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Article

Climate and Processing Effects on Tea (Camellia sinensis L. Kuntze) Metabolome: Accurate Profiling and Fingerprinting by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography/Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

by
Federico Stilo
1,
Giulia Tredici
1,
Carlo Bicchi
1,
Albert Robbat, Jr.
2,*,
Joshua Morimoto
2 and
Chiara Cordero
1,*
1
Dipartimento di Scienza a Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy
2
Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2020, 25(10), 2447; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25102447
Submission received: 14 April 2020 / Revised: 19 May 2020 / Accepted: 22 May 2020 / Published: 24 May 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Food and Natural Product Analysis)
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Abstract

This study applied an untargeted–targeted (UT) fingerprinting approach, based on comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOF MS), to assess the effects of rainfall and temperature (both seasonal and elevational) on the tea metabolome. By this strategy, the same compound found in multiple samples need only to be identified once, since chromatograms and mass spectral features are aligned in the data analysis process. Primary and specialized metabolites of leaves from two Chinese provinces, Yunnan (pu′erh) and Fujian (oolong), and a farm in South Carolina (USA, black tea) were studied. UT fingerprinting provided insight into plant metabolism activation/inhibition, taste and trigeminal sensations, and antioxidant properties, not easily attained by other analytical approaches. For example, pu′erh and oolong contained higher relative amounts of amino acids, organic acids, and sugars. Conversely, black tea contained less of all targeted compounds except fructose and glucose, which were more similar to oolong tea. Findings revealed compounds statistically different between spring (pre-monsoon) and summer (monsoon) in pu′erh and oolong teas as well as compounds that exhibited the greatest variability due to seasonal and elevational differences. The UT fingerprinting approach offered unique insights into how differences in growing conditions and commercial processing affect the nutritional benefits and sensory characteristics of tea beverages.
Keywords: comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography; time-of-flight mass spectrometry; untargeted-targeted UT fingerprinting; tea metabolome; tea processing; climate events comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography; time-of-flight mass spectrometry; untargeted-targeted UT fingerprinting; tea metabolome; tea processing; climate events
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MDPI and ACS Style

Stilo, F.; Tredici, G.; Bicchi, C.; Robbat, A., Jr.; Morimoto, J.; Cordero, C. Climate and Processing Effects on Tea (Camellia sinensis L. Kuntze) Metabolome: Accurate Profiling and Fingerprinting by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography/Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2020, 25, 2447. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25102447

AMA Style

Stilo F, Tredici G, Bicchi C, Robbat A Jr., Morimoto J, Cordero C. Climate and Processing Effects on Tea (Camellia sinensis L. Kuntze) Metabolome: Accurate Profiling and Fingerprinting by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography/Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Molecules. 2020; 25(10):2447. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25102447

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stilo, Federico, Giulia Tredici, Carlo Bicchi, Albert Robbat, Jr., Joshua Morimoto, and Chiara Cordero. 2020. "Climate and Processing Effects on Tea (Camellia sinensis L. Kuntze) Metabolome: Accurate Profiling and Fingerprinting by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography/Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry" Molecules 25, no. 10: 2447. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25102447

APA Style

Stilo, F., Tredici, G., Bicchi, C., Robbat, A., Jr., Morimoto, J., & Cordero, C. (2020). Climate and Processing Effects on Tea (Camellia sinensis L. Kuntze) Metabolome: Accurate Profiling and Fingerprinting by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography/Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Molecules, 25(10), 2447. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25102447

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