Synthesis and Antiproliferative Evaluation of Novel Hybrids of Dehydroabietic Acid Bearing 1,2,3-Triazole Moiety

Abstract

To discover novel potent cytotoxic diterpenoids, a series of hybrids of dehydroabietic acid containing 1,2,3-triazole moiety were designed and synthesized. The target compounds were characterized by means of FT-IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, ESI-MS and elemental analysis techniques. The in vitro cytotoxicity of these compounds was evaluated by standard MTT (methyl thiazolytetrazolium) assay against CNE-2 (nasopharynx), HepG2 (liver), HeLa (epithelial cervical), BEL-7402 (liver) human carcinoma cell lines and human normal liver cell (HL-7702). The screening results revealed that most of the hybrids showed significantly improved cytotoxicity over parent compound DHAA. Among them, [1-(3-fluorobenzyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-yl]dehydroabietic acid methyl ester (3c), and [1-(2-nitrobenzyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-yl]dehydroabietic acid methyl ester (3k) displayed better antiproliferative activity with IC₅₀ (50% inhibitory concentration) values of 5.90 ± 0.41 and 6.25 ± 0.37 µM toward HepG2 cells compared to cisplatin, while they exhibited lower cytotoxicity against HL-7702. Therefore, the 1,2,3-triazole-hybrids could be a promising strategy for the synthesis of antitumor diterpenoids and it also proved the essential role of 1,2,3-triazole moiety of DHAA in the biological activity.

1. Introduction

Nowadays, cancer has a serious impact on human health with a high mortality rate [1]. The rapid development of drug resistance and the acute side effects of clinical used anticancer drugs are still the major obstacles to effective chemotherapy [2,3]. Therefore, the discovery and development of new drugs and therapies with high efficacy and low side effects is always the basic mission for medicinal chemists. Natural products have played a dominant role in drug discovery, according to their chemically structural diversity, good biological activities and biocompatibility. There has been increased interest in the search of antitumor drugs from natural sources, and many natural or natural based antitumor drugs such as vinblastine, etoposide and paclitaxel were found and clinically used in recent years [4].

Abietanes are a family of natural tricyclic diterpenoids with interesting pharmacological activity including antitumor, antimicrobial, antiviral, antiulcer, and anti-inflammatory activities [5,6,7,8,9]. Interestingly, dehydroabietic acid (DHAA) and its derivatives have exhibited a broad spectrum of biological activities including antibacterial [10,11,12,13], antifungal [14], antiprotozoal [15], antiviral [16], antiulcer [17], antiherpetic [18] and anti-aging [19]. Especially, a number of DHAA derivatives have been reported in recent years which showed significant antitumor property through DNA binding, apoptosis or oncosis inducing mechanisms [20,21,22]. Hence, a significant amount of attention has been diverted towards the structural modification of dehydroabietic acid to develop new anticancer agents.

On the other hand, 1,2,3-triazole, a privileged building block in the discovery of new anticancer agents, plays a key role in enhancing the cytotoxicity towards the cancer cells because of its improved solubility, cell permeability and pharmacokinetic parameters at the binding site [23,24]. It has been reported that hybridization of 1,2,3-triazole framework other anticancer pharmacophores has the potential to provide novel anticancer candidates [25,26,27,28]. Moreover, some of 1,2,3-triazole containing compounds such as Cefatrizine and Carboxyamidotriazole have already been applied in clinics or under clinical trials for fighting against cancers. Click chemistry is considered to be a nearly perfect synthesizing strategy for reaction between azides and alkynes to afford 1,2,3-triazoles under mild conditions. Therefore, it has been widely applied in many aspects of drug discovery, ranging from the design of lead compounds to tagging of biological systems [29,30].

Considering the above benefits and in continuation of our interest in searching for the pharmacological effects of terpenoid derivatives [31,32,33,34]. We envisioned that the combination of the DHAA framework with 1,2,3-triazole unit may afford the desired high-performance anticancer agents. In this study, a series of novel DHAA-1,2,3-triazole hybrids were synthesized and their cytotoxic activities were assessed in vitro against CNE-2 (Nasopharynx), HepG2 (liver), HeLa (epithelial cervical), and BEL-7402 (liver) human cancer cell lines and HL-7702 normal human liver cell line.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Synthesis and Characterization

DHAA derivatives containing 1,2,3-triazole moiety were synthesized as presented in Scheme 1. All 16 compounds have been confirmed by FT-IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR ESI-MS and elemental analysis. As illustrated in Scheme 1, DHAA was treated with propargyl bromide, anhydrous potassium carbonate in dimethylformamide (DMF) to fabricate a good yield of propynyl ester 2. Huisgen [3+2] cycloaddition of 2 with benzyl chloride/bromide and sodium azide in the presence of cuprous iodide in a DMF aqueous solution resulted in the formation of 1,4 substituted-triazolyl derivatives 3a–p by one-pot route.

The FT-IR spectra of the target compounds 3a–p exhibited characteristic moderate absorption bands at about 1716 cm⁻¹ attributed to the stretching vibrations of the C=O. The bands at 1600–1450 cm⁻¹ were assigned to the vibration of the skeleton in benzene rings. The bands at 2950–2850 cm⁻¹ were assigned to the stretching vibrations of the C-H in methyl or methylene. The ¹H NMR spectra of the target compounds 3a–p showed characteristic signals at about 7.5 ppm assigned to the triazole protons and signals at 8.30–6.80 ppm assigned to the benzene protons. The ¹³C NMR spectra of the target compounds 3a–p showed peaks for C=O at about 178 ppm, and for aromatic rings at 160–113 ppm.

2.2. In Vitro Assay of Antiproliferative Activity

The antiproliferative activities of the 16 library members were tested against four human cancer cell lines including human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell (CNE-2), human liver cancer cell (HepG2), human hepatocellular carcinoma cell (BEL-7402), human cervical cancer cells (HeLa), and human normal liver cell (HL-7702) using MTT assay according the reported literature method [35]. The tested results were shown in

Table 1. Antiproliferative activity of dehydroabietic acid-based 1,2,3-triazole compounds ^a.

