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Keywords = wireless body sensor networks (WBSNs)

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16 pages, 626 KiB  
Article
Enhanced Random Forest Classifier with K-Means Clustering (ERF-KMC) for Detecting and Preventing Distributed-Denial-of-Service and Man-in-the-Middle Attacks in Internet-of-Medical-Things Networks
by Abdullah Ali Jawad Al-Abadi, Mbarka Belhaj Mohamed and Ahmed Fakhfakh
Computers 2023, 12(12), 262; https://doi.org/10.3390/computers12120262 - 17 Dec 2023
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3953
Abstract
In recent years, the combination of wireless body sensor networks (WBSNs) and the Internet ofc Medical Things (IoMT) marked a transformative era in healthcare technology. This combination allowed for the smooth communication between medical devices that enabled the real-time monitoring of patient’s vital [...] Read more.
In recent years, the combination of wireless body sensor networks (WBSNs) and the Internet ofc Medical Things (IoMT) marked a transformative era in healthcare technology. This combination allowed for the smooth communication between medical devices that enabled the real-time monitoring of patient’s vital signs and health parameters. However, the increased connectivity also introduced security challenges, particularly as they related to the presence of attack nodes. This paper proposed a unique solution, an enhanced random forest classifier with a K-means clustering (ERF-KMC) algorithm, in response to these challenges. The proposed ERF-KMC algorithm combined the accuracy of the enhanced random forest classifier for achieving the best execution time (ERF-ABE) with the clustering capabilities of K-means. This model played a dual role. Initially, the security in IoMT networks was enhanced through the detection of attack messages using ERF-ABE, followed by the classification of attack types, specifically distinguishing between man-in-the-middle (MITM) and distributed denial of service (DDoS) using K-means. This approach facilitated the precise categorization of attacks, enabling the ERF-KMC algorithm to employ appropriate methods for blocking these attack messages effectively. Subsequently, this approach contributed to the improvement of network performance metrics that significantly deteriorated during the attack, including the packet loss rate (PLR), end-to-end delay (E2ED), and throughput. This was achieved through the detection of attack nodes and the subsequent prevention of their entry into the IoMT networks, thereby mitigating potential disruptions and enhancing the overall network efficiency. This study conducted simulations using the Python programming language to assess the performance of the ERF-KMC algorithm in the realm of IoMT, specifically focusing on network performance metrics. In comparison with other algorithms, the ERF-KMC algorithm demonstrated superior efficacy, showcasing its heightened capability in terms of optimizing IoMT network performance as compared to other common algorithms in network security, such as AdaBoost, CatBoost, and random forest. The importance of the ERF-KMC algorithm lies in its security for IoMT networks, as it provides a high-security approach for identifying and preventing MITM and DDoS attacks. Furthermore, improving the network performance metrics to ensure transmitted medical data are accurate and efficient is vital for real-time patient monitoring. This study takes the next step towards enhancing the reliability and security of IoMT systems and advancing the future of connected healthcare technologies. Full article
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19 pages, 3832 KiB  
Article
EEDLABA: Energy-Efficient Distance- and Link-Aware Body Area Routing Protocol Based on Clustering Mechanism for Wireless Body Sensor Network
by Khalid Zaman, Zhaoyun Sun, Altaf Hussain, Tariq Hussain, Farhad Ali, Sayyed Mudassar Shah and Haseeb Ur Rahman
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(4), 2190; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13042190 - 8 Feb 2023
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 3312
Abstract
In medical environments, a wireless body sensor network (WBSN) is used to operate remotely, and sensor nodes are employed. It consists of sensor nodes installed on a human body to monitor a patient’s condition, such as heartbeat, temperature, and blood sugar level, and [...] Read more.
