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Article

Beckmann Rearrangement of Ketoxime Catalyzed by N-methyl-imidazolium Hydrosulfate

by
Hongyu Hu
†,
Xuting Cai
†,
Zhuying Xu
,
Xiaoyang Yan
* and
Shengxian Zhao
*
Xingzhi College, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Molecules 2018, 23(7), 1764; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23071764
Submission received: 7 June 2018 / Revised: 3 July 2018 / Accepted: 14 July 2018 / Published: 18 July 2018
(This article belongs to the Section Organic Chemistry)
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Abstract

:
Beckmann rearrangement of ketoxime catalyzed by acidic ionic liquid-N-methyl-imidazolium hydrosulfate was studied. Rearrangement of benzophenone oxime gave the desirable product with 45% yield at 90 °C. When co-catalyst P2O5 was added, the yield could be improved to 91%. The catalyst could be reused three cycles with the same efficiency. Finally, reactions of other ketoximes were also investigated.

1. Introduction

Over the past years, amide derivatives have received much attention owing to their broad range of applications in many fields such as the pharmaceutical industry, chemical biology, the agrochemical industry, engineering plastics, and so on [1,2,3,4,5,6]. Various approaches have been developed for the synthesis of amide compounds including nucleophilic acyl substitution reactions with amines [7], Staudinger ligation [8], Schmidt reaction [9] and Beckmann rearrangement [10]. However, generations of large amounts of undesired by-products and corrosive phenomenon associated with common acid (H2SO4 and SOCl2) based on liquid phase protocols provide a challenging task for chemists to develop alternative methods [11,12]. A variety of alternative routes [13,14,15,16] based on organic and inorganic solid acids were developed. However, traditional methods often suffer from some drawbacks such as poor selectivity, harsh conditions, are not atom economic, or are not environmentally friendly.
From the point of view of atom conversion efficiency, Beckmann rearrangement is a perfect way for construction of amides, in general sulfuric acid is most commonly used rearrangement catalyst in commercial production of amides. However, it brings equipment corrosion and environmental pollution problems. Recently, ionic liquids [17] have emerged as potential green alternatives to organic solvents due to their unique properties of low volatility, high polarity, good thermal stability, and excellent solubility [18,19,20]. Further, there are more potential capabilities as effective catalysts and reagents [13], as chemical transformations have also been explored. In order to develop a green pathway of amide synthesis, we report here a Beckmann rearrangement reaction catalyzed by N-methyl-imidazolium hydrosulfate ([HMIm]HSO4) [21] under solvent free conditions (Scheme 1).

2. Results

Beckmann rearrangement of benzophenone oxime catalyzed by [HMIm]HSO4 was carried out at 120 °C over 6 h without any solvent, the desired product, benzanilide, was obtained in moderate yield (45%). The co-catalysts such as P2O5, FeCl3, ZnCl2, CuCl2.2H2O, and AlCl3 were investigated in this reaction system, the yield was improved significantly to 91% with P2O5. However, it has been shown in the literature that the conversion is around 20% only when P2O5 is used as the sole catalyst of Beckmann rearrangement [15]. When CuCl2.2H2O was added, the yield was reduced to 14%, and the reverse reaction of benzophenone oxime was observed, benzophenone was regenerated. The results are presented in Table 1.
The effect of the amount of co-catalyst P2O5 on reaction was investigated. The reaction yield was improved when more co-catalyst was added, and the best yield was around 90% when the amount of P2O5 was higher than 8 mol %. The results are presented in Figure 1.
The influence of the reaction temperature on the yield was investigated subsequently. It was found that 90 °C is the best reaction temperature. The results are presented in Figure 2.
The recycling performance of ionic liquid has the most benefits from the point of view of environmental protection. During the reaction workup, the white product was precipitated out when ice water was added, after filtration, the mother liquid was evaporated in a vacuum, and ionic liquid was recovered and could be reused for three times. The results are presented in Table 2.
In order to explore the scope and limitations of this reaction, we extended the procedure to various aryl-substituted and alkyl-substituted ketoximes. In general, the reaction proceeded easily under the best conditions and the amide products were isolated in excellent yields and high purity. The results are presented in Table 3.