Compound	IC50 (μM)
	CNE-2	HepG2	BEL-7402	HeLa	HL-7702
3a (R = H)	33.40 ± 0.33	>100	36.44 ± 070	67.88 ± 0.56	>100
3b (R = o-F)	21.44 ± 0.52	25.86 ± 0.27	18.63 ± 0.82	17.76 ± 0.31	>100
3c (R = m-F)	10.92 ± 0.21	5.90 ± 0.41	16.72 ± 0.06	20.05 ± 0.54	>100
3d (R = p-F)	12.20 ± 0.33	20.60 ± 0.09	14.84 ± 075	22.33 ± 0.35	>100
3e (R = o-Cl)	74.88 ± 0.14	45.08 ± 0.33	25.06 ± 0.32	44.28 ± 0.43	>100
3f (R = m-Cl)	59.03 ± 0.28	22.27 ± 0.35	26.09 ± 0.15	53.78 ± 0.32	>100
3g (R = p-Cl)	60.73 ± 066	>100	38.04 ± 0.48	>100	>100
3h (R = o-Br)	48.30 ± 0.27	35.42 ± 0.21	27.26 ± 0.36	25.90 ± 0.20	>100
3i (R = m-Br)	44.14 ± 0.22	40.66 ± 0.62	36.88 ± 0.23	56.08 ± 0.36	>100
3j (R = p-Br)	>100	23.40 ± 0.32	14.53 ± 0.62	43.18 ± 0.22	>100
3k (R = o-NO2)	44.90 ± 0.32	6.25 ± 0.37	18.62 ± 0.26	>100	>100
3l (R = m-NO2)	11.45 ± 0.18	15.83 ± 0.64	15.39 ± 0.51	67.37 ± 0.33	>100
3m (R = p-NO2)	19.61 ± 0.38	>100	22.81 ± 0.22	22.48 ± 0.35	>100
3n (R = m-CH3)	>100	60.18 ± 0.39	23.61 ± 0.44	25.32 ± 0.81	>100
3o (R = p-CH3)	>100	51.78 ± 0.43	41.89 ± 0.72	42.51 ± 0.37	>100
3p (R = m-OCH3)	80.98 ± 0.78	>100	25.03 ± 0.22	24.66 ± 0.16	>100
DHAA	88.64 ± 0.73	80.36 ± 0.84	46.70 ± 0.55	37.40 ± 0.64	>100
Cisplatin	8.75 ± 0.24	6.42 ± 0.18	12.68 ± 0.33	1.94 ± 0.20	20.76 ± 0.83

^a IC₅₀ values are expressed as the mean ± SD (standard deviation) from three independent experiments. The results indicate statistically significant differences at p < 0.05.

.

It was found from Table 1 that some of the newly synthesized compounds had significant antineoplastic activity against four tested cancer cell lines, indicating that the introduction of 1,2,3-triazole moiety on the DHAA skeleton increased anti-tumor activity. In particular, compounds 3c and 3k exhibited good antitumor activity against HepG2 with IC₅₀ values of 5.90 ± 0.41 and 6.25 ± 0.37 μM, better than those of positive control cisplatin. Moreover, compounds 3c (R = m-F), 3d (R = p-F) and 3l (R = m-NO₂) against CNE-2 with IC₅₀ values of 10.92 ± 0.21, 12.20 ± 0.33 and 11.45 ± 0.18 μM, respectively. However, compound 3d and 3j showed moderate activity active against BEL-7402 with IC₅₀ values of 14.84 ± 075 and 14.53 ± 0.62 μM, respectively. These results declared that introduction of an electron withdrawing group was superior to an electron donating group on the benzene ring against CNE-2 (nasopharynx) cell line. The benzene ring that possessed an electron withdrawing group in meta-positions was better than in ortho- and para- positions. Compound 3b exhibited the best antitumor activity against Hela (epithelial cervical) with values of 17.76 ± 0.31 μM. Most compounds showed more potent anticancer activities against the HepG2 tumor cells compared to the parent compound. It was important to note that compounds 3a–p showed a certain selectivity against four tumor cell lines and low cytotoxicity on the human normal liver cell (HL-7702).

3. Experimental Section

3.1. General Information

All commercially available reagents including substituted benzyl chloride/bromide were purchased from Energy Chemicals and used without further purification. Optical rotations were measured on a WZZ-3 polarimeter in CH₂Cl₂ at 20 °C (Shanghai Shenguang Instrument, Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China). FT-IR spectra was recorded on a Prestige-21 spectrometer, and samples were prepared as KBr plates (Shimadzu, Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR spectra were obtained using a Bruker Avance 600/400 MHz spectrometer in CDCl₃ with tetramethylsilane (TMS)as an internal standard (Brucker Co., Ltd., Zurich, Switzerland). Elemental analyses were carried out on a PE 2400II elemental analyzer (Perkin Elmer Instruments Co., Ltd., Waltham, MA, USA). Melting points were determined on WRX-4 digital melting point apparatus (uncorrected) (Shanghai YiCe Apparatus & Equipment, Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China). Mass spectra were carried out with a Shimazu liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer (Shimadzu, Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). NMR and IR spectra of compounds 3 can be found in the Supplementary Materials.