In medical environments, a wireless body sensor network (WBSN) is used to operate remotely, and sensor nodes are employed. It consists of sensor nodes installed on a human body to monitor a patient’s condition, such as heartbeat, temperature, and blood sugar level, and are functionalized and controlled by remote devices. A WBSN consists of nodes that are actually sensors in nature and are operated with a short range of communication. These sensor nodes are fixed with limited computation power and the main concern is energy consumption and path loss. In this paper, we propose a new protocol named energy-efficient distance- and link-aware body area (EEDLABA) with a clustering mechanism and compare it with the current link-aware and energy-efficient body area (LAEEBA) and distance-aware relaying energy-efficient (DARE) routing protocols in a WBSN. The proposed protocol is an extended type of LAEEBA and DARE in which the positive features have been deployed. The clustering mechanism has been presented and deployed in EEDLABA for better performance. To solve these issues in LAEEBA and DARE, the EEDLABA protocol has been proposed to overcome these. Path loss and energy consumption are the major concerns in this network. For that purpose, the path loss and distance models are proposed in which the cluster head (CH) node, coordinator (C) node, and other nodes, for a total of nine nodes, are deployed on a human body. The results have been derived from MATLAB simulations in which the performance of the suggested EEDLABA has been observed in assessment with the LAEEBA and DARE. From the results, it has been concluded that the proposed protocol can perform well in the considered situations for WBSNs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Pervasive and Mobile Computing)
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18 pages, 5797 KiB  
Article
A Novel Energy Efficient Threshold Based Algorithm for Wireless Body Sensor Network
by Suresh Kumar Arumugam, Amin Salih Mohammed, Kalpana Nagarajan, Kanagachidambaresan Ramasubramanian, S. B. Goyal, Chaman Verma, Traian Candin Mihaltan and Calin Ovidiu Safirescu
Energies 2022, 15(16), 6095; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15166095 - 22 Aug 2022
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 2360
Abstract
Wireless body sensor networks (WBSNs) monitor the changes within the human body by having continuous interactions within the nodes in the body network. Critical issues with these continuous interactions include the limited energy within the node and the nodes becoming isolated from the [...] Read more.
Wireless body sensor networks (WBSNs) monitor the changes within the human body by having continuous interactions within the nodes in the body network. Critical issues with these continuous interactions include the limited energy within the node and the nodes becoming isolated from the network easily when it fails. Moreover, when the node’s burden increases because of the failure of other nodes, the energy utilization as well as the heat dissipated increases much more, causing damage to the network as well as human body. In this paper, we propose a threshold-based fail proof lifetime enhancement algorithm which schedules the nodes in an optimal way depending upon the available energy level. The proposed algorithm is experimented with a real time system setup and the proposed algorithm is compared with different routing mechanisms in terms of various network parameters. It is inferred that the proposed algorithm outperforms the existing routing mechanisms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Efficiency in Wireless Networks)
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25 pages, 6271 KiB  
Review
Security in Wireless Body Sensor Network: A Multivocal Literature Study
by Najm Us Sama, Kartinah Zen, Mamoona Humayun, Noor Zaman Jhanjhi and Atiq Ur Rahman
Appl. Syst. Innov. 2022, 5(4), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/asi5040079 - 15 Aug 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3134
Abstract
The wireless body sensor network (WBSN) is a wireless communication that might enable 24/7 patient monitoring and health findings through the online platform. Although BSN design is becoming simpler, building a secure BSN seems to be more challenging than designing conventional solutions, and [...] Read more.
The wireless body sensor network (WBSN) is a wireless communication that might enable 24/7 patient monitoring and health findings through the online platform. Although BSN design is becoming simpler, building a secure BSN seems to be more challenging than designing conventional solutions, and the recent study provides little guidance to designers and developers. The proposed study summarizes the multivocal literature study of security mechanisms for BSN. The investigation found 10,871 academic publications and 697 grey content; duplicates were removed, and selection criteria were employed, resulting in 73 academic papers and 30 grey publications. Various conventional security techniques, scope, and security contexts were used to classify the stated security solutions within each publication. It was crucial to inquire about the frequency of publications, research methods, security mechanisms, and contexts to answer the proposed questions. Our survey concludes that security methods and assessments are categorized into 15 categories, with the most frequently referenced being authentication and authorization; the majority of strategies concentrate on preventing and mitigating security breaches, with a limited number of works focusing on detection and recovery; and the techniques used to conduct the survey vary between the two types of publications. This evaluation might be the first step toward making the BSN platform more consistent by giving professionals and researchers a complete set of security strategies and methods. Experts will apply these solutions to fix security issues while establishing a trustworthy BSN after they have been identified through the process of discovering the most commonly utilized security solutions. Full article
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16 pages, 6318 KiB  
Article
Intelligent Medical System with Low-Cost Wearable Monitoring Devices to Measure Basic Vital Signals of Admitted Patients
by Siraporn Sakphrom, Thunyawat Limpiti, Krit Funsian, Srawouth Chandhaket, Rina Haiges and Kamon Thinsurat
Micromachines 2021, 12(8), 918; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12080918 - 31 Jul 2021
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 7580
Abstract
This article presents the design of a low-cost Wireless Body Sensor Network (WBSN) for monitoring vital signs including a low-cost smart wristwatch that contains an ESP-32 microcontroller and three sensors: heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP) and body temperature (BT), and an Internet [...] Read more.