3. Experimental Section

All melting points were determined using a YRT-3 Digital Melting Point Apparatus (Tianjin, China). All melting points were uncorrected. All new compounds were characterized by HRMS-EI(M+), 1H and 13C-NMR spectra were recorded in CDCl3 or DMSO-d6 on a Bruker AV 600 MHz or Bruker AV 400 MHz instrument. HRMS spectra were obtained on an Agilent 6230 mass spectrometer.

3.1. Synthesis of N-methyl-imidazolium Hydrosulfate ([HMIm]HSO4)

N-Methylimidazole (8.2 g, 0.10 mol) was cooled down to 0 °C and concentrated sulfuric acid (10.0 g) was added dropwise. After addition, the solution was stirred 24 h at room temperature, a transparent viscous liquid (17.6 g) was obtained. Yield: 99%; IR (cm−1): 3345, 3150, 2870, 1447, 1337, 1221, 1048, 1082, 887.

3.2. General Procedures for Synthesis of Oxime Substrates 2a–2o

Ketone (0.027 mol) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride (3.0 g, 0.043 mol) were dissolved in EtOH (10 mL) and H2O (20 mL). To the mixture was added NaOH (5.5 g, 0.137 mol). The reaction mixture was heated under reflux and the reaction was monitored by thin layer chromatography (TLC). After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature, to the reaction mixture were added concentrated hydrochloric acid (15 mL) and water (100 mL). The solid was filtered off and recrystallized from EtOH, affording the products 2a–2o.
2a: White solid, Yield: 91%. m.p.: 87.6–88.7 °C; 1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.60 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 2H), 6.93 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 2H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 2.30 (s, 3H); 13C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 160.5, 155.6, 129.0, 127.4, 113.9, 55.3, 13.3.
2b: White solid, Yield: 93%. m.p.: 88.0–89.0 °C; 1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.55 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.22 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 2.39(s, 3H), 2.31 (s, 3H); 13C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 156.0, 139.3, 133.7, 129.3, 126.0, 21.3, 12.3.
2c: White solid, Yield: 90%. m.p.: 51.7–53.0 °C; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.68–7.64 (m, 2H), 7.44–7.40 (m, 3H), 2.35(s, 3H); 13C-NMR (150 MHz, CDCl3) δ 156.1, 136.5, 129.3, 128.5, 126.1, 12.3.
2d: White solid, Yield: 70%. m.p.: 74.0–76.0 °C;1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 11.21 (s, 1H), 7.76–7.59 (m, 2H), 7.22–7.19 (m, 2H), 2.14 (s, 3H); 13C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 162.4 (d, 1JCF = 245.5 Hz), 152.1, 133.5 (d, 4JCF = 3.0 Hz), 127.6 (d, 3JCF = 8.3 Hz), 115.2 (d, 2JCF = 21.5 Hz), 11.9.
2e: White solid, Yield: 91%. m.p.: 141.0–142.0 °C; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 11.40 (s, 1H), 7.80 (t, J = 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.64 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (dd, J = 11.1, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 2.14 (s, 3H); 13C-NMR (150 MHz,DMSO-d6) δ 151.9, 139.3, 131.3, 130.6, 128.1, 124.6, 121.8, 11.4.
2f: Yellow solid, Yield: 90%. m.p.: 172.0–173.0 °C; 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 11.78 (s, 1H), 8.28—8.18 (m, 2H), 7.96–7.88 (m, 2H), 2.21 (s, 3H); 13C-NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 157.1, 152.5, 148.3, 131.9, 131.8, 16.6.
