J. Chem. Tech. Res. 2010, 2, 1397–1412. [Google Scholar]
  47. Popiołek, Ł.; Biernasiuk, A.; Berecka, A.; Gumieniczek, A.; Malm, A.; Wujec, M. New hydrazide-hydrazones of isonicotinic acid: Synthesis, lipophilicity and in vitro antimicrobial screening. Chem. Biol. Drug Des. 2018, 91, 915–923. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Popiołek, Ł.; Bienasiuk, A. Design, synthesis and in vitro antimicrobial activity of hydrazide-hydrazones of 2-substituted acetic acid. Chem. Biol. Drug Des. 2016, 88, 873–883. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. European Committee for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICS) of antibacterial agents by broth dilution, EUCAST discussion document E. Dis 5.1. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2003, 9, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  50. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts, M27-S4; Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI): Wayne, PA, USA, 2012. [Google Scholar]
Molecules 25 05844 g001 550
Figure 1. Commonly used medicines bearing 1,3,4-oxadiazole system.
Figure 1. Commonly used medicines bearing 1,3,4-oxadiazole system.
Molecules 25 05844 g001
Molecules 25 05844 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Reaction leading to new hydrazide–hydrazones and 3-acetyl-2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-oxadiazoline derivatives.
Scheme 1. Reaction leading to new hydrazide–hydrazones and 3-acetyl-2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-oxadiazoline derivatives.
Molecules 25 05844 sch001
Table
Table 1. The best active compounds expressed as minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) (minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) or (MFC) (minimum fungicidal concentration) (µg/mL) and (MBC/MIC or MFC/MIC) values against the reference strains of microorganisms.
Table 1. The best active compounds expressed as minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) (minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) or (MFC) (minimum fungicidal concentration) (µg/mL) and (MBC/MIC or MFC/MIC) values against the reference strains of microorganisms.
Species/Compound No.24111314151819CIP/NY *NITCFXAPC
Gram-positive bacteriaStaphylococcus aureus
ATCC 25923		31.25
(62.5)
{2}		250
(>1000)
{>4}		500
(>1000)
{>2}		125
(>1000)
{>8}		250
(>1000)
{>4}		125
(>1000)
{>8}		500
(1000)
{2}		500
(1000)
{2}		0.48
(0.48)
{1}		15.62
(15.62)		0.49nd
Staphylococcus aureus
ATCC 6538		62.5
(125)
{2}		500
(>1000)
{>2}		500
(>1000)
{>2}		250
(>1000)
{>4}		250
(>1000)
{>4}		1000
(>1000)
{>1}		500
(1000)
{2}		500
(1000)
{2}		0.24
(0.24)
{1}		15.62
(15.62)		0.98nd
Staphylococcus aureus
ATCC 43300		125
(500)
{4}		500
(>1000)
{>2}		500
(>1000)
{>2}		1000
(>1000)
{>1}		1000
(>1000)
{>1}		1000
(>1000)
{>1}		500
(1000)
{2}		500
(1000)
{2}		0.24
(0.24)
{1}		7.81
(15.62)		ndnd
Staphylococcus aureus
ATCC 29213		125
(500)
{4}		500
(>1000)
{>2}		500
(>1000)
{>2}		500
(>1000)
{>2}		500
(>1000)
{>2}		1000
(>1000)
{>1}		500
(1000)
{2}		500
(1000)
{2}		0.48
(0.48)
{1}		ndndnd
Staphylococcus epidermidis
ATCC 12228		15.62
(15.62)
{1}		250
(>1000)
{>4}		250
(>1000)
{>4}		500
(>1000)
{>2}		250
(>1000)
{>4}		500
(>1000)
{>2}		500
(1000)
{2}		500
(1000)
{2}		0.12
(0.12)
{1}		3.91
(7.81)		0.24nd
Enterococcus faecalis
ATCC 29212		1000
(>1000)
{>1}		1000
(>1000)
{>1}		500
(>1000)
{>1}		500
(>1000)
{>2}		500
(>1000)
{>2}		1000
(>1000)
{>1}		500
(1000)
{2}		500
(1000)
{2}		0.98
(1.95)
{2}		ndndnd
Micrococcus luteus
ATCC 10240		1000
(>1000)
{>1}		125
(>1000)
{>8}		250
(>1000)
{>4}		250
(>1000)
{>4}		31.25
(>1000)
{>32}		500
(>1000)
{>2}		500
(1000)
{2}		500
(1000)
{2}		0.98
(1.95)
{2}		62.5
(62.5)		0.98nd
Bacillus subtilis
ATCC 6633		62.5
(125)
{2}		500
(>1000)
{>2}		125
(>1000)
{>8}		250
(>1000)
{>4}		31.25
(>1000)
{>32}		125