3.2. Synthesis of Dehydroabietic Acid Propynyl Ester 2

In a round bottom flask, anhydrous potassium carbonate (9.4 g) and propargyl bromide (2.8 mL) were added to a solution of compound 1 (9.3 g) in dry DMF (40 mL), and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 h. Reaction was monitored by TLC and the crude product was poured into ice water (200 mL), then the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 × 20 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with saturated salt water three times, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and purified through silica gel chromatography (petroleum ether-EtOAc = 20:1, v/v) to offer yellow liquid 2 in yield 86.3%; IR (KBr, cm⁻¹) 3278 (stretching, m, C≡C-H), 2954, 2933, 2872 (stretching, s, aliphatic C-H), 2127 (stretching, w, C≡C), 1730 (stretching, s, C=O); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 7.09 (d, 1H, J = 8.2 Hz, H-11), 6.92 (dd, 1H, J = 8.2, 1.6 Hz, H-12), 6.81 (s, 1H, H-14), 4.59 (ddd, 2H, J = 39.7, 15.5, 2.4 Hz, H-22), 2.88 – 2.70 (m, 3H, H-15 and H-7), 2.35 (t, 1H, J = 2.4 Hz, H-23), 2.26–2.17 (m, 2H, He-1 and H-5), 1.76 – 1.34 (m, 7H, Ha-1, H-2, H-3 and H-6), 1.22 (s, 3H, H-19), 1.16 (s, 3H, H-20), 1.14 (s, 6H, H-16 and H-17); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 177.70, 146.80, 145.77, 134.71, 126.90, 124.17, 123.94, 77.98, 74.43, 52.00, 47.67, 44.85, 37.96, 36.98, 36.37, 33.47, 30.00, 25.13, 23.96, 21.66, 18.55, 16.48.

3.3. General Procedure for the Synthesis of the Target Compounds 3a–p

A solution of benzyl chloride/bromide (40 mmol) and sodium azide (40 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF)/water (6 mL, 2:1) was stirred at room temperature. Subsequently, propynyl ester 2 (30 mmol) and CuI (0.002 g) were added, the reaction was performed for 5 h. Upon completion of the reaction, the crude mixture was poured into ice water (20 mL), extracted with CHCl₃ (3 × 20 mL) and the solution was washed with saturated salt water, dried over Na₂SO₄. Purification was performed by chromatography on silica gel (petroleum ether-EtOAc = 5:1, v/v) to give the target compounds 3a–p, which were characterized by means of FT-IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, ESI-MS and elemental analysis techniques.

(1-benzyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-yl)dehydroabietic acid methyl ester (3a): White solid; yield 58.0%; m.p. 181.0–183.4 °C; ${\left[\alpha \right]}_D^{20}$+26.38 (c 0.012, CH₂Cl₂); IR (KBr, cm⁻¹) 3126 (stretching, w, C=C-H), 2949, 2868 (stretching, s, aliphatic C-H), 1716 (stretching, s, C=O); ¹H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.53 (s, 1H, H-23), 7.41 (m, 3H, H-26, H-28 and H-30), 7.30 (m, 2H, H-27 and H-29), 7.17 (d, 1H, J = 8.2 Hz, H-11), 7.02 (d, 1H, J = 8.1 Hz, H-12), 6.86(s, 1H, H-14), 5.56 (s, 2H, H-24), 5.22 (dd, 2H, J = 68.2, 12.7 Hz, H-21), 2.86–2.83 (m, 1H, H-15), 2.78~2.65 (m, 2H, H-7), 2.30 (d, 1H, J = 12.6 Hz, He-1), 2.21 (dd,1H, J = 12.5 Hz, 1.8, H-5), 1.79–1.46 (m, 7H, Ha-1, H-2, H-3 and H-6), 1.27 (s, 3H, H-19), 1.26 (d, 6H, J = 6.9 Hz, H-16 and H-17), 1.21 (s, 3H, H-20); ¹³C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 178.56, 146.87, 145.83, 143.70, 134.75, 129.30, 128.97, 128.19, 127.02, 124.30, 124.06, 123.67, 57.88, 54.32, 47.69, 44.93, 38.02, 37.04, 36.49, 33.59, 30.05, 25.29, 24.13, 24.12, 21.73, 18.64, 16.59; ESI-MS m/z: 470.88 ([M − H]⁻). Anal. Calcd for C₃₀H₃₇N₃O₂: C 76.40, H 7.91, N 8.91; found C 76.39, H 7.93, N 8.88.

[1-(2-fluorobenzyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-yl]dehydroabietic acid methyl ester (3b): White solid; yield 46.6%; m.p. 122.4–125.8 °C; ${\left[\alpha \right]}_D^{20}$+13.82 (c 0.016, CH₂Cl₂); IR (KBr, cm⁻¹) 2943, 2866 (stretching, s, aliphatic C-H), 1718 (stretching, s, C=O); ¹H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.63 (s, 1H, H-23), 7.40 (dd, 1H, J = 14.2, 6.8 Hz, H-27), 7.30 (t, 1H, J = 7.0 Hz, H-28), 7.21–7.13 (m, 3H, H-29, H-30, H-11), 7.02 (d, 1H, J = 8.1, H-12), 6.87 (s, 1H, H-14), 5.62 (s, 2H, H-24), 5.23 (dd, 2H, J = 68.3, 12.7 Hz, H-21), 2.85 (m, 1H, H-15), 2.79–2.69 (m, 2H, H-7), 2.31 (d, 1H, J = 13.1 Hz, He-1), 2.22 (dd, 1H, J = 12.4, 1.4 Hz, H-5), 1.90–1.67 (m, 7H, Ha-1, H-2, H-3 and H-6), 1.28 (s, 3H, H-19), 1.26 (d, 6H, J = 6.9 Hz, H-16 and H-17), 1.21 (s, 3H, H-20); ¹³C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 178.54, 160.68, 146.88, 145.82, 143.68, 134.76, 131.13, 130.70, 127.03, 125.01, 124.31, 124.06, 123.86, 121.98, 116.01, 57.84, 47.85, 47.70, 44.94, 38.03, 37.05, 36.50, 33.60, 30.06, 25.30, 24.13, 21.75, 18.66, 16.61; ESI-MS m/z: 488.88 ([M − H]⁻). Anal. Calcd for C₃₀H₃₆FN₃O₂: C 73.59, H 7.41, N 8.58; found C 73.56, H 7.39, N 8.59.