2g: White solid, Yield: 95.6%. m.p.: 129.6–131.0 °C; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.49 (s, 1H), 7.42–7.27 (m, 5H), 3.04–2.85 (m, 1H), 1.75–1.66 (m, 2H), 1.64–1.50 (m, 6H); 13C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 158.6, 135.8, 128.3, 128.2, 128.1, 45.2, 30.3, 24.9.
2h: White solid, Yield: 60%. m.p.: 92.0–93.0 °C; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 11.40 (s, 1H), 7.48–7.44 (m, 2H), 7.43–7.40 (m, 1H), 7.387.37 (m, 5H), 7.30–7.25 (m, 2H); 13C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 155.2, 136.8, 133.5, 128.88, 128.86, 128.40, 128.36, 128.2, 127.0.
2i: White solid, Yield: 87.5%. m.p.: 134.0–136.0 °C; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.48 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.43–7.37 (m, 4H), 7.36–7.31 (m, 2H); 13C-NMR (150 MHz, CDCl3) δ 156.1, 135.9, 135.5, 134.3, 130.8, 130.4, 129.1, 128.8, 128.7.
2j: White solid, Yield: 88.5%. m.p.: 131.0–132.0 °C; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 11.45 (s, 1H), 7.43–7.38 (m, 2H), 7.38–7.32 (m, 2H), 7.28 (dd, J = 12.3, 5.4 Hz, 2H), 7.19 (dd, J = 12.3, 5.4 Hz, 2H); 13C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 162.6 (d, 1JCF = 244.6 Hz), 161.9 (d, 1JCF = 244.6 Hz), 153.4, 133.2, 131.3 (d, 3JCF = 8.2 Hz), 129.5, 129.1 (d, 3JCF = 8.2 Hz), 115.4 (d, 2JCF = 22.6 Hz), 115.2 (d, 2JCF = 22.3 Hz).
2k: White solid, Yield: 87.5%. m.p.: 129.0–130.0 °C; 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 11.1 (s, 1H), 7.31 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.24 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.99 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.91 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.76 (s, 3H); 13C-NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 159.8, 159.1, 154.4, 130.7, 129.7, 128.6, 125.6, 113.7, 113.4, 55.2, 55.1.
2l: Light yellow solid, Yield: 87.9%. m.p.:155.0–160.0 °C; (isomer 1): 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 11.27(s, 1H), 7.38–7.34 (m, 4H), 7.29–7.24 (m, 3H), 7.00 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 3.79 (s, 3H); (isomer 2): 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 11.09 (s, 1H), 7.46–7.43 (m, 2H), 7.42–7.38 (m, 3H), 7.30 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.92 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 3.75 (s, 3H); (isomer 1): 13C-NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 159.85, 154.85, 137.32, 130.74, 129.22, 128.32, 128.29, 128.12, 113.80, 55.20; (isomer 2): 13C-NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 159.20, 154.80, 133.82, 128.87, 128.76, 128.29, 127.32, 125.37, 113.46, 55.15.
2m: Yield: 94.0%. m.p.: 84–86 °C; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.81 (brs, 1H), 7.30–7.18 (m, 5H), 2.83 (t, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H), 2.51 (t, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H), 1.91 (s, 3H); 13C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 157.9, 141.0, 128.4, 128.3, 126.1, 37.7, 32.6,13.8.
2n: Yield: 90.0%. m.p.: 79–81 °C; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 12.74 (s, 1H), 7.73–7.16 (m, 5H); 13C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ145.2 (q, 2JCF = 30.0), 130.6, 129.0, 128.9, 127.2, 121.6 (q, 1JCF3 = 271.5).
2o: Yield: 85.5%. m.p.: 89–91 °C; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 2.48 (dd, J = 6.8, 5.3, 2H), 2.48 (m, 2H), 1.76–1.45 (m, 6H); 13C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 157.1, 31.6, 26.6, 25.4, 25.2, 23.8.