This article presents the design of a low-cost Wireless Body Sensor Network (WBSN) for monitoring vital signs including a low-cost smart wristwatch that contains an ESP-32 microcontroller and three sensors: heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP) and body temperature (BT), and an Internet of Things (IoT) platform. The vital signs data are processed and displayed on an OLED screen of the patient’s wristwatch and sent the data over a wireless connection (Wi-Fi) and a Cloud Thing Board system, to store and manage the data in a data center. The data can be analyzed and notified to medical staff when abnormal signals are received from the sensors based on a set parameters from specialists. The proposed low-cost system can be used in a wide range of applications including field hospitals for asymptotic or mild-condition COVID-19 patients as the system can be used to screen those patients out of symptomatic patients who require more costly facilities in a hospital with considerably low expense and installation time, also suitable for bedridden patients, palliative care patients, etc. Testing experiments of a 60-person sample size showed an acceptable accuracy level compared with standard devices when testing with 60 patient-samples with the mean errors heart rate of 1.22%, systolic blood pressure of 1.39%, diastolic blood pressure of 1.01%, and body temperature of 0.13%. According to testing results with 10 smart devices connected with the platform, the time delay caused by the distance between smart devices and the router is 10 s each round with the longest outdoor distance of 200 m. As there is a short-time delay, it does not affect the working ability of the smart system. It is still making the proposed system be able to show patient’s status and function in emergency cases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section E:Engineering and Technology)
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19 pages, 7999 KiB  
Article
Channel Modeling of an Optical Wireless Body Sensor Network for Walk Monitoring of Elderly
by Alassane Kaba, Stephanie Sahuguede and Anne Julien-Vergonjanne
Sensors 2021, 21(9), 2904; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21092904 - 21 Apr 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2597
Abstract
The growing aging of the world population is leading to an aggravation of diseases, which affect the autonomy of the elderly. Wireless body sensor networks (WBSN) are part of the solutions studied for several years to monitor and prevent loss of autonomy. The [...] Read more.
The growing aging of the world population is leading to an aggravation of diseases, which affect the autonomy of the elderly. Wireless body sensor networks (WBSN) are part of the solutions studied for several years to monitor and prevent loss of autonomy. The use of optical wireless communications (OWC) is seen as an alternative to radio frequencies, relevant when electromagnetic interference and data security considerations are important. One of the main challenges in this context is optical channel modeling for efficiently designing high-reliability systems. We propose here a suitable optical WBSN channel model for tracking the elderly during a walk. We discuss the specificities related to the model of the body, to movements, and to the walking speed by comparing elderly and young models, taking into account the walk temporal evolution using the sliding windowing technique. We point out that, when considering a young body model, performance is either overestimated or underestimated, depending on which windowing parameter is fixed. It is, therefore, important to consider the body model of the elderly in the design of the system. To illustrate this result, we then evaluate the minimal power according to the maximal bandwidth for a given quality of service. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks)
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13 pages, 1936 KiB  
Article
Body-to-Body Cooperation in Internet of Medical Things: Toward Energy Efficiency Improvement
by Dalal Abdulmohsin Hammood, Hasliza A. Rahim, Ahmed Alkhayyat and R. Badlishah Ahmad
Future Internet 2019, 11(11), 239; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi11110239 - 14 Nov 2019
Cited by 38 | Viewed by 4456
Abstract
Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) technologies provide suitability among physicians and patients because they are useful in numerous medical fields. Wireless body sensor networks (WBSNs) are one of the most crucial technologies from within the IoMT evolution of the healthcare system, whereby each [...] Read more.
Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) technologies provide suitability among physicians and patients because they are useful in numerous medical fields. Wireless body sensor networks (WBSNs) are one of the most crucial technologies from within the IoMT evolution of the healthcare system, whereby each patient is monitored by low-powered and lightweight sensors. When the WBSNs are integrated into IoMT networks, they are quite likely to overlap each other; thus, cooperation between WBSN sensors is possible. In this paper, we consider communication between WBSNs and beyond their communication range. Therefore, we propose inter-WBAN cooperation for the IoMT system, which is also known as inter-WBAN cooperation in an IoMT environment (IWC-IoMT). In this paper, first, a proposed architecture for the IoT health-based system is investigated. Then, a mathematical model of the outage probability for the IWC-IoMT is derived. Finally, the energy efficiency of the IWC-IoT is analysed and inspected. The simulation and numerical results show that the IWC-IoMT (cooperative IoMT) system provides superior performance compared to the non-cooperative system. Full article
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19 pages, 2369 KiB  
Article
Energy-Efficient Elderly Fall Detection System Based on Power Reduction and Wireless Power Transfer
by Sadik Kamel Gharghan, Saif Saad Fakhrulddin, Ali Al-Naji and Javaan Chahl
Sensors 2019, 19(20), 4452; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19204452 - 14 Oct 2019
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4791
Abstract
Elderly fall detection systems based on wireless body area sensor networks (WBSNs) have increased significantly in medical contexts. The power consumption of such systems is a critical issue influencing the overall practicality of the WBSN. Reducing the power consumption of these networks while [...] Read more.
Elderly fall detection systems based on wireless body area sensor networks (WBSNs) have increased significantly in medical contexts. The power consumption of such systems is a critical issue influencing the overall practicality of the WBSN. Reducing the power consumption of these networks while maintaining acceptable performance poses a challenge. Several power reduction techniques can be employed to tackle this issue. A human vital signs monitoring system (HVSMS) has been proposed here to measure vital parameters of the elderly, including heart rate and fall detection based on heartbeat and accelerometer sensors, respectively. In addition, the location of elderly people can be determined based on Global Positioning System (GPS) and transmitted with their vital parameters to emergency medical centers (EMCs) via the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) network. In this paper, the power consumption of the proposed HVSMS was minimized by merging a data-event (DE) algorithm and an energy-harvesting-technique-based wireless power transfer (WPT). The DE algorithm improved HVSMS power consumption, utilizing the duty cycle of the sleep/wake mode. The WPT successfully charged the HVSMS battery. The results demonstrated that the proposed DE algorithm reduced the current consumption of the HVSMS to 9.35 mA compared to traditional operation at 85.85 mA. Thus, an 89% power saving was achieved based on the DE algorithm and the battery life was extended to 30 days instead of 3 days (traditional operation). In addition, the WPT was able to charge the HVSMS batteries once every 30 days for 10 h, thus eliminating existing restrictions involving the use of wire charging methods. The results indicate that the HVSMS current consumption outperformed existing solutions from previous studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Sensors)
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23 pages, 10738 KiB  
Article
Validation of Wired and Wireless Interconnected Body Sensor Networks
by Anum Talpur, Faisal Karim Shaikh, Natasha Baloch, Emad Felemban, Abdelmajid Khelil and Muhammad Mahtab Alam
Sensors 2019, 19(17), 3697; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19173697 - 26 Aug 2019
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 6854
Abstract
Current medical facilities usually lead to a very high cost especially for developing countries, rural areas and mass casualty incidents. Therefore, advanced electronic health systems are gaining momentum. In this paper, we first compared our novel off the shelf experimental wired Body Sensor [...] Read more.
Current medical facilities usually lead to a very high cost especially for developing countries, rural areas and mass casualty incidents. Therefore, advanced electronic health systems are gaining momentum. In this paper, we first compared our novel off the shelf experimental wired Body Sensor Networks (BSN), that is, Digital First Aid (DigiAID) with the existing commercial product called as Hexoskin. We showed the viability of DigiAID through extensive real measurements during daily activities by both male and females. It was found that the major hurdle was wires to be worn by the subjects. Accordingly, we proposed and characterized the wireless DigiAID platform for wireless BSN (WBSN). Understanding the effect of body movements on wireless data transmission in WBSN is also of major importance. Therefore, this paper comprehensively evaluates and analyzes the impact of body movements, (a) to ensure transmission of data at different radio power levels and (b) its impact on the topology of the WBSN. Based on this we have proposed a dynamic power control algorithm that adapts the transmitting power according to the packet reception in an energy efficient manner. The results show that we have achieved substantial power savings at various nodes attached to the human body. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sensor Networks)
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19 pages, 1987 KiB  
Article
Public Auditing with Privacy Protection in a Multi-User Model of Cloud-Assisted Body Sensor Networks
by Song Li, Jie Cui, Hong Zhong and Lu Liu
Sensors 2017, 17(5), 1032; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17051032 - 5 May 2017
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 6114
Abstract
Wireless Body Sensor Networks (WBSNs) are gaining importance in the era of the Internet of Things (IoT). The modern medical system is a particular area where the WBSN techniques are being increasingly adopted for various fundamental operations. Despite such increasing deployments of WBSNs, [...] Read more.