[1-(3-fluorobenzyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-yl]dehydroabietic acid methyl ester (3c): White solid; yield 58.7%; m.p. 175.7–178.3 °C; ${\left[\alpha \right]}_D^{20}$+17.26 (c 0.014, CH₂Cl₂); IR (KBr, cm⁻¹) 2919 (stretching, s, aliphatic C-H), 1712 (stretching, s, C=O); ¹H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.58 (s, 1H, H-23), 7.38 (dd, 1H, J = 13.8, 8.0 Hz, H-29), 7.18 (d, 1H, J = 8.2 Hz, H-11), 7.09 (m,2H, H-26 and H-28), 7.02 (d, 1H, J = 8.2 Hz, H-12), 6.98 (d, 1H, J = 9.2 Hz, H-30), 6.87 (s, 1H, H-14), 5.56 (s, 2H, H-24), 5.24 (dd, 2H, J = 68.0, 12.7 Hz, H-21), 2.89~2.81 (m, 1H, H-15), 2.79–2.66 (m, 2H, H-7), 2.31 (d, 1H, J = 12.5 Hz, He-1), 2.22 (dd, 1H, J = 12.5 Hz, 1.8, H-5), 1.84–1.46 (m, 7H, Ha-1, H-2, H-3 and H-6), 1.28 (s, 3H, H-19), 1.26 (d, 6H, J = 6.9 Hz, H-16 and H-17), 1.21 (s, 3H, H-20); ¹³C NMR(150 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 178.57, 163.15, 146.86, 145.86, 143.90, 137.08, 134.71, 130.96, 127.03, 124.30, 124.08, 123.82, 123.66, 116.00, 115.11, 58.82, 53.62, 47.70, 44.94, 38.03, 37.04, 36.51, 33.60, 30.05, 25.29, 24.12, 21.75, 18.64, 16.60; ESI-MS m/z: 488.95 ([M − H]⁻). Anal. Calcd for C₃₀H₃₆FN₃O₂: C 73.59, H 7.41, N 8.58; found C 73.59, H 7.38, N 8.57.

[1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-yl]dehydroabietic acid methyl ester (3d): White solid; yield 55.4%; m.p. 183.0–186.3 °C; ${\left[\alpha \right]}_D^{20}$+22.92 (c 0.011, CH₂Cl₂); IR (KBr, cm⁻¹) 2949 (stretching, s, aliphatic C-H), 1716 (stretching, s, C=O); ¹H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.54(s, 1H, H-23), 7.30 (dd, 2H, J = 8.6, 5.2 Hz, H-26 and H-30), 7.18 (d, 1H, J = 8.2 Hz, H-11), 7.10 (t, 2H, J = 8.6 Hz, H-27 and H-29), 7.03 (d, 1H, J = 8.2 Hz, H-12), 6.87 (s, 1H, H-14), 5.53 (s, 2H, H-24), 5.23 (dd, 2H, J = 64.4, 12.7 Hz, H-21), 2.88–2.83 (m, 1H, H-15), 2.77–2.66 (m, 2H, H-7), 2.31 (d, 1H, J = 12.7 Hz, He-1), 2.21 (dd, 1H, J = 12.5 Hz, 1.8 Hz, H-5), 1.91–1.48 (m, 7H, Ha-1, H-2, H-3 and H-6), 1.28 (s, 3H, H-19), 1.26 (d, 6H, J = 6.9 Hz, H-16 and H-17), 1.21 (s, 3H, H-20); ¹³C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 178.56, 163.02, 146.87, 145.89, 143.82, 134.69, 130.57, 130.10, 127.02, 124.31, 124.10, 123.59, 116.31, 57.86, 53.55, 47.70, 44.94, 38.02, 37.04, 36.50, 33.60, 30.06, 25.29, 24.12, 21.73, 18.64, 16.61; ESI-MS m/z: 488.81 ([M − H]⁻). Anal. Calcd for C₃₀H₃₆FN₃O₂: C 73.59, H 7.41, N 8.58; found C 73.60, H 7.38, N 8.56.

[1-(2-chlorobenzyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-yl]dehydroabietic acid methyl ester (3e): White solid; yield 60.4%; m.p. 80.6–84.3 °C; ${\left[\alpha \right]}_D^{20}$+12.69 (c 0.010, CH₂Cl₂); IR (KBr, cm⁻¹) 2931 (stretching, s, aliphatic C-H)V, 1720 (stretching, s, C=O); ¹H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.55 (s, 1H, H-23), 7.38–7.31 (m, 2H, H-28 and H-30), 7.27 (s, 1H, H-27), 7.16 (d, 2H, J = 8.2 Hz, H-11 and H-29), 7.00 (d, 1H, J = 8.1 Hz, H-12), 6.86 (s, 1H, H-14), 5.52 (s, 2H, H-24), 5.23 (dd, 2H, J = 64.3, 12.7 Hz, H-21), 2.84 (dt, 1H, J = 13.8, 6.9 Hz, H-15), 2.77~2.65 (m, 2H, H-7), 2.29 (d, 1H, J = 12.6 Hz, He-1), 2.20 (dd, 1H, J = 12.5, 1.7 Hz, H-5), 1.82~1.47 (m, 7H, Ha-1, H-2, H-3 and H-6), 1.27 (s, 3H, H-19), 1.24 (d, 6H, J = 6.9 Hz, H-16 and H-17), 1.20 (s, 3H, H-20); ¹³C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 178.46, 146.73, 145.73, 143.82, 136.48, 135.09, 134.59, 130.46, 129.07, 128.06, 126.91, 126.06, 124.16, 123.94, 123.64, 57.70, 53.46, 47.57, 44.81, 37.90, 36.91, 36.38, 33.46, 29.90, 25.15, 23.99, 21.62, 18.51, 16.47; ESI-MS m/z: 529.00 ([M + Na]⁺). Anal. Calcd for C₃₀H₃₆ClN₃O₂: C 71.20, H 7.17, N 8.30; found C 71.16, H 7.15, N 8.29.