3.3. General Procedures for the Synthesis of Amides 3a–3o

To a solution of the oxime substrates 2a–2o (9.50 mmol) in (HMIm)HSO4 (2.05 g, 11.4 mmol), the co-catalyst P2O5 (0.15 g, 1.0 mmol) was added. Then the solution was heated to 90 °C and the reaction was monitored by TLC. After completion of the reaction, the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (50 mL) twice, and the combined organic phase was washed with the aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate and brine, dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated in vacuo to afford a residue, which was purified by column (ethyl acetate: petroleum ether = 1:4) to afford the products 3a–3o.
3a [22]: White solid, Yield: 91%. m.p.: 127.0–128.0 °C; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.80 (brs, 1H), 7.51–7.46 (m, 2H), 7.20 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 6.89–6.84 (m, 2H), 3.71 (s, 3H), 2.01 (s, 3H); 13C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 168.2, 155.5, 133.0, 121.0, 114.2, 55.6, 24.3; HRMS(+): calcd. for C9H11NO2 [M + H]+ 166.0863, found 166.0859; calcd. for C9H11NO2Na [M + Na]+ 188.0682, found 188.0682.
3b [22]: White solid, Yield: 90%. m.p.: 149.0–150.0 °C; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.84 (s, 1H), 7.46 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.09 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 2.24 (s, 3H), 2.02 (s, 3H); 13C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 173.2, 142.1, 137.0, 134.1, 124.2, 29.2, 25.6; HRMS(+): calcd. for C9H11NO [M + H]+ 150.0913, found 150.0912; calcd. for C9H11NONa [M + Na]+ 172.0733, found 172.0741.
3c [23]: White solid, Yield: 90%. m.p.: 108.5–110.0 °C; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.93 (brs, 1H), 7.58 (dd, J = 1.0, 8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.29 (dd, J = 7.5, 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.08–6.91 (m, 1H), 2.05 (s, 3H); 13C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 168.7, 139.8, 129.1, 123.4, 119.4, 24.5; HRMS(+): calcd. for C8H9NO [M + H]+ 136.0757, found 136.0755; calcd. for C8H9NONa [M + Na]+ 158.0576, found 158.0572.
3d [24]: Light yellow solid, Yield: 89%. m.p.: 153–155 °C; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.99 (brs, 1H), 7.87–7.47 (m, 2H), 7.12 (t, J = 8.99 Hz, 2H), 2.04 (s, 3H); 13C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 168.6, 158.3.8 (d, 1JCF = 237.0 Hz), 136.2 (d, 4JCF = 1.5 Hz), 121.1 (d,3JCF = 7.5 Hz), 115.2 (d, 2JCF = 22.5 Hz), 24.3; HRMS(+): calcd. for C8H8FNO [M + H]+ 154.0663, found 154.0665; calcd. for C8H8FNONa [M + Na]+ 176.0482, found 176.0481.
3e [25]: White solid, Yield: 88%. m.p.: 87.0–89.0 °C; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.11 (brs, 1H), 7.95 (s, 1H), 7.47 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.27–7.23 (m, 1H), 7.22–7.19 (m, 1H), 2.05 (s, 3H); 13C-NMR (150 MHz, CDCl3) δ 169.1, 141.3, 131.1, 126.0, 122.0, 121.7, 118.1, 24.5; HRMS(+): calcd. for C8H8BrNO [M + H]+ 213.9862, found 213.9860; calcd. for C8H8BrNONa [M + Na]+ 235.9681, found 235.9681.
3f [25]: Yellow solid, Yield: 86%. m.p.: 214.0–215.0 °C; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.57 (s, 1H), 8.21 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 2H), 7.82 (d, J = 9.4 Hz, 2H), 2.12 (s, 3H); 13C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 169.8, 145.9, 142.3, 125.4, 119.0, 24.7; HRMS(+): calcd. for C8H8N2O3 [M + H]+ 181.0608, found181.0610; Calcd. for C8H8N2O3Na [M + Na]+ 203.0433, found 203.0437.
3g: White solid, Yield: 91%. m.p.: 160.0–161.0 °C; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.29 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 1H), 7.88–7.80 (m, 2H), 7.54–7.49 (m, 1H), 7.48–7.42 (m, 2H), 4.46–3.96 (m, 1H), 1.96–1.81 (m, 2H), 1.74–1.64 (m, 2H), 1.60–1.43 (m, 4H); 13C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 166.4, 135.3, 131.4, 128.6, 127.7, 51.4, 32.6, 24.1; HRMS(+): calcd. for C12H15NO [M + H]+ 190.1226, found 190.1228; calcd. for C12H15NO Na [M + Na]+ 212.1046, found 212.1044.
3h [23]: White solid, Yield: 89%. m.p.: 162.6–163.0 °C; 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.25 (s, 1H), 7.99–7.92 (m, 2H), 7.78 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.63–7.58 (m, 1H), 7.57–7.51 (m, 2H), 7.36 (t, J = 7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.15–7.07 (m, 1H); 13C-NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 166.0, 139.6, 135.5, 132.0, 129.1, 128.9, 128.1, 124.1, 120.8; HRMS(+): calcd. for C13H11NO [M + H]+ 198.0913, found 198.0913; calcd. for C13H11NONa [M + Na]+ 220.0733, found 220.0733.