Wireless Body Sensor Networks (WBSNs) are gaining importance in the era of the Internet of Things (IoT). The modern medical system is a particular area where the WBSN techniques are being increasingly adopted for various fundamental operations. Despite such increasing deployments of WBSNs, issues such as the infancy in the size, capabilities and limited data processing capacities of the sensor devices restrain their adoption in resource-demanding applications. Though providing computing and storage supplements from cloud servers can potentially enrich the capabilities of the WBSNs devices, data security is one of the prevailing issues that affects the reliability of cloud-assisted services. Sensitive applications such as modern medical systems demand assurance of the privacy of the users’ medical records stored in distant cloud servers. Since it is economically impossible to set up private cloud servers for every client, auditing data security managed in the remote servers has necessarily become an integral requirement of WBSNs’ applications relying on public cloud servers. To this end, this paper proposes a novel certificateless public auditing scheme with integrated privacy protection. The multi-user model in our scheme supports groups of users to store and share data, thus exhibiting the potential for WBSNs’ deployments within community environments. Furthermore, our scheme enriches user experiences by offering public verifiability, forward security mechanisms and revocation of illegal group members. Experimental evaluations demonstrate the security effectiveness of our proposed scheme under the Random Oracle Model (ROM) by outperforming existing cloud-assisted WBSN models. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Smart Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks)
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24 pages, 2180 KiB  
Article
Robust and Accurate Modeling Approaches for Migraine Per-Patient Prediction from Ambulatory Data
by Josué Pagán, M. Irene De Orbe, Ana Gago, Mónica Sobrado, José L. Risco-Martín, J. Vivancos Mora, José M. Moya and José L. Ayala
Sensors 2015, 15(7), 15419-15442; https://doi.org/10.3390/s150715419 - 30 Jun 2015
Cited by 39 | Viewed by 11788
Abstract
Migraine is one of the most wide-spread neurological disorders, and its medical treatment represents a high percentage of the costs of health systems. In some patients, characteristic symptoms that precede the headache appear. However, they are nonspecific, and their prediction horizon is unknown [...] Read more.
Migraine is one of the most wide-spread neurological disorders, and its medical treatment represents a high percentage of the costs of health systems. In some patients, characteristic symptoms that precede the headache appear. However, they are nonspecific, and their prediction horizon is unknown and pretty variable; hence, these symptoms are almost useless for prediction, and they are not useful to advance the intake of drugs to be effective and neutralize the pain. To solve this problem, this paper sets up a realistic monitoring scenario where hemodynamic variables from real patients are monitored in ambulatory conditions with a wireless body sensor network (WBSN). The acquired data are used to evaluate the predictive capabilities and robustness against noise and failures in sensors of several modeling approaches. The obtained results encourage the development of per-patient models based on state-space models (N4SID) that are capable of providing average forecast windows of 47 min and a low rate of false positives. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Noninvasive Biomedical Sensors)
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29 pages, 634 KiB  
Review
Survey of WBSNs for Pre-Hospital Assistance: Trends to Maximize the Network Lifetime and Video Transmission Techniques
by Enrique Gonzalez, Raul Peña, Cesar Vargas-Rosales, Alfonso Avila and David Perez-Diaz De Cerio
Sensors 2015, 15(5), 11993-12021; https://doi.org/10.3390/s150511993 - 22 May 2015
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 18403
Abstract
This survey aims to encourage the multidisciplinary communities to join forces for innovation in the mobile health monitoring area. Specifically, multidisciplinary innovations in medical emergency scenarios can have a significant impact on the effectiveness and quality of the procedures and practices in the [...] Read more.
This survey aims to encourage the multidisciplinary communities to join forces for innovation in the mobile health monitoring area. Specifically, multidisciplinary innovations in medical emergency scenarios can have a significant impact on the effectiveness and quality of the procedures and practices in the delivery of medical care. Wireless body sensor networks (WBSNs) are a promising technology capable of improving the existing practices in condition assessment and care delivery for a patient in a medical emergency. This technology can also facilitate the early interventions of a specialist physician during the pre-hospital period. WBSNs make possible these early interventions by establishing remote communication links with video/audio support and by providing medical information such as vital signs, electrocardiograms, etc. in real time. This survey focuses on relevant issues needed to understand how to setup a WBSN for medical emergencies. These issues are: monitoring vital signs and video transmission, energy efficient protocols, scheduling, optimization and energy consumption on a WBSN. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Sensor Network for Pervasive Medical Care)
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21 pages, 889 KiB  
Article
Proactive and Reactive Transmission Power Control for Energy-Efficient On-Body Communications
by Mónica Vallejo, Joaquín Recas and José L. Ayala
Sensors 2015, 15(3), 5914-5934; https://doi.org/10.3390/s150305914 - 11 Mar 2015
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 7384
Abstract
In wireless body sensor network (WBSNs), the human body has an important effect on the performance of the communication due to the temporal variations caused and the attenuation and fluctuation of the path loss. This fact suggests that the transmission power must adapt [...] Read more.