[1-(3-chlorobenzyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-yl]dehydroabietic acid methyl ester (3f): White solid; yield 52.3%; m.p. 153.2–155.5 °C; ${\left[\alpha \right]}_D^{20}$+27.86 (c 0.012, CH₂Cl₂); IR (KBr, cm⁻¹) 2939 (stretching, s, aliphatic C-H), 1714 (stretching, s, C=O); ¹H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.61 (s, 1H, H-23), 7.46 (dd, 1H, J = 8.0, 1.1 Hz, H-28), 7.34 (td, 1H, J = 7.7, 1.7 Hz, H-29), 7.29 (d, 1H, J = 9.0 Hz, H-26), 7.21 (dd, J = 7.6, 1.5 Hz, 1H, H-30), 7.16 (d, 1H, J = 8.2 Hz, H-11), 7.00 (dd, J = 8.1, 1.6 Hz, 1H, H-12), 6.86 (d, J = 12.8 Hz, 1H, H-14), 5.68 (s, 2H, H-24), 5.23 (dd, 2H, J = 68.2, 12.7 Hz, H-21), 2.84 (dt, 1H, J = 13.8, 6.9 Hz, H-15), 2.79–2.67 (m, 2H, H-7), 2.29 (d, 1H, J = 12.5 Hz, He-1), 2.21 (dd, J = 12.5, 1H, 2.0 Hz, H-5), 1.81~1.47 (m, 7H, Ha-1, H-2, H-3 and H-6), 1.27 (s, 3H, H-19), 1.24 (d, 6H, J = 6.9 Hz, H-16 and H-17), 1.20 (s, 3H, H-20); ¹³C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 178.40, 146.75, 145.70, 143.48, 134.61, 133.54, 132.36, 130.37, 130.32, 129.98, 127.62, 126.89, 124.16, 123.93, 123.86, 57.72, 51.45, 47.57, 44.79, 37.91, 36.92, 36.40, 33.46, 29.96, 25.15, 24.00, 23.98, 21.64, 18.53, 16.47; ESI-MS m/z: 506.00 ([M]⁺). Anal. Calcd for C₃₀H₃₆ClN₃O₂: C 71.20, H 7.17, N 8.30; found C 71.21, H 7.14, N 8.32.

[1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-yl]dehydroabietic acid methyl ester (3g): White solid; yield 44.7%; m.p. 176.9–179.2 °C; ${\left[\alpha \right]}_D^{20}$+18.67 (c 0.015, CH₂Cl₂); IR (KBr, cm⁻¹) 2926 (stretching, s, aliphatic C-H), 1718 (stretching, s, C=O); ¹H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.52 (s, 1H, H-23), 7.37 (d, 2H, J = 8.4 Hz, H-27 and H-29), 7.23 (d, 2H, J = 8.4 Hz, H-26 and H-30), 7.17 (s, 1H, H-11), 7.01 (dd, 1H, J = 8.1, 1.4 Hz, H-12), 6.86 (s, 1H, H-14), 5.51 (s, 2H, H-24), 5.21 (dd, 2H, J = 61.7, 12.7 Hz, H-21), 2.84 (dt, 1H, J = 13.8, 6.9 Hz, H-15), 2.77–2.63 (m, 2H, H-7), 2.29 (d, 1H, J = 12.9 Hz, He-1), 2.19 (dd, 1H, J = 12.5, 1.9 Hz, H-5), 1.81~1.47 (m, 7H, Ha-1, H-2, H-3 and H-6), 1.26 (s, 3H, H-19), 1.24 (d, 6H, J = 6.9 Hz, H-16 and H-17), 1.20 (s, 3H, H-20); ¹³C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 178.44, 146.73, 145.77, 143.77, 134.92, 134.55, 133.04, 129.38, 126.90, 124.16, 123.95, 123.49, 77.25, 77.04, 76.83, 57.72, 53.43, 47.58, 44.81, 37.89, 36.91, 36.39, 33.47, 29.91, 25.15, 23.99, 21.61, 18.51, 16.47; ESI-MS m/z: 505.20 ([M − H]⁻). Anal. Calcd for C₃₀H₃₆ClN₃O₂: C 71.20, H 7.17, N 8.30; found C 71.19, H 7.18, N 8.27.

[1-(2-bromobenzyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-yl]dehydroabietic acid methyl ester (3h): White solid; yield 48.6%; m.p. 95.1–97.3 °C; ${\left[\alpha \right]}_D^{20}$+32.13 (c 0.014, CH₂Cl₂); IR (KBr, cm⁻¹) 2929 (stretching, s, aliphatic C-H), 1714 (stretching, s, C=O); ¹H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.67–7.61 (m, 2H, H-23 and H-27), 7.33 (t, 1H, J = 7.5 Hz, H-29), 7.26 (t, 1H, J = 7.7 Hz, H-28), 7.19–7.14 (m, 2H, H-11 and H-30), 7.00 (d, 1H, J = 8.1 Hz, H-12), 6.85 (s, 1H, H-14), 5.68 (s, 2H, H-24), 5.23 (dd, 2H, J = 69.0, 12.7 Hz, H-21), 2.83 (dt, 1H, J = 13.8, 6.9 Hz, H-15), 2.79–2.68 (m, 2H, H-7), 2.29 (d, 1H, J = 12.5 Hz, He-1), 2.21 (dd, 1H, J = 12.5, 1.9 Hz, H-5), 1.80–1.45 (m, 7H, Ha-1, H-2, H-3 and H-6), 1.27 (s, 3H, H-19), 1.24 (d, 6H, J = 6.9 Hz, H-16 and H-17), 1.20 (s, 3H, H-20); ¹³C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 178.39, 146.75, 145.70, 143.48, 134.61, 134.06, 133.28, 130.49, 130.39, 128.24, 126.89, 124.17, 123.93, 123.89, 123.52, 57.73, 53.85, 47.58, 44.79, 37.91, 36.92, 36.42, 33.46, 29.98, 25.16, 24.00, 23.99, 21.65, 18.53, 16.48; ESI-MS m/z: 550.10 ([M]⁺). Anal. Calcd for C₃₀H₃₆BrN₃O₂: C 65.45, H 6.59, N 7.63; found C 65.49, H 6.63, N 7.60.

