Search Results (286)

Background/Objectives: Childhood obesity represents a growing public health concern. It is closely associated with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), which impairs nocturnal breathing and significantly affects neurocognitive and cardiovascular health. This review aims to analyse differences in fat distribution, anthropometric parameters, and instrumental assessments of paediatric OSA compared to adult OSA to improve the diagnostic characterisation of obese children. Methods: narrative review. Results: While adenotonsillar hypertrophy (ATH) remains a primary cause of paediatric OSA, the increasing prevalence of obesity has introduced distinct pathophysiological mechanisms, including fat accumulation around the pharynx, reduced respiratory muscle tone, and systemic inflammation. Children exhibit different fat distribution patterns compared to adults, with a greater proportion of subcutaneous fat relative to visceral fat. Nevertheless, cervical and abdominal adiposity are crucial in increasing upper airway collapsibility. Recent evidence highlights the predictive value of anthropometric and body composition indicators such as neck circumference (NC), neck-to-height ratio (NHR), neck-to-waist ratio (NWR), fat-to-muscle ratio (FMR), and the neck-to-abdominal-fat percentage ratio (NAF%). In addition, ultrasound assessment of lateral pharyngeal wall (LPW) thickness and abdominal fat distribution provides clinically relevant information regarding anatomical contributions to OSA severity. Among imaging modalities, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and air displacement plethysmography (ADP) have proven valuable tools for evaluating body fat distribution. Conclusions: Despite advances in the topic, a validated predictive model that integrates these parameters is still lacking in clinical practice. Polysomnography (PSG) remains the gold standard for diagnosis; however, its limited accessibility underscores the need for complementary tools to prioritise the identification of children at high risk. A multimodal approach integrating clinical, anthropometric, and imaging data could support the early identification and personalised management of paediatric OSA in obesity. Full article

Sex-specific differences in the prevalence of sarcopenia, dynapenia, and the impact of obesity on muscle strength and quality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) remain underexplored. Background/Objectives: In this cross-sectional study, 78 adults with stage 5 CKD undergoing thrice-weekly maintenance hemodialysis in Brazil (44 men, 34 women; mean ± SD age = 57.55 ± 4.06 years) were assessed. Anthropometry (BMI, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, circulating IL-6, Timed Up and Go, handgrip strength (Jamar ^® dynamometer), and muscle quality index (MQI = handgrip/BMI) were obtained. Dynapenia (handgrip < 27 kg men and < 16 kg women) and sarcopenia (1.0 kg/kg for men and 0.56 kg/kg for women) were classified using EWGSOP2-2018 and FNIH thresholds. Results: Compared with reference values, men showed markedly reduced muscle strength and muscle quality (men: handgrip 21.3 ± 5.1 kg; MQI 0.80 ± 0.23 AU) than women. Also, men were 5.1 times more likely to present with dynapenia (88.6%; 95% CI 2.28–11.60) and 3.15 times more likely to present with sarcopenia (75.0%; 95% CI 1.88–5.30) than women. Waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, BMI, and body fat % correlated inversely with MQI in both sexes (p ≤ 0.01) and with handgrip strength in men (p ≤ 0.01) but not in women. Conclusions: Among hemodialysis patients, men exhibit a substantially higher burden of dynapenia and sarcopenia than women and excess adiposity is independently associated with poorer muscle quality in both sexes. These findings highlight the need for sex-specific screening cut-offs and integrated strategies targeting both muscle dysfunction and central obesity in CKD management. Full article