(>1000)
{>8}		500
(500)
{1}		500
(500)
{1}		0.03
(0.03)
{1}		3.91
(3.91)		15.6262.5
Bacillus cereus
ATCC 10876		1000
(>1000)
{>1}		1000
(>1000)
{>1}		500
(>1000)
{>2}		500
(>1000)
{>2}		1000
(>1000)
{>1}		1000
(>1000)
{>1}		500
(1000)
{2}		500
(1000)
{2}		0.06
(0.12)
{2}		7.81
(15.62)		31.25nd
Gram-negative bacteriaBordetella bronchiseptica
ATCC 4617		-1000
(>1000)
{>1}		500
(>1000)
{>2}		---500
(1000)
{2}		500
(1000)
{2}		0.98
(0.98)
{1}		125
(>1000)		ndnd
FungiCandida albicans
ATCC 2091		1000
(>1000)
{>1}		-1000
(>1000)
{>1}		---125
(500)
{4}		125
(500)
{4}		0.24 *
(0.24)
{1}		nanana
Candida albicans
ATCC 10231		1000
(>1000)
{>1}		500
(>1000)
{>2}		500
(>1000)
{>2}		---62.5
(250)
{4}		62.5
(250)
{4}		0.48 *
(0.48)
{1}		nanana
Candida parapsilosis
ATCC 22019		1000
(>1000)
{>1}		1000
(>1000)
{>1}		500
(>1000)
{>2}		1000
(>1000)
{>1}		--125
(250)
{2}		125
(250)
{2}		0.24 *
(0.48)
{2}		nanana
“-” no activity; nd, not determined; na, not applicable; the standard chemotherapeutics used as positive controls: ciprofloxacin (CIP), nitrofurantoin (NIT), cefuroxime (CFX) and ampicillin (APC) for bacteria and nystatin (NY *), Compounds with bactericidal effect (MBC/MIC ≤4) or fungicidal effect (MFC/MIC ≤4), MBC/MIC or MFC/MIC in these cases are bolded. No bioactivity–MIC > 1000 µg/mL; mild bioactivity–MIC = 501–1000 µg/mL; moderate bioactivity–MIC = 126–500 µg/mL; good bioactivity–MIC = 26–125 µg/mL; strong bioactivity–MIC = 10–25 µg/mL; very strong bioactivity–MIC < 10 µg/mL. * Nystatin activity, ATCC—American Type Culture Collection.
Table
Table 2. The best active compounds 20–37 expressed as MIC (MBC or MFC) (µg/mL) and (MBC/MIC or MFC/MIC) values against the reference strains of microorganisms.
Table 2. The best active compounds 20–37 expressed as MIC (MBC or MFC) (µg/mL) and (MBC/MIC or MFC/MIC) values against the reference strains of microorganisms.
Species/Compound No20242530313237CIP/VA */NY **NITCFXAPC
Gram-positive bacteriaStaphylococcus aureus
ATCC 25923		15.62
(15.62)
{1}		1000
(>2000)
{>2}		-1000
(>2000)
{>2}		1000
(2000)
{2}		500
(1000)
{2}		7.81
(7.81)
{1}		0.48
(0.48)
{1}		15.62
(15.62)		0.49nd
Staphylococcus aureus
ATCC 6538		15.62
(15.62)
{1}		1000
(>2000)
{>2}		125
(>2000)
{>16}		-1000
(2000)
{2}		500
(2000)
{4}		7.81
(7.81)
{1}		0.24
(0.24)
{1}		15.62
(15.62)		0.98nd
Staphylococcus aureus
ATCC 43300		15.62
(15.62)
{1}		1000
(>2000)
{>2}		---1000
(2000)
{2}		15.62
(15.62)
{1}		0.24
(0.24)
{1}		7.81
(15.62)		ndnd
Staphylococcus aureus
ATCC 29213		15.62
(15.62)
{1}		500
(>2000)
{>4}		-1000
(>2000)
{>2}		-500
(500)
{1}		15.62
(15.62)
{1}		0.48
(0.48)
{1}		Ndndnd
Staphylococcus epidermidis
ATCC 12228		1.95
(3.91)
{2}		250
(250)
{1}		62.5
(125)
{2}		7.81
(15.62)
{2}		31.25
(125)
{4}		62.5
(125)
{2}		0.48
(0.48)
{1}		0.12
(0.12)
{1}		3.91
(7.81)		0.24nd
Enterococcus faecalis
ATCC 29212		125
(500)
{4}		500
(>2000)
{>4}		-1000
(>2000)
{>2}		-500
(>2000)
{>4}		500
(1000)
{2}		0.98*
(1.95)
{2}		Ndndnd
Micrococcus luteus
ATCC 10240		125
(250)
{2}		1000
(2000)
{2}		250
(2000)
{8}		1000
(>2000)
{>2}		500
(1000)
{2}		250
(500)
{2}		62.5
(62.5)
{1}		0.98
(1.95)
{2}		62.5
(62.5)		0.98nd
Bacillus subtilis
ATCC 6633		31.25
(62.5)
{2}		125
(2000)
{16}		-1000
(2000)
{2}		-1000
(2000)
{2}		31.25
(31.25)
{1}		0.03
(0.03)
{1}		3.91
(3.91)		15.6262.5
Bacillus cereus
ATCC 10876		31.25
(31.25)
{1}		125
(>2000)
{>16}		-1000
(>2000)
{>2}		1000
(>2000)
{>2}		500
(>2000)
{>4}		31.25
(62.5)
{2}		0.06
(0.12)
{2}		7.81
(15.62)		31.25nd
Gram-negative bacteriaBordetella bronchiseptica
ATCC 4617		125
(500)
{4}		1000
(>2000)
{>2}		-1000
(2000)
{2}		1000
(1000)
{1}		1000
(2000)
{2}		1000
(2000)
{2}		0.98
(0.98)
{1}		125
(>1000)		ndnd
FungiCandida albicans
ATCC 2091		31.25
(62.5)
{2}		250
(2000)
{8}		1000
(2000)
{2}		1000
(2000)
{2}		250
(500)
{2}		500
(500)
{1}		15.62
(15.62)
{1}		0.24 **
(0.24)