[1-(3-bromobenzyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-yl]dehydroabietic acid methyl ester (3i): White solid; yield 54.5%; m.p. 146.1–148.0 °C; ${\left[\alpha \right]}_D^{20}$+24.59 (c 0.010, CH₂Cl₂); IR (KBr, cm⁻¹) 2945 (stretching, s, aliphatic C-H), 1716 (stretching, s, C=O); ¹H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.55 (s, 1H, H-23), 7.52 (1H, d, J = 7.9 Hz, H-28), 7.44 (s, 1H, H-26), 7.28 (d, 1H, J = 9.7 Hz, H-29), 7.21 (d, 1H, J = 7.7 Hz, H-30), 7.16 (d, 1H, J = 8.2 Hz, H-11), 7.01 (d, 1H, J = 8.1 Hz, H-12), 6.86 (s, 1H, H-14), 5.52 (s, 2H, H-24), 5.23 (dd, 2H, J = 63.2, 12.7 Hz, H-21), 2.84 (dt, 1H, J = 13.8, 6.9 Hz, H-15), 2.77–2.65 (m, 2H, H-7), 2.29 (d, 1H, J = 12.7 Hz, He-1), 2.20 (dd, 1H, J = 12.5, 1.9 Hz, H-5), 1.86~1.45 (m, 7H, Ha-1, H-2, H-3 and H-6), 1.27 (s, 3H, H-19), 1.24 (d, 6H, J = 6.9 Hz, H-16 and H-17), 1.20 (s, 3H, H-20); ¹³C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 178.46, 146.73, 145.72, 143.82, 136.72, 134.59, 132.01, 130.97, 130.71, 126.91, 126.54, 124.16, 123.94, 123.64, 123.16, 57.70, 53.39, 47.58, 44.82, 37.90, 36.92, 36.39, 33.47, 29.90, 25.15, 23.99, 21.63, 18.52, 16.47; ESI-MS m/z: 572.30 ([M + Na]⁺). Anal. Calcd for C₃₀H₃₆BrN₃O₂: C 65.45, H 6.59, N 7.63; found C 65.47, H 6.62, N 7.61.

[1-(4-bromobenzyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-yl]dehydroabietic acid methyl ester (3j): White solid; yield 40.2%; m.p. 172.5–174 °C; ${\left[\alpha \right]}_D^{20}$+27.19 (c 0.012, CH₂Cl₂); IR (KBr, cm⁻¹) 2924 (stretching, s, aliphatic C-H), 1718 (stretching, s, C=O); ¹H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.56–7.50 (m, 3H, H-23, H-27 and H-29), 7.16 (d, 3H, J = 8.2 Hz, H-11, H-26 and H-30), 7.01 (d, 1H, J = 9.2 Hz, H-12), 6.86 (s, 1H, H-14), 5.50 (s, 2H, H-24), 5.21 (dd, 2H, J = 61.3, 12.7 Hz, H-21), 2.84 (dt, J = 13.8, 6.9 Hz, 1H, H-15), 2.76–2.67 (m, 2H, H-7), 2.30 (d, 1H, J = 12.9 Hz, He-1), 2.19 (dd, 1H, J = 12.5, 1.8 Hz, H-5), 1.80~1.45 (m, 7H, Ha-1, H-2, H-3 and H-6), 1.27 (s, 3H, H-19), 1.25 (d, 6H, J = 6.9 Hz, H-16 and H-17), 1.20 (s, 3H, H-20); ¹³C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 178.44, 146.73, 145.77, 143.78, 134.55, 133.55, 132.35, 129.66, 126.91, 124.16, 123.95, 123.52, 123.03, 57.72, 53.48, 47.58, 44.81, 37.89, 36.92, 36.39, 33.47, 29.91, 25.15, 24.00, 21.61, 18.51, 16.47; ESI-MS m/z: 572.10 ([M + Na]⁺). Anal. Calcd for C₃₀H₃₆BrN₃O₂: C 65.45, H 6.59, N 7.63; found C 65.47, H 6.58, N 7.65.

[1-(2-nitrobenzyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-yl]dehydroabietic acid methyl ester (3k): White solid; yield 59.8%; m.p. 119.7–122.2 °C; ${\left[\alpha \right]}_D^{20}$+28.42 (c 0.016, CH₂Cl₂); IR (KBr, cm⁻¹) 2929 (stretching, s, aliphatic C-H), 1720 (stretching, s, C=O), 1527 (stretching, s, -NO₂); ¹H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.17 (d, 1H, J = 7.8 Hz, H-27), 7.76 (1H, s, H-23), 7.61 (t, 1H, J = 7.2 Hz, H-29), 7.55 (t, 1H, J = 7.5 Hz, H-28), 7.16 (1H, d, J = 8.2 Hz, H-11), 7.07 (d, 1H, J = 7.7 Hz, H-30), 7.00 (d, 1H, J = 8.0 Hz, H-12), 6.85 (1H, s, H-12), 5.95 (s, 2H, H-24), 5.25 (dd, 2H, J = 54.6, 12.7 Hz, H-21), 2.82 (1H, m, H-15), 2.77–2.74 (2H, m, H-7), 2.29 (d, 1H, J = 12.4 Hz, He-1), 2.22 (dd, 1H, J = 12.4, 1.5 Hz, H-5), 1.81–1.44 (m, 7H, Ha-1, H-2, H-3 and H-6), 1.27 (s, 3H, H-19), 1.22 (d, 6H, J = 6.9 Hz, H-16 and H-17), 1.20 (s, 3H, H-20); ¹³C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 178.02, 147.12, 146.41, 145.38, 143.35, 134.24, 134.04, 130.24, 129.98, 129.40, 126.56, 125.10, 124.35, 123.84, 123.62, 57.37, 50.52, 47.26, 44.46, 37.57, 36.58, 36.11, 33.12, 29.65, 24.83, 23.66, 21.34, 18.19, 16.16; ESI-MS m/z: 514.90 ([M − H]⁻). Anal. Calcd for C₃₀H₃₆N₄O₄: C 69.74, H 7.02, N 10.84; found C 69.78, H 7.00, N 10.82.