Background/Objectives: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) among youth is rising, and the increase is closely linked to unhealthy lifestyle patterns. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of MetS among University of Rijeka students and investigate its associations with dietary habits, physical activity, gender, and faculty type (health and non-health faculties). Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted from September 2024 to March 2025 involved 217 randomly selected students from 16 faculties. The validated questionnaires Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS) and International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ-SF), as well as a general data questionnaire, were used alongside anthropometric (height, weight, waist circumference) and biochemical measurements (fasting plasma glucose, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol). MetS was diagnosed using a combination of International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria and Polish Experts Consensus (2022) criteria. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, t-tests, ANOVA, Spearman’s correlation, and multivariate logistic regression. Results: MetS was identified in 5.5% of students. Significant risk factors included obesity (body mass index, BMI, p < 0.05), low physical activity (IPAQ-SF, p < 0.05), elevated blood pressure (p < 0.01), high triglyceride levels (p < 0.05), and increased waist-to-height ratio (WHtR, p < 0.01). Female students reported lower physical activity than males (p < 0.05), while students from non-health faculties had lower adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MEDAS, p < 0.05) and reduced physical activity (p < 0.05). Higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet correlated with lower BMI and triglyceride levels (p < 0.05), whereas lower adherence was associated with reduced physical activity (Spearman’s r = −0.35, p < 0.01). Logistic regression with WHR as the dependent variable showed waist circumference (WC) as the strongest predictor (OR = 45.925, 95% CI: 5.238–402.666, p = 0.001), followed by triglycerides (OR = 3.395, 95% CI: 1.322–8.718, p = 0.011). BMI was inversely associated with WHR (OR = 0.068, 95% CI: 0.006–0.780, p = 0.031). HDL cholesterol, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and fasting glucose were not significant predictors (p > 0.05), indicating limited predictive power in this model. Conclusions: The 5.5% MetS prevalence underscores the need for targeted interventions promoting Mediterranean diet adherence and physical activity, particularly among non-health faculty students and females. Longitudinal studies are warranted to assess intervention efficacy. Full article

Background/Objectives: Obesity is a major contributor to cardiovascular disease, yet traditional risk assessment methods may overlook behavioral and circadian influences that modulate metabolic health. Chronotype, physical activity, sleep quality, eating speed, and breakfast habits have been increasingly associated with cardiometabolic outcomes. This study aims to evaluate the associations between these behavioral factors and both anthropometric and biochemical markers of cardiovascular risk among obese candidates for bariatric surgery. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a sample of 286 obese adults (78.3% females, mean 44.3 years, SD = 10.8, mean BMI = 42.5 kg/m², SD = 6.2) followed at a central Portuguese hospital. Chronotype (reduced Morningness–Eveningness Questionnaire), sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), physical activity (Godin–Shephard Questionnaire), eating speed, and breakfast skipping were assessed. Cardiovascular risk markers included waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio, A Body Shape Index (ABSI), Body Roundness Index, atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), triglyceride–glucose index (TyG), and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Results: Men exhibited significantly higher WHR, ABSI, HOMA-IR, TyG, and AIP. Eveningness was associated with higher insulin (r = −0.168, p = 0.006) and HOMA-IR (r = −0.156, p = 0.011). Poor sleep quality was associated with higher body fat mass (r = 0.151, p = 0.013), total cholesterol (r = 0.169, p = 0.005) and LDL cholesterol (r = 0.132, p = 0.030). Faster eating speed was associated with a higher waist circumference (r = 0.123, p = 0.038) and skeletal muscle mass (r = 0.160, p = 0.009). Conclusions: Male sex, evening chronotype, and poor sleep quality were associated with more adverse cardiometabolic profiles in individuals with severe obesity. These findings support the integration of behavioral and circadian factors into cardiovascular risk assessment strategies. Full article

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of myoinositol (MYO) and α-lipoic acid (ALA) supplementation on hormonal and metabolic markers in women diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Materials and Methods: A retrospective case–control study was conducted with 58 women aged between 18–40 years who met the Rotterdam criteria for PCOS. The case group (n = 29) received MYO (2000 mg/day) and ALA (400 mg/day) supplements, while the control group (n = 29) did not receive any treatment. Data on the subjects’ anthropometric measures, glycemic indices, sex hormones, and lipid profiles were collected. Results: The results demonstrated that, following three months of MYO + ALA supplementation, the case group exhibited steady body weight (p = 0.484) and BMI (p = 0.405), whereas the control group demonstrated a significant increase in both (p = 0.029; p = 0.026, respectively). A stratified analysis based on BMI, waist circumference, and waist-to-height ratio revealed that HbA1c (%) was significantly lower in the “normal” subgroup compared to the “risky” subgroup within the case group (p < 0.05). Although the mean HbA1c, insulin, and HOMA-IR values were comparable between the two groups, the LH/FSH ratio significantly increased in the control group (p = 0.010). No significant differences were observed in the lipid profiles between the two groups; however, LDL levels decreased significantly in the case group (p = 0.024). Across all classifications, the “normal” subgroup consistently exhibited lower HbA1c and TG/HDL ratios than the “risky” subgroup. Conclusions: Adding MYO + ALA supplementation to standard PCOS treatment may offer metabolic benefits, particularly in maintaining glycemic control, body weight, and BMI. Supplementation also reduces LDL. Full article

