Polyphenol-Rich Extracts from Cotoneaster Leaves Inhibit Pro-Inflammatory Enzymes and Protect Human Plasma Components against Oxidative Stress In Vitro
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Phytochemical Standardization of Cotoneaster Leaf Extracts
2.2. Antioxidant Activity of Leaf Extracts in Chemical Models
2.3. Antioxidant Activity of Leaf Extracts in Human Plasma Model
2.4. Inhibitory Effect of Leaf Extracts on Pro-Inflammatory Enzymes
2.5. Influence of the Leaf Extracts on Cell Viability
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. General Experimental Procedures
4.2. Plant Material and Preparation of Dry Extracts
4.3. Phytochemical Profiling
4.4. Antioxidant Activity in Chemical Models
4.5. Antioxidant Activity in Human Plasma Models
4.5.1. Isolation of Blood Plasma and Sample Preparation
4.5.2. Evaluation of Oxidative and Nitrative Damage to Blood Plasma Proteins and Lipids
4.5.3. Determination of the Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant Capacity of Blood Plasma (NEAC)
4.5.4. Inhibition of Pro-Inflammatory Enzymes
4.5.5. Cellular Safety Testing
4.6. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Extracts a | Extraction yield b (% dw) | Total Phenolics c TPC (mg GAE/g dw) | Total Flavonoids d TFC (mg/g dw) | Total Phenolic Acids e TAC (mg/g dw) | Total Proanthocyanidins | |
TPA mg CYE/g dw f | TLPA mg/g dw g | |||||
C. bullatus | ||||||
MED | 25.60 | 332.94 ± 4.78 E | 18.12 ± 0.71 A | 23.37 ± 1.08 B | 239.62 ± 12.36 G | 43.25 ± 2.01 B |
DEF | 0.74 | 546.89 ± 25.63 H | 66.55 ± 0.05 C | 30.71 ± 0.90 C | 33.04 ± 1.47 B,C | 278.66 ± 3.21 E |
EAF | 4.35 | 650.75 ± 7.97 I | 62.56 ± 1.96 C | 37.05 ± 1.04 D,E | 358.22 ± 3.86 I | 252.47 ± 6.64 D |
BF | 7.21 | 502.93 ± 7.98 G | 20.08 ± 0.27 A | 39.50 ± 0.42 E | 434.88 ± 14.57 J | 9.11 ± 0.09 A |
WR | 14.72 | 101.32 ± 1.79 A | nd | 12.37 ± 0.67 A | 83.26 ± 2.04 D | nd |
C. zabelii | ||||||
MED | 28.20 | 311.48 ± 8.18 D,E | 14.70 ± 0.05 A | 21.87 ± 0.29 B | 241.84 ± 7.27 G | 33.12 ± 0.40 B |
DEF | 0.54 | 502.69 ± 25.12 G | 81.77 ± 1.05 E | 76.62 ± 0.78 H | 17.63 ± 0.89 A,B | 145.15 ± 7.03 C |
EAF | 2.55 | 568.25 ± 10.36 H | 76.31 ± 1.60 D,E | 33.39 ± 0.54 C,D | 264.23 ± 13.28 H | 135.03 ± 2.92 C |
BF | 4.61 | 439.07 ± 4.88 F | 12.66 ± 0.07 A | 20.93 ± 0.14 B | 354.06 ± 1.50 I | 31.42 ± 0.17 B |
WR | 12.64 | 152.93 ± 1.45 B | nd | 16.12 ± 0.92 A | 122.10 ± 2.10 E | 4.17 ± 0.21 A |
C. integerrimus | ||||||
MED | 23.33 | 241.25 ± 7.09 C | 67.71 ± 0.80 C,D | 71.32 ± 0.87 G | 128.62 ± 2.18 E | nd |
DEF | 0.47 | 453.12 ± 3.36 F | 144.80 ± 2.62 F | 147.77 ± 1.06 K | 9.72 ± 0.26 A | 32.19 ± 0.84 B |
EAF | 3.35 | 470.93 ± 6.19 F | 403.56 ± 7.48 G | 102.17 ± 1.79 I | 78.47 ± 2.26 D | nd |
BF | 3.45 | 295.19 ± 1.34 D | 47.25 ± 0.31 B | 127.76 ± 0.06 J | 163.19 ± 5.51 F | nd |
WR | 20.36 | 107.32 ± 3.54 A | nd | 53.35 ± 2.71 F | 45.60 ± 0.86 C | nd |
Extracts | DPPH a | FRAP b | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
EC50 (µg/mL) | TEAA (mmol TX/g) | (mmol Fe2+/g dw) | TERP (mmol TX/g) | |
C. bullatus | ||||
MED | 7.19 ± 0.32 H | 3.06 ± 0.14 D | 10.74 ± 0.07 D | 3.76 ± 0.03 D |
DEF | 4.84 ± 0.03 D,E,F,G | 4.55 ± 0.03 G,H | 16.99 ± 0.78 I,J | 6.62 ± 0.36 J |
EAF | 3.19 ± 0.10 B,C | 6.90 ±0.16 K | 17.66 ± 0.28 J | 6.93 ± 0.12 J |
BF | 4.27 ± 0.24 D,E | 5.15 ± 0.29 H,I,J | 13.42 ± 0.15 E,F | 4.98 ± 0.07 E |
WR | 22.41 ± 0.51 L | 0.98 ± 0.02 A,B | 3.99 ± 0.10 A | 1.25 ± 0.05 A |
C. zabelii | ||||
MED | 7.44 ± 0.03 H | 2.96 ± 0.01 D | 9.42 ± 0.13 C,D | 3.15 ± 0.06 C |
DEF | 5.39 ± 0.09 F,G | 4.08 ± 0.07 E,F,G | 16.74 ± 0.14 H,I.J | 6.53 ± 0.08 I,J |
EAF | 3.95 ± 0.20 C,D | 5.57 ± 0.28 J | 15.63 ± 0.16 G,H,I | 6.01 ± 0.07 G,H |
BF | 4.78 ± 0.23 D,E,F | 4.60 ± 0.23 G,H,I | 10.81 ± 0.08 D | 3.80 ± 0.04 D |
WR | 18.73 ± 0.33 K | 1.18 ± 0.02 A,B | 3.89 ± 0.15 A | 1.34 ± 0.07 A |
C. integerrimus | ||||
MED | 13.66 ± 0.47 J | 1.61 ± 0.05 B,C | 7.84 ± 0.25 B | 2.42 ± 0.11 B |
DEF | 5.19 ± 0.22 E,F,G | 4.24 ± 0.18 F,G | 15.84 ± 0.12 G,H,I | 6.09 ± 0.05 H,I |
EAF | 5.77 ± 0.06 G | 3.81 ± 0.04 E,F | 14.44 ± 0.08 F,G | 5.46 ± 0.04 F |
BF | 10.51 ± 0.64 I | 2.09 ±0.13 C | 8.76 ± 0.33 B,C | 2.84 ± 0.15 B,C |
WR | 27.88 ± 0.69 M | 0.79 ± 0.02 A | 3.82 ± 0.15 A | 1.17 ± 0.05 A |
Standards | ||||
QU | 1.70 ± 0.11 A | 9.00 ± 0.60 L | 31.20 ± 0.98 L | 11.88 ± 0.01 M |
ECA | 2.35 ± 0.18 A,B | 6.98 ± 0.18 K | 35.79 ± 0.93 M | 8.22 ± 0.26 L |
CHA | 4.60 ± 0.07 D,E,F | 3.52 ± 0.07 D,E | 25.68 ± 0.51 K | 5.59 ± 0.15 F,G |
BHA | 2.90 ± 0.15 B | 5.20 ± 0.26 I,J | 16.14 ± 0.77 H,I | 7.73 ± 0.01 K |
TX | 4.05 ± 0.10 C,D | - | 12.69 ± 0.42 E | - |
Extracts | LOX | HYAL | ||
IC50 a (µg/mL) | IC50 b (µg/U) | IC50 a (µg/mL) | IC50 b (µg/U) | |
C. bullatus | ||||
MED | 185.77 ± 9.08 E,F | 6.85 ± 0.33 E,F | 8.09 ± 0.67 B | 7.09 ± 0.59 B |
DEF | 217.01 ± 2.60 F | 8.00 ± 0.10 F | 8.35 ± 0.53 B,C | 7.32 ± 0.46 B,C |
EAF | 129.29 ± 7.38 C,D | 4.77 ± 0.27 C,D | 19.09 ± 0.62 G | 16.75 ± 0.55 G |
BF | 95.19 ± 4.31 A,B | 3.51 ± 0.16 A,B | 2.81 ± 0.13 A | 2.46 ± 0.11 A |
WR | 595.31 ± 27.09 I | 21.96 ± 1.00 I | 27.40 ± 1.14 I | 24.04 ± 1.00 I |
C. zabelii | ||||
MED | 217.80 ± 12.56 F | 8.03 ± 0.46 F | 7.92 ± 0.25 B | 6.94 ± 0.22 B |
DEF | 202.21 ± 8.93 F | 7.46 ± 0.33 F | 7.82 ± 0.16 B | 6.86 ± 0.14 B |
EAF | 136.39 ± 9.27 C,D | 5.03 ± 0.34 C,D | 15.53 ± 0.40 E,F | 13.63 ± 0.35 E,F |
BF | 130.99 ± 3.78 C,D | 4.83 ± 0.14 C,D | 6.08 ± 0.19 B | 5.33 ± 0.17 B |
WR | 427.68 ± 12.47 H | 15.78 ± 0.46 H | 12.70 ± 0.66 D,E | 11.14 ± 0.58 D,E |
C. integerrimus | ||||
MED | 283.55 ± 14.12 G | 10.46 ± 0.52 G | 24.00 ± 0.93 H | 21.05 ± 0.82 H |
DEF | 136.11 ± 8.10 C,D | 5.02 ± 0.30 C,D | 11.21 ± 0.07 C,D | 9.83 ± 0.06 C,D |
EAF | 159.21 ± 3.97 D,E | 5.87 ± 0.15 D,E | 30.59 ± 2.18 J | 26.83 ± 1.91 J |
BF | 199.42 ± 6.41 F | 7.36 ± 0.24 F | 11.09 ± 0.29 C,D | 9.73 ± 0.26 C,D |
WR | 684.84 ± 18.86 J | 25.26 ± 0.70 J | 34.39 ± 0.61 K | 30.16 ± 0.53 K |
Standards | ||||
QU | 57.83 ± 1.47 A | 2.15 ± 0.04 A | 15.84 ± 0.87 F | 13.90 ± 0.76 F |
ECA | 90.59 ± 0.50 A,B | 3.34 ± 0.02 A,B | 14.27 ± 0.20 D,E,F | 12.52 ± 0.18 D,E,F |
CHA | 114.25 ± 2.87 B,C | 4.21 ± 0.11 B,C | 16.53 ±0.34 F,G | 14.50 ± 0.30 F,G |
IND | 62.95 ± 2.19 A | 2.32 ± 0.08 A | 8.61 ± 0.22 B,C | 7.77 ± 019 B,C |
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Kicel, A.; Kolodziejczyk-Czepas, J.; Owczarek, A.; Marchelak, A.; Sopinska, M.; Ciszewski, P.; Nowak, P.; Olszewska, M.A. Polyphenol-Rich Extracts from Cotoneaster Leaves Inhibit Pro-Inflammatory Enzymes and Protect Human Plasma Components against Oxidative Stress In Vitro. Molecules 2018, 23, 2472. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23102472
Kicel A, Kolodziejczyk-Czepas J, Owczarek A, Marchelak A, Sopinska M, Ciszewski P, Nowak P, Olszewska MA. Polyphenol-Rich Extracts from Cotoneaster Leaves Inhibit Pro-Inflammatory Enzymes and Protect Human Plasma Components against Oxidative Stress In Vitro. Molecules. 2018; 23(10):2472. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23102472
Chicago/Turabian StyleKicel, Agnieszka, Joanna Kolodziejczyk-Czepas, Aleksandra Owczarek, Anna Marchelak, Malgorzata Sopinska, Pawel Ciszewski, Pawel Nowak, and Monika A. Olszewska. 2018. "Polyphenol-Rich Extracts from Cotoneaster Leaves Inhibit Pro-Inflammatory Enzymes and Protect Human Plasma Components against Oxidative Stress In Vitro" Molecules 23, no. 10: 2472. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23102472