[1-(3-nitrobenzyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-yl]dehydroabietic acid methyl ester (3l): White solid; yield 48.3%; m.p. 128.5–132.3 °C; ${\left[\alpha \right]}_D^{20}$+6.39 (c 0.011, CH₂Cl₂); IR (KBr, cm⁻¹) 3074, 2926 (stretching, s, aliphatic C-H), 1712 (stretching, s, C=O), 1533(stretching, s, -NO₂); ¹H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.25 (d, 1H, J = 7.8 Hz, H-28), 8.19 (s, 1H, H-26), 7.66 (s, 1H, H-23), 7.61 (dt, 2H, J = 15.5, 7.7 Hz, H-29 and H-30), 7.17 (d, 1H, J = 8.2 Hz, H-11), 7.02 (d, 1H, J = 8.2 Hz, H-12), 6.86 (s, 1H, H-14), 5.68 (s, 2H, H-24), 5.24 (dd, 2H, J = 47.4, 12.7 Hz, H-21), 2.85 (dt, 1H, J = 13.8, 6.9 Hz, H-15), 2.79–2.70 (2H, m, H-7), 2.31 (d, 1H, J = 13.0, He-1), 2.21 (dd, 1H, J = 12.5, 1.8, H-5), 1.84–1.47(m, 7H, Ha-1, H-2, H-3 and H-6), 1.28 (3H, s, H-19), 1.25 (d, 6H, J = 6.9 Hz, H-16 and H-17), 1.21 (3H, s, H-20); ¹³C NMR(150 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 178.58, 148.70, 146.86, 145.90, 144.15, 136.81, 134.65, 133.98, 130.47, 127.02, 124.30, 124.11, 123.96, 123.94, 122.97, 57.80, 53.23, 47.72, 44.93, 38.02, 37.04, 36.54, 33.59, 30.06, 25.28, 24.12, 18.63, 16.60; ESI-MS m/z: 514.90 ([M − H]⁻). Anal. Calcd for C₃₀H₃₆N₄O₄: C 69.74, H 7.02, N 10.84; found C 69.75, H 7.01, N 10.85.

[1-(4-nitrobenzyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-yl]dehydroabietic acid methyl ester (3m): White solid; yield 41.1%; m.p. 173.9–176.7 °C; ${\left[\alpha \right]}_D^{20}$+16.44 (c 0.012, CH₂Cl₂); IR (KBr, cm⁻¹) 2949 (stretching, s, aliphatic C-H), 1716 (stretching, s, C=O), 1530(stretching, s, -NO₂); ¹H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.26 (d, 2H, J = 8.6 Hz, H-27 and H-29), 7.63 (1H, s, H-23), 7.43 (d, 2H, J = 8.5 Hz, H-26 and H-30), 7.18 (d, 1H, J = 8.2 Hz, H-11), 7.02 (d, 1H, J = 8.1Hz, H-12), 6.86 (1H, s, H-14), 5.68 (s, 2H, H-24), 5.24 (dd, 2H, J = 48.4, 12.7 Hz, H-21),2.85 (dt, 1H, J = 13.8, 6.9 Hz, H-15), 2.80–2.67 (m, 2H, H-7), 2.31 (d, 1H, J = 13.1 Hz, He-1), 2.21 (dd, 1H, J = 12.4, 1.4 Hz, H-5), 1.84–1.69 (m, 7H, Ha-1, H-2, H-3 and H-6), 1.28 (s, 3H, H-19), 1.25 (d, 6H, J = 6.9 Hz, H-16 and H-17), 1.21 (s, 3H, H-20); ¹³C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 178.58, 148.24, 146.83, 145.99, 144.19, 141.70, 134.59, 128.73, 127.02, 124.47, 124.31,124.14, 124.03, 57.80, 53.24, 47.73, 44.93, 38.01, 37.04, 36.54, 33.58, 30.08, 25.28, 24.11, 21.77, 18.63, 16.61; ESI-MS m/z: 514.86 ([M − H]⁻). Anal. Calcd for C₃₀H₃₆N₄O₄: C 69.74, H 7.02, N 10.84; found C 69.75, H 7.04, N 10.81.

[1-(3-methylbenzyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-yl]dehydroabietic acid methyl ester (3n): White solid; yield 51.4%; m.p. 130.7–132.8 °C; ${\left[\alpha \right]}_D^{20}$+42.99 (c 0.010, CH₂Cl₂); IR (KBr, cm⁻¹) 2945 (stretching, s, aliphatic C-H), 1716 (stretching, s, C=O); ¹H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.53 (1H, s, H-23), 7.30 (t, 1H, J = 7.6 Hz, H-29), 7.21 (d, 1H, J = 7.6 Hz, H-30), 7.17(d, 1H, J = 8.2 Hz, H-11), 7.13-.08(m, 2H, H-26 and H-28), 7.02 (d, 1H, J = 8.1 Hz, H-12), 6.86 (s, 1H, H-14), 5.51 (s, 2H, H-24), 5.23 (dd, 2H, J = 65.3, 12.7 Hz, H-21), 2.85 (dt, 1H, J = 13.8, 6.9 Hz, H-15), 2.76–2.67 (m, 2H, H-7), 2.38 (s, 3H, H-31), 2.30 (d, 1H, J = 12.6 Hz, He-1), 2.21 (dd, 1H, J = 12.4, 1.9 Hz, H-5), 1.80 -1.46 (m, 7H, Ha-1, H-2, H-3 and H-6), 1.28 (s, 3H, H-19), 1.26 (d, 6H, J = 6.9 Hz, H-16 and H-17), 1.21 (s, 3H, H-20); ¹³C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 178.57, 146.88, 145.83, 143.64, 139.12, 134.76, 134.55, 129.71, 129.17, 128.92, 127.02, 125.27, 124.30, 124.06, 123.67, 57.89, 54.33, 47.69, 44.94, 38.03, 37.05, 36.49, 33.60, 30.05, 25.29, 24.13, 21.73, 21.49, 18.65, 16.60; ESI-MS m/z: 484.8 ([M − H]⁻). Anal. Calcd for C₃₁H₃₉N₃O₂: C 76.67, H 8.09, N 8.65; found C 76.66, H 8.05, N 8.62.