Objectives: To estimate the association between various indicators of obesity-related health risk and the incidence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in a large cohort of women. Methods: The UK Women’s Cohort Study is a prospective cohort of 35,372 middle-aged women (aged 35–69 at recruitment) initiated in 1995–1998. Obesity was assessed using body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), categorised according to WHO and NICE guidelines, as well as clothing size. Incident RA cases were identified via Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) linkage up to March 2019. Cox regression models were used to estimate RA risk, adjusting for demographics, reproductive factors, and lifestyle factors. Non-linear associations were examined using restricted cubic splines. Results: Among 27,968 eligible subjects with complete data linkage (625,269 person-years of follow-up), there were 255 incident RA cases. Obesity (≥30.0 kg/m²) was associated with increased RA risk (HR (95% CI) 1.48 (1.02, 2.17), as were abdominal obesity (WC > 88 cm: 1.58 (1.10, 2.27)), WHR ≥ 0.85 (1.56 (1.03, 2.36)), and WHtR ≥ 0.6 (2.25 (1.34, 3.80)). Each 2.5 kg/m² increase in BMI was associated with a 9% higher risk of RA; each 5 cm increase in WC with 6%; each 0.1 increase in WHR with 20%, and each 0.1 increase in WHtR with 27%. Larger clothing sizes were associated with a greater RA risk: for each onesize increment in blouse size and skirt size, the HRs were 1.13 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.22) and 1.13 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.22), respectively. Notably, skirt size ≥ 20 was associated with a 2.36-fold increased risk of RA. There was evidence of effect modification by weight change and menopausal status in obesity-related RA risk. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that managing obesity and central adiposity in middle-aged women may be associated with the risk of developing RA. WHtR may serve as a practical alternative to BMI in assessing RA risk. Clothing size, particularly skirt size, could provide a simple, cost-effective proxy for identifying at high risk of RA. Full article

Background: Handgrip strength (HGS) is strongly associated with hypertension (HTN), diabetes mellitus (DM), and HTN and DM comorbidity (HDC). However, no studies have simultaneously examined anthropometric and absolute/relative HGS indices among HTN, DM, and HDC patients. The objective of this study was to examine the associations of anthropometric and HGS indices with HTN, DM, and HDC. Methods: For this large-scale cross-sectional study, we used a dataset from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The study population included 15,343 participants aged 50 years and older. Complex sample binary logistic regression was used to examine the associations of each disease with the anthropometric and HGS indices in crude and adjusted models. Results: The prevalence of HTN, DM, and HDC in the study population was 35.1%, 8.6%, and 14.4% in men and 34.7%, 5%, and 11.8% in women, respectively. In men, the indices with the strongest associations with HTN, DM, and HDC were body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-to-height ratio. Among women, body mass index and waist-to-height ratio had the strongest associations with HTN. Waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio had the strongest associations with DM. Waist-to-height ratio had the strongest associations with HDC. Additionally, the relative HGS indices were more strongly associated with these diseases than the absolute HGS indices. Conclusions: HGS indices were associated with HTN, DM, and HDC, but compared with the absolute HGS index and relative HGS indices, anthropometric indices were more strongly associated with these diseases in the Korean population. Full article