{1}		nanana
Candida parapsilosis
ATCC 22019		125
(500)
{4}		62.5
(1000)
{16}		1000
(2000)
{2}		1000
(2000)
{2}		500
(500)
{1}		500
(500)
{1}		250
(2000)
{8}		0.24 **
(0.48)
{2}		nanana
“-” no activity; nd, not determined; na, not applicable; the standard chemotherapeutics used as positive controls: ciprofloxacin (CIP), nitrofurantoin (NIT), cefuroxime (CFX), vancomycin (VA *), and ampicillin (APC) against bacteria and nystatin (NY **) for fungi. Compounds with bactericidal effect (MBC/MIC ≤ 4) or fungicidal effect (MFC/MIC ≤ 4), MBC/MIC or MFC/MIC in these cases are bolded. No bioactivity—MIC > 1000 µg/mL; mild bioactivity—MIC = 501–1000 µg/mL; moderate bioactivity—MIC = 126–500 µg/mL; good bioactivity—MIC = 26–125 µg/mL; strong bioactivity—MIC = 10–25 µg/mL; very strong bioactivity—MIC < 10 µg/mL. * vancomycin activity, ** Nystatin activity.
Table
Table 3. The cell proliferation in % according to control after 24 h and after 48 h exposition on studied compounds in L929 cell line.
Table 3. The cell proliferation in % according to control after 24 h and after 48 h exposition on studied compounds in L929 cell line.
Dose/Compound242937
After 24 hAfter 48 hAfter 24 hAfter 48 hAfter 24 hAfter 48 h
200 µM97%109%88%97%81%89%
150 µM113%120%81%105%85%84%
100 µM99%107%96%105%99%76%
50 µM87%100%104%117%88%64%
25 µM97%112%109%92%78%79%
12 µM102%108%124%143%92%83%
6 µM98%121%117%132%81%85%
Green—increase in the metabolic activity of the cell.
Table
Table 4. The cell proliferation in % according to control after 24 h and after 48 h exposition on studied compounds in A549 cell line.
Table 4. The cell proliferation in % according to control after 24 h and after 48 h exposition on studied compounds in A549 cell line.
Dose/Compound242937
After 24 hAfter 48 hAfter 24 hAfter 48 hAfter 24 hAfter 48 h
200 µM76%73%94%102%65%84%
150 µM71%79%97%94%79%92%
100 µM75%84%96%93%58%67%
50 µM65%97%106%112%56%73%
25 µM71%106%101%78%73%66%
12 µM100%111%98%97%64%71%
6 µM91%99%104%103%93%88%
Red–decrease in the metabolic activity of the cell, green—increase in the metabolic activity of the cell.
Table
Table 5. The cell proliferation in % according to control after 24 h and after 48 h exposition on studied compounds in HeLa cell line.
Table 5. The cell proliferation in % according to control after 24 h and after 48 h exposition on studied compounds in HeLa cell line.
Dose/Compound242937
After 24 hAfter 48 hAfter 24 hAfter 48 hAfter 24 hAfter 48 h
200 µM92%107%101%98%106%104%
150 µM86%132%97%111%96%110%
100 µM105%121%103%118%99%98%
50 µM117%113%94%118%91%87%
25 µM112%106%115%124%83%93%
12 µM124%138%128%127%108%117%
6 µM126%147%115%136%114%120%
Green—increase in the metabolic activity of the cell.
Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds 2–37 are available from the authors.
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Paruch, K.; Popiołek, Ł.; Biernasiuk, A.; Hordyjewska, A.; Malm, A.; Wujec, M. Novel 3-Acetyl-2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-oxadiazolines: Synthesis and Biological Activity. Molecules 2020, 25, 5844. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25245844

AMA Style

Paruch K, Popiołek Ł, Biernasiuk A, Hordyjewska A, Malm A, Wujec M. Novel 3-Acetyl-2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-oxadiazolines: Synthesis and Biological Activity. Molecules. 2020; 25(24):5844. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25245844

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paruch, Kinga, Łukasz Popiołek, Anna Biernasiuk, Anna Hordyjewska, Anna Malm, and Monika Wujec. 2020. "Novel 3-Acetyl-2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-oxadiazolines: Synthesis and Biological Activity" Molecules 25, no. 24: 5844. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25245844

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop