Antimicrobial Activity of Five Essential Oils against Bacteria and Fungi Responsible for Urinary Tract Infections
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Essential oils Analysis
2.2. Antibacterial Activity
Agar Disc Diffusion Method
2.3. Antimycotic Activity
3. Discussion
4. Material and Methods
4.1. Essential Oils
4.2. Gas Chromatography—Mass Spectrometry Analysis
4.3. Antibacterial Activity
4.3.1. Bacterial Strains
4.3.2. Agar Disk Diffusion Method
4.3.3. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
4.4. Antimycotic Activity
4.4.1. Fungal Strains
4.4.2. Minimal Inhibitory Concentration
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Samples of the essential oils of Illicium verum, Ocimum basilicum, Origanum vulgare, Salvia sclarea and Thymus vulgaris are available from the authors. |
Class | Component | RI | O.v | O.b | S.s | T.v | I.v | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 | mh | tricyclene | 926 | 1.4 | ||||
9 | mh | myrcene | 991 | 2.2 | ||||
13 | mh | α-terpinene | 1018 | 2.1 | ||||
15 | mh | p-cymene | 1026 | 9.3 | 15.3 | |||
16 | mh | limonene | 1031 | 3.9 | ||||
18 | om | 1,8-cineole | 1033 | 5.9 | ||||
22 | mh | γ-terpinene | 1062 | 5.3 | 2.9 | |||
25 | om | cis-linalool oxide (furanoid) | 1074 | 2.2 | ||||
28 | om | trans-linalool oxide (furanoid) | 1088 | 1.8 | ||||
30 | om | trans-sabinene idrato | 1097 | 1.8 | 3.8 | |||
31 | om | linalool | 1098 | 46 | 8.1 | |||
39 | om | borneol | 1165 | 1.6 | ||||
41 | om | 4-terpineol | 1177 | 2.4 | ||||
43 | unknown | 1.7 | ||||||
44 | pp | menthyl chavicol(=estragole) | 1195 | 1.1 | ||||
46 | om | thymol methyl ether | 1232 | 1.7 | ||||
49 | om | linalyl acetate | 1257 | 54.7 | ||||
53 | pp | (E) anethol | 1283 | 89.8 | ||||
54 | om | isobornyl acetate | 1285 | 1.6 | ||||
56 | om | thymol | 1290 | 52.6 | ||||
58 | om | carvacrol | 1298 | 65.9 | ||||
59 | unknown | 5.6 | ||||||
60 | unknown | 7.2 | ||||||
61 | om | α-limonene diepoxide | 1347 | 8.6 | ||||
62 | pp | eugenol | 1356 | 11.5 | ||||
65 | sh | β-elemene | 1392 | 2.2 | ||||
66 | sh | β-caryophyllene | 1418 | 3.7 | 6.8 | |||
67 | sh | trans-α-bergamotene | 1437 | 3.6 | ||||
69 | sh | α-guaiene | 1440 | 1.1 | ||||
72 | sh | germacrene D | 1481 | 3.5 | ||||
74 | sh | α-bulnesene | 1505 | 2 | ||||
75 | sh | trans-γ-cadinene | 1513 | 2.8 | ||||
77 | sh | δ-cadinene | 1524 | 1 | ||||
80 | os | caryophyllene oxide | 1581 | 4.8 | ||||
82 | os | 1,10-di-epi-cubenol | 1614 | 1 | ||||
83 | os | T-cadinol | 1640 | 5.8 | ||||
87 | od | scareol | 2223 | 1.3 |
Antibiotic | Escherichia coli Strain n° | Enterococcus spp. Strain n° * | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1069 | 1002 | 994 | 986 | 977 | 876 | 835 | 1091 | 1079 | 1034 | 835 | 793 | 654 | 618 | 568 | |
ATM | R | R | R | I | R | R | S | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R |
AK | S | I | S | R | S | R | S | R | R | R | R | R | I | S | R |
AMC | R | I | R | I | I | R | R | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
AMP | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | I | R | I | I | I |
KF | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | I | I | S | S |
CTX | I | R | R | S | R | I | S | R | R | R | I | R | R | R | I |
CAZ | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R |
CL | R | R | R | R | R | I | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | I | R |
CIP | R | I | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | R | R |
CT | R | S | S | R | S | R | S | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R |