Background/Objectives: Cardiometabolic disease (CD) risk factors refer to the conditions that increase the likelihood of developing several health complications. The purpose of this study was to identify latent classes of CD risk factors among Brazilian adolescents and their association with sociodemographic and lifestyle behaviors. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study involving 349 adolescents aged 15 to 19 years old. A latent class analysis (LCA) was performed based on body mass index, body fat percentage, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, and blood pressure. Demographic characteristics and lifestyle variables related to screen time (ST), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), sedentary behavior (SB), and sleep duration were assessed through questionnaires. Results: Three CD risk factor classes were identified as follows: “Low Risk” (Class 1 = 79.5% of the sample), “Moderate Risk” (Class 2 = 8.6%), and “High Risk” (Class 3 = 11.9%). Sex and high ST (defined as >4 h/day) were associated with a greater likelihood of belonging to the higher CD risk classes. Adolescents with high ST presented a 4.39 (CI 95% 1.64–11.07) times greater chance of belonging to the “High Risk” instead of the “Low Risk” class. Adolescents with longer MVPA time had a higher probability of belonging to the “Low CD Risk” class. Conclusions: Female adolescents with less MVPA, more ST, and higher SB had a higher probability of being classified as “Higher CD Risk”. Efficient strategies to increase MVPA and reduce ST may contribute to the reduction in body fat accumulation and BP, which are the manifest variables in the proposed model. Full article

Objective: Various insulin resistance (IR) indices have been developed to assess cardiovascular (CVS) risk. We compared the association between ten IR indices and cardiac, renal, and vascular end-organ measures in a predominantly young (age 45.0 ± 18.3 years) South African Black population. Methods: We assessed the relationships between ten IR indices (homeostatic model assessment for IR [HOMA-IR], quantitative insulin sensitivity check index [QUICKI], metabolic score for IR [METS-IR], triglyceride–glucose index [TyG], TyG–body mass index [TyG-BMI], TyG–waist circumference [TyG-WC], TyG–waist-to-height ratio [TyG-WHtR], triglyceride to high-density cholesterol concentration [TyG-HDL], lipid accumulation product [LAP], visceral adiposity index [VAI]) and end-organ measures in 779 community participants of African ancestry. Results: HOMA-IR and QUICKI were the only IR indices consistently associated with end-organ measures (left ventricular [LV] mass index, p ≤ 0.005; LV relative wall thickness, p < 0.0001; early-to-late mitral velocity, p ≤ 0.01; E/e’, p ≤ 0.002; e’, p < 0.0001; pulse wave velocity, p = 0.036 (HOMA-IR only); glomerular filtration rate [GFR], p < 0.0001), independent of confounders. Furthermore, HOMA-IR was consistently higher, and QUICKI lower, in those with compared to those without end-organ damage (LV hypertrophy [p ≤ 0.03], concentric LV [p < 0.03], and reduced GFR [p ≤ 0.008]), independent of confounders. Importantly, the associations between HOMA-IR or QUICKI and end-organ measures were independent of additional CVS risk factors, including adiposity measures, and were replicated in the participants without diabetes mellitus (n = 669) and in the participants without high blood pressure (n = 505). Conclusions: In a predominantly young community of African ancestry, of ten recommended IR indices, only HOMA-IR and QUICKI were consistently associated with end-organ damage independent of CVS risk factors. Full article

Background/Objectives: Few studies have compared the associations of different adiposity markers with cardiometabolic risk factors in individuals without diabetes or cardiovascular disease (CVD), particularly in South America. Moreover, the associations with more severe cardiometabolic risk, defined by the simultaneous presence of altered glycemia, blood pressure, and dyslipidemia, remain unknown. We examined whether the waist-to-height ratio (W-HtR), waist circumference (WC), and BMI were independently associated with cardiometabolic risk in a chronic disease prevention program in Medellín, Colombia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 29,236 adults (age: 19–121 years) without diabetes or CVD. Exposures included increased W-HtR (>0.5), increased WC (≥80 cm for women, ≥90 cm for men), and overweight/obesity. The outcomes were dyslipidemia, elevated glycemia, high blood pressure, and full cardiometabolic risk (FCMR), defined as the presence of all three factors. Logistic regressions adjusted for sociodemographic and lifestyle covariates and additional adiposity markers were used. Cubic spline analyses examined the shape of associations. Results: Most individuals were over 40 years old (97.6%), only 40 were ≥100 years, and 16.5% (n = 4821) had FCMR. Increased W-HtR tripled the odds of FCMR compared with normal W-HtR (OR: 3.04, 95%CI: 2.45–3.77, p < 0.001). Increased WC doubled the odds of FCMR (p < 0.001). W-HtR remained the strongest predictor after adjusting for WC (OR: 1.99, 95%CI: 1.59–2.50) and BMI (OR: 2.48, 95%CI: 1.99–3.08). Cubic spline analyses showed a linear association between W-HtR and FCMR, whereas the BMI–FCMR association plateaued at approximately 30 kg/m². Conclusions: In this cross-sectional study of a large middle-to-older-aged cohort, W-HtR was the strongest adiposity marker correlated with cardiometabolic risk. Full article

Background: Overweight or obese children and adolescents have a higher risk of developing cardiometabolic health problems compared with their healthy-weight peers, which are likely to progress to cardiovascular disease and are associated with a range of negative impacts. Objectives: To evaluate the effects of school-based physical activity (PA) interventions on cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents with overweight or obesity. Method: A search of online databases was conducted to identify relevant studies up to 31 January 2025. Results: Eleven studies were included, involving 963 participants aged 7 to 18 years. School-based PA interventions have a significant effect size (ES) in reducing body fat percentage (ES = −0.43, p < 0.01), diastolic blood pressure (ES = −0.27, p < 0.05), triglycerides (ES = −0.38, p < 0.01), fasting blood glucose (ES = −0.60, p < 0.01), blood insulin (ES = −0.62, p < 0.01), and homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (ES = −0.58, p < 0.01) in overweight or obese students. However, no significant improvements were observed in body mass index, body mass index z-score, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, maximal oxygen consumption, systolic blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and total cholesterol. Conclusion: School-based PA interventions lasting 6 weeks longer, twice a week or more, can significantly mitigate some cardiometabolic risks of overweight or obese children and adolescents. Effective, targeted PA programs should be considered in the school setting to promote the cardiometabolic health of this vulnerable group. Full article

Background and Aims: Several epidemiological studies have investigated the relationship between anthropometric factors and breast cancer (BC), but the results, particularly for premenopausal BC, remain inconsistent and contradictory. The aim of this systematic review is to present an overview of studies examining the association between obesity and BC risk in African women, by menopausal status. Methods: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched until 17 February 2025 to identify published articles. The review included original studies, with no restrictions on publication date or language. The exposures studied were height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). The quality of the studies was assessed using the National Institute of Health (NIH). Study selection and data extraction were carried out by two authors separately. Results: A total of fifteen case–control studies were included in this systematic review, comprising 45,056 subjects (7221 cases and 37,835 controls). Among them, fourteen studies reported stratified results for pre- and postmenopausal women, and one reported findings for only premenopausal BC. We found that BMI was associated with an increased risk of BC in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women, though the associations varied across studies. Height was associated with an increased risk of pre- and postmenopausal BC. WHR was positively associated with BC in pre- and postmenopausal women, while WC showed a positive association with the risk of postmenopausal BC, and inconsistent results with premenopausal BC. Finally, a higher HC was positively associated with premenopausal and postmenopausal BC. Conclusions: The risk of developing BC is higher in obese postmenopausal women. The protective role of BMI has not been demonstrated in African premenopausal women. WHR is a risk factor for premenopausal and postmenopausal BC. There is a need to study the influence of stages of overweight and obesity on BC risk in a large sample of African women in-depth. Full article