3i [25]: White solid, Yield: 85%. m.p.: 210.0–212.0 °C; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.45 (s, 1H), 8.02–7.96 (m, 2H), 7.86–7.79 (m, 2H), 7.66–7.59 (m, 2H), 7.45–7.39 (m, 2H); 13C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 165.0, 138.4, 137.0, 133.8, 130.1, 129.0, 127.9, 122.4; HRMS(+): calcd. for C13H9Cl2NO [M + H]+ 266.0134, found 266.0129; calcd. for C13H9Cl2NONa [M + Na]+ 287.9953, found 287.9951.
3j [26]: Light yellow solid, Yield: 84%. m.p.: 183–185.0 °C; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.31 (s, 1H), 8.04–8.02 (m, 2H), 7.82–7.72 (m, 2H), 7.37 (t, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.19 (t, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H); 13C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 164.3, 164.1 (d, 1JCF = 249.5 Hz), 158.3 (d, 1JCF = 240.3 Hz), 135.4, 131.2, 130.4 (d, 3JCF = 9.0 Hz), 122.2 (d, 3JCF = 7.8 Hz), 115.3 (d, 2JCF = 22.4 Hz), 115.2 (d, 2JCF = 22.8 Hz); HRMS(+): calcd. for C13H9F2NO [M + H]+ 234.0725, found 234.0727; calcd. for C13H9F2NONa [M + Na]+ 256.0544, found 256.0546.
3k [26]: Light yellow solid, Yield: 90%. m.p.: 204.0–205.0 °C; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.83 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.65 (s, 1H), 7.52 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H), 6.97 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.91 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.81 (s, 3H); 13C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 164.5, 161.7, 155.4, 132.4, 129.4, 127.1, 121.9, 113.7, 113.5, 55.4, 55.2; HRMS(+): calcd. for C15H15NO3 [M + H]+ 258.1125, found 258.1127; calcd. for C15H15NO3Na [M + Na]+ 280.0944, found 280.0946.
3l [25] (N-(4-Methoxyphenyl)benzamide): Light yellow solid, Yield: 52%. M.p.: 156.5–159.5 °C; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.07 (s, 1H), 7.95 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 2H), 7.74 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.51 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (t, J = 7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.05 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 2H), 3.84 (s, 3H); 13C-NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 164.94, 161.91, 139.36, 131.40, 129.61, 128.58, 123.45, 120.37, 113.62, 55.45; HRMS(+): calcd. for C14H13NO2 [M + H]+ 228.1019, found 228.1020; calcd. for C14H13NO2Na [M + Na]+ 250.0838, found 250.0838; (4-Methoxy-N-phenylbenzamide): Light yellow solid, Yield: 28% 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.12 (s, 1H), 7.94 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.67 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H), 7.57 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.09 (t, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.93 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H), 3.74 (s, 3H); 13C-NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 165.14, 155.58, 135.07, 132.24, 128.37, 127.56, 127.00, 122.02, 113.76, 55.20. HRMS(+): calcd. for C14H13NO2 [M + H]+ 228.1019, found 228.1020; calcd. for C14H13NO2Na [M + Na]+ 250.0838, found 250.0838.
3m [27]: Yield: 89%. m.p.: 113–114 °C; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.34–7.30 (m, 2H), 7.26–7.21 (m, 3H), 3.85–3.77 (m, 2H), 2.84–2.74 (m, 2H), 2.29 (s, 3H); 13C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 173.4, 139.0, 129.3, 129.0, 126.9, 46.4, 34.8, 26.6. HRMS(+): calcd. for C10H13NO [M + H]+ 164.1070, found 164.1071; calcd. for C10H13NONa [M + Na]+ 186.0889, found 186.0884.
3n [28]: Yield: 82%. m.p.: 84–87 °C; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 11.26 (brs, 1H), 7.70 (dd, J = 0.83, 8.53 Hz, 2H), 7.43–7.38 (m, 2H), 7.24–7.20 (m, 1H), 13C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 155.0 (q, 2JCF = 36.0), 136.8, 129.4, 126.0, 121.5, 116.3 (q, 1JCF3 = 286.5). HRMS(+): calcd. for C8H6F3NO [M + H]+ 190.0474, found 190.0472; calcd. for C8H6F3NONa [M + Na]+ 212.0294, found 212.0296.
3o [29]: Yield: 85%. m.p.: 68–71 °C; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.41 (brs, 1H), 3.05 (dd, J = 5.87, 10.09 Hz, 2H), 2.38–2.13 (m, 2H), 1.66 (q, J = 5.87 Hz, 2H), 1.56–1.46 (m, 4H); 13C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 177.4, 41.9, 36.9, 30.5, 30.3, 23.4, HRMS(+): calcd. for C6H11NO [M + H]+ 114.0913, found 114.0910; calcd. for C6H11NONa [M + Na]+ 136.0733, found136.0734.