DO | R | S | S | R | R | R | R | R | S | I | R | R | S | S | R |
E | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | I | I | R | R | R | I | S | R |
ENR | R | S | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | I | R | R |
CN | R | S | S | S | S | R | R | R | R | I | R | I | S | S | R |
N | R | I | I | R | R | R | I | R | R | R | R | R | I | I | R |
PPL | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | I | I | R | I | R | I | R | I |
RD | I | R | R | I | I | R | I | R | R | I | S | R | S | I | S |
S | R | I | I | I | I | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | I | R |
STX | R | S | S | R | R | R | R | S | R | S | S | S | S | S | R |
TE | R | S | S | R | R | R | R | R | S | R | R | R | R | R | R |
TOB | R | I | S | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | R |
Antibiotic | Escherichia coli | Enterococcus spp. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S (%) | I (%) | R (%) | S (%) | I (%) | R (%) | |
ATM | 1 (14.3) | 1 (14.3) | 5 (71.4) | 0 | 0 | 8 (100) |
AK | 4 (57.1) | 1 (14.3) | 2 (28.6) | 1 (12.5) | 1 (12.5) | 6 (75) |
AMC | 0 | 3 (42.9) | 4 (57.1) | 8 (100) | 0 | 0 |
AMP | 0 | 0 | 7 (100) | 0 | 4 (50) | 4 (50) |
KF | 0 | 0 | 7 (100) | 2 (25) | 2 (25) | 4 (50) |
CTX | 2 (28.6) | 2 (28.6) | 3 (42.8) | 0 | 2 (25) | 6 (75) |
CAZ | 1 (14.3) | 0 | 6 (85.7) | 0 | 0 | 8 (100) |
CL | 0 | 1 (14.3) | 6 (85.7) | 0 | 1 (12.5) | 7 (87.5) |
CIP | 0 | 1 (14.3) | 6 (85.7) | 1 (12.5) | 0 | 7 (87.5) |
CT | 4 (57.1) | 0 | 3 (42.9) | 0 | 0 | 8 (100) |
DO | 2 (28.6) | 0 | 5 (71.4) | 3 (37.5) | 1 (12.5) | 4 (50) |
E | 0 | 0 | 7 (100) | 1 (12.5) | 3 (37.5) | 4 (50) |
ENR | 1 (14.3) | 0 | 6 (85.7) | 0 | 1 (12.5) | 7 (87.5) |
CN | 4 (57.1) | 0 | 3 (42.9) | 2 (25) | 2 (25) | 4 (50) |
N | 0 | 4 (57.1) | 3 (42.9) | 0 | 2 (25) | 6 (75) |
PPL | 0 | 0 | 7 (100) | 0 | 5 (62.5) | 3 (37.5) |
RD | 0 | 3 (42.9) | 4 (57.1) | 3 (37.5) | 2 (25) | 3 (37.5) |
S | 0 | 4 (57.1) | 3 (42.9) | 0 | 1 (12.5) | 7 (87.5) |
STX | 2 (28.6) | 0 | 5 (71.4) | 6 (75) | 0 | 2 (25) |
TE | 2 (28.6) | 0 | 5 (71.4) | 1 (12.5) | 0 | 7 (87.5) |
TOB | 0 | 2 (28.6) | 5 (71.4) | 2 (25) | 0 | 6 (75) |
Bacterial Strain | Illicium verum | Ocimum basilicum | Origanum vulgare | Salvia sclarea | Thymus vulgaris | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | mg/mL | % | mg/mL | % | mg/mL | % | mg/mL | % | mg/mL | |
E. coli 1069 | 0.3 | 0.611 | 0.3 | 0.571 | 0.15 | 0.293 | 0.15 | 0.279 | 0.3 | 0.585 |
E. coli 1002 | 0.3 0.611 | 1.25 | 2.287 | 0.6 | 1.183 | 1.25 | 2.232 | 0.3 | 0.585 | |
E. coli 994 | 0.07 | 0.152 | 0.15 | 0.285 | 0.15 | 0.293 | 0.15 | 0.279 | 0.07 | 0.146 |
E. coli 986 | 1.25 | 2.445 | NE | 0.3 | 0.587 | 1.25 | 2.232 | 0.3 | 0.585 | |
E. coli 977 | 1.25 | 2.445 | 1.25 | 2.287 | 0.3 | 0.587 | 1.25 | 2.232 | 0.15 | 0.292 |
E. coli 876 | 0.07 | 0.152 | 0.6 | 1.143 | 0.15 | 0.293 | 0.07 | 0.139 | 0.07 | 0.146 |
E. coli 835 | 0.3 | 0.611 | 0.6 | 1.143 | 0.3 | 0.587 | 0.3 | 0.558 | 0.07 | 0.146 |
Enterococcus 1091 | NE | 10 | 18.3 | 0.6 | 1.183 | NE | 1.25 | 2.342 | ||
Enterococcus 1079 | NE | 2.5 | 4.575 | 0.6 | 1.183 | NE | 1.25 | 2.342 | ||
Enterococcus 1034 | NE | 5 | 9.15 | 0.6 | 1.183 | NE | 0.6 | 1.171 | ||
Enterococcus 835 | NE | 5 | 9.15 | 0.6 | 1.183 | NE | 1.25 | 2.342 | ||
Enterococcus 793 | NE | 1.25 | 2.287 | 0.6 | 1.183 | NE | 1.25 | 2.342 | ||
Enterococcus 654 | NE | 1.25 | 2.287 | 0.6 | 1.183 | NE | 1.25 | 2.342 | ||
Enterococcus 618 | NE | 2.5 | 4.575 | 0.6 | 1.183 | NE | 1.25 | 2.342 | ||
