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Entropy
Volume 18
Issue 5
10.3390/e18050162
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Article

From Steam Engines to Chemical Reactions: Gibbs’ Contribution to the Extension of the Second Law

by
Emilio Marco Pellegrino
1,
Luigi Cerruti
2 and
Elena Ghibaudi
1,*
1
Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Giuria 7, Torino I-10125, Italy
2
Independent researcher, Viale delle acacie 12, I-10148, Vinovo, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Entropy 2016, 18(5), 162; https://doi.org/10.3390/e18050162
Submission received: 23 March 2016 / Revised: 19 April 2016 / Accepted: 21 April 2016 / Published: 28 April 2016
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring the Second Law of Thermodynamics)
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Abstract

The present work analyzes the foundations of Gibbs’ thermodynamic equilibrium theory, with the general aim of understanding how the Second Law—as formulated by Clausius in 1865—has been embodied into Gibbs’ formal system and extended to processes involving chemical reactions. We show that Gibbs’ principle of maximal entropy (and minimal energy) is the implicit expression of Clausius’ Second Law. In addition, by making explicit some implicit passages of Gibbs logical path, we provide an original formal justification of Gibbs’ principle. Finally we provide an analysis of how Gibbs’ principle—conceived for homogeneous isolated systems with fixed chemical composition—has come to be applied to systems entailing chemical transformations.
Keywords: Gibbs; Second Law; chemical equilibrium; potential; thermodynamic surface; fundamental equations Gibbs; Second Law; chemical equilibrium; potential; thermodynamic surface; fundamental equations

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MDPI and ACS Style

Pellegrino, E.M.; Cerruti, L.; Ghibaudi, E. From Steam Engines to Chemical Reactions: Gibbs’ Contribution to the Extension of the Second Law. Entropy 2016, 18, 162. https://doi.org/10.3390/e18050162

AMA Style

Pellegrino EM, Cerruti L, Ghibaudi E. From Steam Engines to Chemical Reactions: Gibbs’ Contribution to the Extension of the Second Law. Entropy. 2016; 18(5):162. https://doi.org/10.3390/e18050162

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pellegrino, Emilio Marco, Luigi Cerruti, and Elena Ghibaudi. 2016. "From Steam Engines to Chemical Reactions: Gibbs’ Contribution to the Extension of the Second Law" Entropy 18, no. 5: 162. https://doi.org/10.3390/e18050162

APA Style

Pellegrino, E. M., Cerruti, L., & Ghibaudi, E. (2016). From Steam Engines to Chemical Reactions: Gibbs’ Contribution to the Extension of the Second Law. Entropy, 18(5), 162. https://doi.org/10.3390/e18050162

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