Improving Regulation of Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants and Stress-Related Gene Stimulation in Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus-Infected Cucumber Plants Treated with Glycine Betaine, Chitosan and Combination
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Disease Severity and Reduction of Virus Infectivity
2.2. Plant Growth
2.3. Photosynthetic Pigments and MDA Content
2.4. Endogenous Phytohormones
2.5. Osmolytes and Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants
2.6. Antioxidant Enzymes
2.7. Gene Expression
2.8. Correlation
2.9. Multivariate Statistical Approach
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Materials and Chemicals
4.2. CMV Inoculation
4.3. Experimental Design
4.4. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
4.5. qRT-PCR Analysis
4.6. Measurements
4.6.1. Growth Indices
4.6.2. Biochemical Measurements
Estimation of Photosynthetic Pigments
4.7. Determination of Lipid Peroxidation
4.8. Extraction, Separation and Estimation of Hormonal Content
4.8.1. Extraction
4.8.2. Separation
4.8.3. Estimation
4.9. Proline Content
4.10. Total Soluble Sugars Analysis
4.11. Glycine Betaine Analysis
4.12. Ascorbic Acid Analysis
4.13. Glutathione (GSH) Content
4.14. Free Phenol Analysis
4.15. Enzymes Activity
Extraction and Analysis
4.16. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Not available. |
Treatments | Virus Concentration | Percentage of Infection (%) | Disease Severity (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Challenge control (ChC) | 1.30 ± 0.04 a | 95 ± 0.33 a | 70 ± 0.24 a |
GB + Virus | 0.48 ± 0.01 b | 24 ± 0.41 b | 14.33 ± 0.38 b |
CHT + Virus | 0.35± 0.03 c | 15 ± 0.25 c | 6.22 ± 0.52 c |
Combination (GB+CHT) + Virus | 0.28 ± 0.02 d | 10± 0.20 d | 2.88± 0.33 d |
Gene | Forward Primer (´5–´3) | Reverse Primer (´5–´3) |
---|---|---|
PR1 | TGCTCAACAA ATGCGAACC | TCATCCACCCACAACTGAAC |
PAL1 | ATGGAGGCAACTTCCAAGGA | CCATGGCAATCTCAGCACCT |
ef1-∝ | ACTGTGCTGTCCTCATTATTG | AGGGTGAAAGCAAGAAGAGC |
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Sofy, A.R.; Dawoud, R.A.; Sofy, M.R.; Mohamed, H.I.; Hmed, A.A.; El-Dougdoug, N.K. Improving Regulation of Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants and Stress-Related Gene Stimulation in Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus-Infected Cucumber Plants Treated with Glycine Betaine, Chitosan and Combination. Molecules 2020, 25, 2341. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25102341
Sofy AR, Dawoud RA, Sofy MR, Mohamed HI, Hmed AA, El-Dougdoug NK. Improving Regulation of Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants and Stress-Related Gene Stimulation in Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus-Infected Cucumber Plants Treated with Glycine Betaine, Chitosan and Combination. Molecules. 2020; 25(10):2341. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25102341
Chicago/Turabian StyleSofy, Ahmed R., Rehab A. Dawoud, Mahmoud R. Sofy, Heba I. Mohamed, Ahmed A. Hmed, and Noha K. El-Dougdoug. 2020. "Improving Regulation of Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants and Stress-Related Gene Stimulation in Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus-Infected Cucumber Plants Treated with Glycine Betaine, Chitosan and Combination" Molecules 25, no. 10: 2341. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25102341