Selenium in the Environment, Metabolism and Involvement in Body Functions
1. General Overview
1.1. Physicochemical Properties of Selenium and Its Compounds
1.2. The Physical and Chemical Forms of Selenium
1.3. Use and Production
2. Sources of Selenium in the Environment and its Location
2.1. In Soils
2.2. Plant Sources
Foods | Average content (mg/kg DM) |
---|---|
Trial conducted in France [22] | |
Meadow grass | 0.24 |
Alfalfa | 0.23 |
Peas fodder | 0.32 |
Maize silage | 0.16 |
Fresh grass silage | 0.19 |
Meadow hay | 0.14 |
Alfalfa hay | 0.37 |
Straw | 0.16 |
Barley | 0.09 |
Oat | 0.14 |
Wheat | 0.11 |
Soya bean meal | 0.40 |
Peanut seed meal | 0.32 |
Rapeseed meal | 0.15 |
Urea | 0.10 |
Dried sugar beet pulp | 0.16 |
Green wheat | 0.30 |
Trial conducted in Southern Belgium [23] | |
Lolium perenne Elgon | 0.055 |
Lolium perenne Ritz | 0.269 |
Trifolium pratense | 0.090 |
Rumex acetosa | 0.463 |
Plantago major | 0.631 |
Plantago lanceolata | 0.288 |
Sanguisorba officinalis | 0.605 |
Knautia arvensis | 0.123 |
Trial conducted in Switzerland [24] | |
Grass | 0.026 |
Grass silage | 0.054 |
Hay | 0.034 |
Silage but | 0.018 |
fodder beet | 0.026 |
Compound feedstuffs for dairy cows | 0.02–0.79 |
2.3. Selenium in Water
2.4. Sources of Selenium in the Air
2.5. Food and Feed Sources of Selenium
Feeds | Se content |
---|---|
Tinggi [3] | (mg·kg−1 FM) |
Cereal, cereal products | 0.01–0.31 |
Bread | 0.06–0.15 |
Rice (white) | 0.05–0.08 |
Pasta/spaghetti | 0.01–0.10 |
Meat and meat products | 0.06–0.34 |
Chicken | 0.081–0.142 |
Pork | 0.032–0.198 |
Beef | 0.042–0.142 |
Lamb | 0.033–0.260 |
Milk and dairy products | <0.001–0.11 |
Fairweather-Tait et al. [34] | (mg·kg−1 DM) |
Onions | <0.5 |
Lentils | 0.24–0.36 |
Potatoes | 0.12 |
Crustaceans | 0.36–1.33 |
Cod | 1.5 |
Tuna | 5.6 |
3. Role of Selenium in the Body
3.1. Selenoproteins
3.1.1. Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx)
3.1.2. Deiodinases
3.1.3. Selenoprotein-P (SelP)
3.1.4. Thioredoxin Reductase
3.1.5. Other Selenoproteins
Groupe/nom | Abbreviation | Location | Main Functions |
---|---|---|---|
Selenoprotein-W | SelW | Prostate, brain, colon, heart and skeletal muscle | Antioxidant in human lung cancer cells, protect the developing myoblast Calcium-binding [34,50] |
Selenoprotein-N | SelN | Most tissues, transmembrane glycoprotein associated with endoplasmic reticulum | Proper muscle development. Cell proliferation, redox signalling, calcium homeostasis [51] |
Selenoprotein-S | SelS | Plasma membranes, endoplasmic reticulum | Elimination of misfolded proteins from the ER reticulum, regulation of inflammation [52] |
Selenoprotein-K | SelK | Spleen, immune cells and endoplasmic reticulum | Possible antioxidant and development activity [53] |
Selenoprotein-H | SelH | Spleen, brain, nucleus | Gene regulation of the glutathione synthesis, transcription factor, increasing of cell viability [51,54] |
Selenoprotein-R | SelR | Liver, kidney | Antioxidant, methionine metabolism and proteins repair. Reduction of sulfoxymethyl group [51] |
Selenoprotein-M | SelM | Endoplasmic reticulum, neuronal cells | Protein folding, antioxidant activity [48,51] |
15kDselenoprotein | Sel15 | Endoplasmic reticulum | Plays a role in protein folding Protects against cancer? [34,35] |
Mitochondrial capsular selenoprotein | MCSeP | Sperm mitochondrial capsule | GPX4 storage [34,35] |
Selenophosphate synthetase-2 | SPS-2 | Kidney, liver, testis | Synthesis of selenophosphate for selenoprotein synthesis, Secys biosynthesis [55,56] |
3.2. Roles of Selenium in the Immune Response
3.3. Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases
3.4. Role of Selenium in Reproduction
4. Metabolism of Selenium
4.1. Transformation, Absorption and Transport
4.2. Excretion
4.3. Homeostasis
5. Nutritional Requirements and Effects of Deficiencies or Excesses in Selenium
5.1. In Animals
Disorder | Description and consequences | Predilection site | Species affected |
---|---|---|---|
Exudative diathesis | Increased capillary permeability: oedema, swelling and bruising | Thorax, neck, wings | Poultry mainly, pig |
Hepatosis | Necrosis | Liver | Pig |
Mulberry heart disease | Microangiopathy | Heart mainly, brain | Pig |
5.2. In Humans
6. Methods to Assess Selenium Content in Feed and Selenic Status
7. Conclusions
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Mehdi, Y.; Hornick, J.-L.; Istasse, L.; Dufrasne, I. Selenium in the Environment, Metabolism and Involvement in Body Functions. Molecules 2013, 18, 3292-3311. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18033292
Mehdi Y, Hornick J-L, Istasse L, Dufrasne I. Selenium in the Environment, Metabolism and Involvement in Body Functions. Molecules. 2013; 18(3):3292-3311. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18033292
Chicago/Turabian StyleMehdi, Youcef, Jean-Luc Hornick, Louis Istasse, and Isabelle Dufrasne. 2013. "Selenium in the Environment, Metabolism and Involvement in Body Functions" Molecules 18, no. 3: 3292-3311. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18033292