4. Conclusions

In conclusion, we successfully demonstrated an efficient approach for the synthesis of amide derivatives via Beckmann rearrangement of ketoxime by using Brønsted acidic ionic liquid N-methyl-imidazolium hydrosulfate as an environmental friendly catalyst and solvent. The best reaction condition is: reaction temperature 90 °C, reaction time 6 h, solvent N-methyl-imidazolium hydrosulfate 10 grams, co-catalyst P2O5 8 mol %. Ionic liquid can be reused three times. The procedure can be extended to various symmetrical and unsymmetrical aryl-substituted and alkyl-substituted ketoxime substrates. The aryl group migration products are sole products for unsymmetrical aryl alkyl substituted amides.

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary File 1

Author Contributions

H.H., X.Y., and S.Z. conceived and designed the experiments; X.C. and Z.X. performed the experiments; H.H. analyzed the data; and H.H. wrote the paper.

Funding

The project was supported by the Zhejiang province ecology first-class discipline and Zhejiang Provincial Department of Education general research projects (Y201636410).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are available from the authors.
Molecules 23 01764 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Synthesis of amides. Reagents and conditions: (a) NH2OH.HCl, NaOH, EtOH, H2O, reflux; (b) acidic ionic liquid, P2O5, N2, 90 °C, 6 h.
Scheme 1. Synthesis of amides. Reagents and conditions: (a) NH2OH.HCl, NaOH, EtOH, H2O, reflux; (b) acidic ionic liquid, P2O5, N2, 90 °C, 6 h.
Molecules 23 01764 sch001
Molecules 23 01764 g001 550
Figure 1. Effect of the amount of co-catalyst P2O5 on Beckmann rearrangement of benzophenone oxime. Reaction conditions: Benzophenone oxime (9.5 mmol), [HMIm]HSO4 (11.4 mmol), 90 °C, 6 h.
Figure 1. Effect of the amount of co-catalyst P2O5 on Beckmann rearrangement of benzophenone oxime. Reaction conditions: Benzophenone oxime (9.5 mmol), [HMIm]HSO4 (11.4 mmol), 90 °C, 6 h.
Molecules 23 01764 g001
Molecules 23 01764 g002 550
Figure 2. Influence of the reaction temperature on Beckmann rearrangement of benzophenone oxime. Reaction conditions: Benzophenone oxime (9.5 mmol), [HMIm]HSO4 (11.4 mmol), 6 h, co-catalyst (P2O5 8%).
Figure 2. Influence of the reaction temperature on Beckmann rearrangement of benzophenone oxime. Reaction conditions: Benzophenone oxime (9.5 mmol), [HMIm]HSO4 (11.4 mmol), 6 h, co-catalyst (P2O5 8%).
Molecules 23 01764 g002
Table
Table 1. Effect of co-catalyst on Beckmann rearrangement in ionic liquid systems.
Table 1. Effect of co-catalyst on Beckmann rearrangement in ionic liquid systems.
EntryCo-CatalystYield (%)
1a45
2P2O591
3FeCl347
4AlCl350
5ZnCl253
6CuCl2·2H2O14 b
Reaction conditions: Benzophenone oxime (9.5 mmol), [HMIm]HSO4 (11.4 mmol), and co-catalyst (8%), 90 °C, 6 h; a without co-catalyst; b benzophenone(%) was obtained.
Table
Table 2. Effect of ionic liquid recycling on Beckmann rearrangement.
Table 2. Effect of ionic liquid recycling on Beckmann rearrangement.
Reaction TurnP2O5/%Conversion/%Yield/%
189191
219190
30.59088
Reaction conditions: Benzophenone oxime (9.5 mmol), [HMIm]HSO4 (11.4 mmol), 90 °C, 6 h; Conversion was determined by Gas Chromatography (GC) using internal standard method.
Table
Table 3. Formation of amides (3a–3o) from ketoxime (2a–2o) in the presence of ionic liquid and co-catalyst P2O5.
Table 3. Formation of amides (3a–3o) from ketoxime (2a–2o) in the presence of ionic liquid and co-catalyst P2O5.
Compd.R1R2Yield %
3a Molecules 23 01764 i001 Molecules 23 01764 i01691
3b Molecules 23 01764 i002 Molecules 23 01764 i01790
3c Molecules 23 01764 i003 Molecules 23 01764 i01890
3d Molecules 23 01764 i004 Molecules 23 01764 i01989
3e Molecules 23 01764 i005 Molecules 23 01764 i02088
3f Molecules 23 01764 i006 Molecules 23 01764 i02186
3g Molecules 23 01764 i007 Molecules 23 01764 i02291
3h Molecules 23 01764 i008 Molecules 23 01764 i02389
3i Molecules 23 01764 i009 Molecules 23 01764 i02485
3j Molecules 23 01764 i010 Molecules 23 01764 i02584
3k Molecules 23 01764 i011 Molecules 23 01764 i02690
3l(3l’) Molecules 23 01764 i012 Molecules 23 01764 i02752
Molecules 23 01764 i013 Molecules 23 01764 i02828
3m Molecules 23 01764 i014 Molecules 23 01764 i02989
3n Molecules 23 01764 i015 Molecules 23 01764 i03082
3oCaprolactam85
Reaction conditions: Benzophenone oxime (9.5 mmol), [HMIm]HSO4 (11.4 mmol), catalyst (P2O5 8%), 90 °C, 6 h.

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MDPI and ACS Style

Hu, H.; Cai, X.; Xu, Z.; Yan, X.; Zhao, S. Beckmann Rearrangement of Ketoxime Catalyzed by N-methyl-imidazolium Hydrosulfate. Molecules 2018, 23, 1764. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23071764

AMA Style

Hu H, Cai X, Xu Z, Yan X, Zhao S. Beckmann Rearrangement of Ketoxime Catalyzed by N-methyl-imidazolium Hydrosulfate. Molecules. 2018; 23(7):1764. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23071764

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hu, Hongyu, Xuting Cai, Zhuying Xu, Xiaoyang Yan, and Shengxian Zhao. 2018. "Beckmann Rearrangement of Ketoxime Catalyzed by N-methyl-imidazolium Hydrosulfate" Molecules 23, no. 7: 1764. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23071764

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