Enterococcus 568 | NE | 5 | 9.15 | 0.6 | 1.183 | NE | 0.6 | 1.171 |
Yeast Strain | Ocimum basilicum %mg/mL | Origanum vulgare %mg/mL | Salvia sclarea %mg/mL | Thymus vulgaris %mg/mL | Illicium verum %mg/mL | Caspofungin * mg/L | Voriconazole ° mg/L | Itraconazole mg/L | Fluconazole § mg/L | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C famata1 | 0.1 | 0.18 | 0.1 | 0.18 | >10 | >17.86 | 0.075 | 0.14 | 0.1 | 0.19 | 0.125 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 2 |
C famata2 | 2.5 | 4.58 | 1.25 | 2.25 | >10 | >17.86 | 0.075 | 0.14 | 1.5 | 2.93 | 0.047 | 0.25 | 1 | 16 |
C famata3 | 1.5 | 2.7 | 1.25 | 2.25 | >10 | >17.86 | 0.075 | 0.14 | 1 | 1.95 | 0.047 | 1 | 1 | 32 |
C famata4 | 0.075 | 0.13 | 0.075 | 0.135 | >10 | >17.86 | 0.075 | 0.14 | 0.1 | 0.19 | 0.125 | 0.125 | 1 | 8 |
C.albicans1 | 0.075 | 0.13 | 0.075 | 0.135 | >10 | >17.86 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 1 | 1.95 | 0.125 | >32 | >32 | >256 |
C.albicans2 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 2 | 3.6 | >10 | >17.86 | 0.5 | 0.93 | >10 | >19.56 | 0.125 | >32 | >32 | >256 |
C.albicans3 | 0.075 | 0.13 | 0.075 | 0.135 | >10 | >17.86 | 0.075 | 0.14 | 0.1 | 0.19 | 0.125 | >32 | >32 | >256 |
C.albicans4 | 1 | 1.8 | 1 | 1.8 | >10 | >17.86 | 0.1 | 0.19 | 1.25 | 2.44 | 0.125 | >32 | >32 | 2 |
C.albicans5 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 0.18 | >10 | >17.86 | 0.1 | 0.19 | >10 | >19.56 | 0.125 | >32 | >32 | >256 |
C.albicans6 | 2.5 | 4.58 | 1 | 1.8 | >10 | >17.86 | 0.1 | 0.19 | 2 | 3.9 | 0.125 | >32 | >32 | >256 |
C.albicans7 | 1 | 1.8 | 0.075 | 0.135 | >10 | >17.86 | 1 | 1.87 | 2 | 3.9 | 0.125 | >32 | >32 | 0.75 |
C.albicans8 | 0.75 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 0.18 | >10 | >17.86 | 0.075 | 0.14 | 2 | 3.9 | 0.094 | >32 | >32 | >256 |
C.albicans9 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.01 | 0.018 | >10 | >17.86 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 1 | 1.95 | 0.19 | >32 | >32 | >256 |
C.albicans10 | 1 | 1.8 | 0.75 | 1.35 | >10 | >17.86 | 0.5 | 0.93 | 0.5 | 0.97 | 0.125 | >32 | >32 | 2 |
C.albicans11 | 2.5 | 4.58 | 0.05 | 0.09 | >10 | >17.86 | 0.05 | 0.09 | >10 | >19.56 | 0.19 | >32 | >32 | >256 |
C.albicans12 | 1 | 1.8 | 0.1 | 0.18 | >10 | >17.86 | 0.1 | 0.19 | >10 | >19.56 | 0.125 | 1 | >32 | >256 |
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Ebani, V.V.; Nardoni, S.; Bertelloni, F.; Pistelli, L.; Mancianti, F. Antimicrobial Activity of Five Essential Oils against Bacteria and Fungi Responsible for Urinary Tract Infections. Molecules 2018, 23, 1668. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23071668
Ebani VV, Nardoni S, Bertelloni F, Pistelli L, Mancianti F. Antimicrobial Activity of Five Essential Oils against Bacteria and Fungi Responsible for Urinary Tract Infections. Molecules. 2018; 23(7):1668. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23071668
Chicago/Turabian StyleEbani, Valentina Virginia, Simona Nardoni, Fabrizio Bertelloni, Luisa Pistelli, and Francesca Mancianti. 2018. "Antimicrobial Activity of Five Essential Oils against Bacteria and Fungi Responsible for Urinary Tract Infections" Molecules 23, no. 7: 1668. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23071668
APA StyleEbani, V. V., Nardoni, S., Bertelloni, F., Pistelli, L., & Mancianti, F. (2018). Antimicrobial Activity of Five Essential Oils against Bacteria and Fungi Responsible for Urinary Tract Infections. Molecules, 23(7), 1668. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23071668