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) represents a huge burden on the health system. This study aimed to investigate the association between MetS and certain indirect insulin resistance (IR) indicators according to gender. The triglyceride–glucose index (TyG), TyG–body mass index (TyG–BMI), the TyG–waist-to-height ratio (TyG–WHtR), TyG–waist circumference (TyG–WC), the triglyceride to high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol index (TG/HDL-c) and recently proposed indicators such as the metabolic score for IR (MetS-IR), TyG–neck circumference (TyG–NC) and the TyG–neck-circumference-to-height ratio (TyG–NHtR) were evaluated in 2594 subjects enrolled in the PREDATORR study. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify the association between MetS and the indirect IR indicators, as well as the risk factors. The participants were divided into two groups, according to gender. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26.0. TyG, TyG–WC, TyG–NC, TyG–NHtR and TG/HDL-c had higher values in the male group, while TyG–BMI, TyG–WHtR and MetS-IR had approximately equal values in the two studied groups, but also statistically significantly higher values in MetS (+) vs. MetS (−) subjects (p < 0.001). For both studied groups, the multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that TyG and MetS-IR were independent predictors for MetS. Both in the female and in the male group, TyG had the largest area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve. Thus, in females, the TyG AUROC curve was 0.890; 95% CI 0.873–0.907; p < 0.001; cut-off value 8.51, with 81.4% sensitivity and 80.0% specificity. In males, the TyG AUROC curve was 0.880; 95% CI 0.861–0.899; p < 0.001; cut-off value 8.69, with 78.5% sensitivity and 84.6% specificity. All of the analyzed indirect IR indicators had statistically significantly higher values in MetS (+) vs. MetS (−) subjects. TyG and MetS-IR are independent predictive factors for MetS, regardless of the subject’s gender. Full article

Aim: Mobile health (mHealth) applications have been reported to be effective in improving glycaemic control and cardiometabolic health, but mainly as part of shorter-term intervention studies. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of the ongoing Defeat Diabetes mHealth low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) intervention on clinical markers and cardiometabolic risk after 6 months of intervention. Methods: Data were collected via primary care physicians as part of routine T2D monitoring. These included HbA1c (primary outcome), blood pressure, blood lipids, and markers of kidney and liver function. Anthropometrics, as well as changes in the prescription of diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia medication, were also recorded. Calculated variables, total cholesterol to HDL-c, triglyceride to HDL-c, and waist to height ratios, were analysed to examine changes in cardiometabolic risk profile. Three-day food records were used to assess dietary intake and intervention adherence. Univariate regression models examined changes from baseline to 6 months. Results: Ninety-four participants remained in the study out of the ninety-nine at baseline (mean age 59 ± 11 years, 55 females). After 6 months of intervention, there were significant reductions in HbA1c by −1.0% (95% CI: −1.3 to −0.6), as well as in the liver enzymes ALT (−9.3 U/L 95% CI −16.3 to −2.4) and GGT (−18.8 U/L 95% CI: −31.4 to −6.3) across the cohort. In addition, there was a significant reduction in cardiometabolic risk, as measured by the calculated variables and a decrease in waist circumference (−4.6 cm 95% CI: −8.9 to −0.2). Conclusions: People with T2D receiving LCD education and resources through the Defeat Diabetes mHealth app (version 3.3.8) improved their glycaemic control after 6 months of intervention. Cardiometabolic risk profile and liver function also showed significant improvement. These findings indicate that the use of an LCD digital app is a valuable adjunct in the management of T2D. Full article

Background/Objective: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has emerged as a significant global burden, attributed to its increasing prevalence and strong correlation with metabolic syndrome and related conditions. Timely diagnosis and intervention are essential for minimizing the impact of MASLD. This study sought to analyze the efficacy of advanced anthropometric indices and non-invasive steatosis markers in diagnosing MASLD. Methods: This cross-sectional retrospective study evaluated the data from 578 Turkish patients admitted to our gastroenterology clinic. MASLD was diagnosed based on internationally recognized criteria. The evaluated parameters included body mass index (BMI); waist–hip ratio (WHR); waist–height ratio (WHtR); body roundness index (BRI); conicity index (CI); a body shape index (ABSI); visceral adiposity index (VAI); abdominal volume index (AVI); lipid accumulation product (LAP); fatty liver index (FLI); hepatic steatosis index (HSI); and triglyceride–glucose index (TyG) and its variants TyG–waist circumference(WC) and TyG–BMI. Results: Among 215 men, 103 (56.9%) met the criteria for MASLD, while 260 out of 363 women (65.5%) fulfilled the criteria. In the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis for identifying MASLD, TyG–WC (0.826), TyG–BMI (0.820), and FLI (0.830) achieved the highest area under the curve (AUC) values, with statistically significant differences observed in their pairwise comparisons against the other parameters. Conclusions: TyG–WC and TyG–BMI are comparable to FLI in terms of simplicity of calculation and superior diagnostic accuracy, making them valuable non-invasive alternatives for MASLD screening and diagnosis. Full article