[1-(4-methylbenzyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-yl]dehydroabietic acid methyl ester (3o): White solid; yield 60.1%; m.p. 160.4–162.0 °C; ${\left[\alpha \right]}_D^{20}$+28.37 (c 0.013, CH₂Cl₂); IR (KBr, cm⁻¹) 2927 (stretching, s, aliphatic C-H), 1716 (stretching, s, C=O); ¹H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.49 (s, 1H, H-23), 7.18 (dt, 5H, J = 13.3, 8.2 Hz, H-11, H-26, H-27, H-29 and H-30), 7.01 (dd, 1H, J = 8.1, 1.2 Hz, H-12), 6.86 (s, 1H, H-14), 5.50 (s, 2H, H-24), 5.20 (dd, 2H, J = 66.5, 12.7 Hz, H-21), 2.84 (dt, 1H, J = 13.8, 6.9 Hz, H-15), 2.77–2.65 (m, 2H, H-7), 2.38 (s, 3H, H-31), 2.29 (d, 1H, J = 12.8 Hz, He-1), 2.19 (dd, 1H, J = 12.5, 1.8 Hz, H-5), 1.84–1.46 (m, 7H, Ha-1, H-2, H-3 and H-6), 1.26 (s, 3H, H-19), 1.25 (d, 6H, J = 6.9 Hz, H-16 and H-17), 1.23 (s, 3H, H-20); ¹³C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 178.42, 146.76, 145.70, 143.47, 138.75, 134.64, 131.48, 129.81, 128.12, 126.88, 124.17, 123.92, 123.40, 57.76, 54.00, 47.56, 44.81, 37.90, 36.92, 36.37, 33.47, 29.93, 25.16, 24.00, 21.60, 21.19, 18.52, 16.47; ESI-MS m/z: 508.10 ([M + Na]⁺). Anal. Calcd for C₃₁H₃₉N₃O₂: C 76.67, H 8.09, N 8.65; found C 76.67, H 8.06, N 8.68.

[1-(3-methoxybenzyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-yl]dehydroabietic acid methyl ester (3p): Brown solid; yield 41.3%; m.p. 106.5–108.0 °C; ${\left[\alpha \right]}_D^{20}$+9.55 (c 0.012, CH₂Cl₂); IR (KBr, cm⁻¹) 2929 (stretching, s, aliphatic C-H), 1712 (stretching, s, C=O); ¹H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.54 (s, 1H, H-23), 7.30 (t, 1H, J = 7.8 Hz and H-5), 7.16 (d, 1H, J = 8.2 Hz, H-11), 7.00 (d, 1H, J = 8.1, H-12), 6.91 (dd, 1H, J = 8.2, 2.2 Hz, H-28), 6.86 (m, 2H, H-14 and H-30), 6.81 (s, 1H, H-26), 5.51 (s, 2H, H-24), 5.21 (dd, 2H, J = 68.9, 12.7 Hz, H-21), 3.80 (s, 3H, H-31), 2.84 (dt, 1H, J = 13.8, 6.9 Hz, H-15), 2.75–2.71 (m, 2H, H-7), 2.29 (d, 1H, J = 12.5 Hz, He-1), 2.19 (dd, 1H, J = 12.4, 1.5 Hz, H-5), 1.90~1.46 (m, 7H, Ha-1, H-2, H-3 and H-6), 1.26 (s, 3H, H-19), 1.24 (d, 6H, J = 6.9 Hz, H-16 and H-17), 1.19 (s, 3H, H-20); ¹³C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 178.57, 159.81, 146.41, 145.35, 143.22, 135.66, 134.30, 129.90, 126.57, 123.83, 123.59, 123.26, 119.88, 113.94, 113.32, 57.41, 54.96, 53.77, 47.22, 44.50, 37.58, 36.59, 36.04, 33.14, 29.58, 24.84, 23.68, 21.28, 18.19, 16.15; ESI-MS m/z: 523.30 ([M + Na]⁺). Anal. Calcd for C₃₁H₃₉N₃O₃: C 74.22, H 7.84, N 8.38; found C 74.20, H 7.85, N 8.40.

3.4. In Vitro Antiproliferative Evaluation

All the compounds (3a–p) were evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxicity against the following human cancer cell lines including CNE-2, HepG2, BEL-7402, Hela and normal liver cell HL-7702 by MTT assay. The cell lines were plated in 96-well plates at density of 5×10³ cells/well and maintained at 37 °C with 5% CO₂. The target compounds 3a–p dissolved in DMSO and further dilutions were made with DMEM, with cisplatin as the positive control. The concentration of the compounds used were 0.8, 4, 20, 100 μM. After the treatment of another 48 h and 72 h with different concentration of the samples (0.8, 4, 20, 100 μM), Therewith, 20 μL of MTT (5 mg/mL) was added and incubated for about 4 h. The medium was thrown away and the purple formazan precipitations were dissolved in 150 μL DMSO. The O. D. Value was measured at 490 nm in an enzyme labeling instrument [36,37].

4. Conclusions

Taken together, a series of dehydroabietic acid coupled 1,2,3-triazole derivatives (3a–p) were synthesized by a convenient one-pot Cu(I)-catalyzed Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction from propynyl ester 2 and a variety of readily available benzyl chloride/bromide without isolation of potentially unstable organic azide. The synthesized compounds were screened for cytotoxic activity against a panel of four human cancer cell lines and the human HL-7702 normal cell line using an MTT assay. Some compounds exhibited better anticancer activity against the tested cancer cell lines compared to positive controls cisplatin and low cytotoxicity on human normal liver cell HL-7702. Among these compounds, compounds 3c (IC₅₀ = 5.90 ± 0.41 µM) and 3k (IC₅₀ = 6.25 ± 0.37 μM) were the most promising derivatives. The antitumor activity in vivo and the mechanism in antitumor activity of dehydroabietic acid-1,2,3-triazole hybrids are under investigation.