In wireless body sensor network (WBSNs), the human body has an important effect on the performance of the communication due to the temporal variations caused and the attenuation and fluctuation of the path loss. This fact suggests that the transmission power must adapt to the current state of the link in a way that it ensures a balance between energy consumption and packet loss. In this paper, we validate our two transmission power level policies (reactive and predictive approaches) using the Castalia simulator. The integration of our experimental measurements in the simulator allows us to easily evaluate complex scenarios, avoiding the difficulties associated with a practical realization. Our results show that both schemes perform satisfactorily, providing overall energy savings of 24% and 22% for a case of study, as compared to the maximum transmission power mode. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sensor Networks)
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25 pages, 882 KiB  
Article
QoS-Aware Error Recovery in Wireless Body Sensor Networks Using Adaptive Network Coding
by Mohammad Abdur Razzaque, Saeideh S. Javadi, Yahaya Coulibaly and Muta Tah Hira
Sensors 2015, 15(1), 440-464; https://doi.org/10.3390/s150100440 - 29 Dec 2014
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 7044
Abstract
Wireless body sensor networks (WBSNs) for healthcare and medical applications are real-time and life-critical infrastructures, which require a strict guarantee of quality of service (QoS), in terms of latency, error rate and reliability. Considering the criticality of healthcare and medical applications, WBSNs need [...] Read more.
Wireless body sensor networks (WBSNs) for healthcare and medical applications are real-time and life-critical infrastructures, which require a strict guarantee of quality of service (QoS), in terms of latency, error rate and reliability. Considering the criticality of healthcare and medical applications, WBSNs need to fulfill users/applications and the corresponding network’s QoS requirements. For instance, for a real-time application to support on-time data delivery, a WBSN needs to guarantee a constrained delay at the network level. A network coding-based error recovery mechanism is an emerging mechanism that can be used in these systems to support QoS at very low energy, memory and hardware cost. However, in dynamic network environments and user requirements, the original non-adaptive version of network coding fails to support some of the network and user QoS requirements. This work explores the QoS requirements of WBSNs in both perspectives of QoS. Based on these requirements, this paper proposes an adaptive network coding-based, QoS-aware error recovery mechanism for WBSNs. It utilizes network-level and user-/application-level information to make it adaptive in both contexts. Thus, it provides improved QoS support adaptively in terms of reliability, energy efficiency and delay. Simulation results show the potential of the proposed mechanism in terms of adaptability, reliability, real-time data delivery and network lifetime compared to its counterparts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Sensor Network for Pervasive Medical Care)
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23 pages, 1172 KiB  
Article
An Energy Efficient Compressed Sensing Framework for the Compression of Electroencephalogram Signals
by Simon Fauvel and Rabab K. Ward
Sensors 2014, 14(1), 1474-1496; https://doi.org/10.3390/s140101474 - 15 Jan 2014
Cited by 43 | Viewed by 9782
Abstract
The use of wireless body sensor networks is gaining popularity in monitoring and communicating information about a person’s health. In such applications, the amount of data transmitted by the sensor node should be minimized. This is because the energy available in these battery [...] Read more.
The use of wireless body sensor networks is gaining popularity in monitoring and communicating information about a person’s health. In such applications, the amount of data transmitted by the sensor node should be minimized. This is because the energy available in these battery powered sensors is limited. In this paper, we study the wireless transmission of electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. We propose the use of a compressed sensing (CS) framework to efficiently compress these signals at the sensor node. Our framework exploits both the temporal correlation within EEG signals and the spatial correlations amongst the EEG channels. We show that our framework is up to eight times more energy efficient than the typical wavelet compression method in terms of compression and encoding computations and wireless transmission. We also show that for a fixed compression ratio, our method achieves a better reconstruction quality than the CS-based state-of-the art method. We finally demonstrate that our method is robust to measurement noise and to packet loss and that it is applicable to a wide range of EEG signal types. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Sensors for Globalized Healthy Living and Wellbeing)
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