Search Results (451)

As an integral component of humanity’s cultural heritage, traditional villages universally confront challenges such as population loss and cultural discontinuity amid rapid urbanization. Cluster-based protection models have increasingly become the international consensus for addressing the survival crisis of such settlements. This study selects the Central Yunnan region of Southwest China—characterized by its complex geography and multi-ethnic habitation—as the research area. Employing ArcGIS spatial analysis techniques alongside clustering algorithms, we examine the spatial distribution characteristics and clustering patterns of 251 traditional villages within this region. The findings are as follows. In terms of spatial distribution, traditional villages in Central Yunnan are unevenly dispersed, predominantly aggregating on mid-elevation gentle slopes; their locations are chiefly influenced by rivers and historical courier routes, albeit with only indirect dependence on waterways. Regarding single-cluster attributes, the spatial and geomorphological features exhibit a composite “band-and-group” pattern shaped by river valleys; culturally, two dominant modes emerge—“ancient-route-dependent” and “ethnic-symbiosis”—reflecting an economy-driven cultural mechanism alongside latent marginalization risks. Concerning construction characteristics, the “Qionglong-Ganlan” and Han-style “One-seal” residential features stand out, illustrating both adaptation to mountainous environments and the cumulative effects of historical culture. Based on these insights, we propose a three-tiered clustering classification framework—“comprehensive-element coordination”, “feature-led”, and “potential-cultivation”—to inform the development of contiguous and typological protection strategies for traditional villages in highland, multi-ethnic regions. Full article

This research investigates higher education admission outcomes at Hungarian universities for ethnic Hungarian minority students residing in countries within the Carpathian Basin. The region is distinguished by a variety of national policies that impact minority education. By analyzing extensive data on the availability of mother tongue education, the status of minority rights, advanced level examination performance, and types of settlement using a wide range of statistical methods, our study reveals significant cross-national differences in the distribution of admission scores and central tendencies. Compared to lower and more varied scores for students from Ukraine and Romania, ethnic Hungarian students from Serbia and Slovakia achieved high average admission scores. Performance was notably more consistent among students from EU member states compared to non-EU regions, strongly linking outcomes to the more robust implementation of minority rights and better access to mother-tongue education within the EU framework. A critical finding is the strong positive correlation (Pearson r = 0.837) between admission scores and advanced level examination results, highlighting the pivotal role of these exams for the academic progression of these minority students. The Jonckheere-Terpstra test (p < 0.05) further confirmed significant performance differences between ranked country groups, with Serbian and Slovak students generally outperforming their Ukrainian and Romanian counterparts. Counterintuitively, settlement type (urban vs. rural) exhibited a negligible relationship with admission scores (r = 0.150), explaining only 2% of score variability. This challenges common assumptions and suggests other factors specific to the Hungarian minority context are more influential. This study provides crucial insights into the complex dynamics influencing Hungarian minority students’ access to higher education, underscoring cross-country educational inequalities, and informing the development of equitable minority rights and mother-tongue education policies in Central Europe for these often-marginalized communities. Full article

Africa’s rapid urbanization often exceeds the capacity of governments to provide essential services and infrastructure, exacerbating structural inequalities and exposing vulnerable populations to serious health risks. This paper examines the case of Douala, Cameroon, to demonstrate that health inequities in African cities are not simply the result of urban growth but are shaped by spatial inequities, historical legacies, and systemic exclusion. Disadvantaged neighborhoods are particularly impacted, becoming epicenters of health crises. Using a mixed-methods approach combining spatial analysis, household surveys and interviews, the study identifies three key findings: (1) Healthcare services in Douala are unevenly distributed and dominated by private providers, which limits access for low-income residents. (2) Inadequate infrastructure and environmental risks in informal settlements lead to a higher disease burden and an overflow of demand into better-equipped districts, which overwhelms public health centers across the city. (3) This structural mismatch fuels widespread reliance on informal and unregulated care practices. This study positions Douala as a microcosm of broader public health challenges in rapidly urbanizing African cities. It highlights the need for integrated urban planning and health system reforms that address spatial inequalities, strengthen public health infrastructure, and prioritize equity—key principles for achieving the third Sustainable Development Goal (ensuring good health and well-being for all residents) in sub-Saharan Africa. Full article

Typo-morphology, as interpreted by the Italian School of Planning, provides an approach to investigate the relationship between built form and socio-cultural patterns in vernacular settlements. This study examines Harran, a heritage site in southeastern Türkiye known for its distinctive conic domed dwellings, to explore how typo-morphological analysis can inform culturally sensitive design and adaptive reuse approaches. Despite its historical significance and inclusion in the UNESCO tentative list, Harran faces insufficient documentation, fragmented governance, limited conservation, and increasing pressure from urbanization and natural disasters. Using multiple sources and fieldwork, the research reconstructs the morphological evolution of Harran through diachronic maps across compound, district, and town scales. Reflections from Alberobello, Italy, i.e., the sister city of Harran and a UNESCO-listed town with a similarly unique vernacular fabric, provide a comparative view to explore different heritage management approaches. Harran evolved through informal, culture-driven growth, whereas Alberobello followed a regulated path. While Alberobello benefits from planned development and institutional preservation, Harran faces partial abandonment and neglect. By positioning typo-morphology as a conceptual planning tool, this paper emphasizes the need for context-responsive, ethically grounded, and inclusive approaches to heritage planning and conservation. It argues for planning practices that are not only technically competent but also attuned to place-based knowledge, local identities, and the long-term sustainability of living heritage. Full article

This study investigates rural settlement patterns and land suitability in Rwanda’s Western Highlands, a mountainous region highly vulnerable to geohazards like landslides and flooding. Its primary aim is to inform sustainable, climate-resilient development planning in this fragile landscape. We employed high-resolution satellite imagery, a Digital Elevation Model (DEM), and comprehensive geospatial datasets to analyze settlement distribution, using Thiessen polygons for influence zones and Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) for spatial clustering. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was integrated with the GeoDetector model to objectively weight criteria and analyze settlement pattern drivers, using population density as a proxy for human pressure. The analysis revealed significant spatial heterogeneity in settlement distribution, with both clustered and dispersed forms exhibiting distinct exposure levels to environmental hazards. Natural factors, particularly slope gradient and proximity to rivers, emerged as dominant determinants. Furthermore, significant synergistic interactions were observed between environmental attributes and infrastructure accessibility (roads and urban centers), collectively shaping settlement resilience. This integrative geospatial approach enhances understanding of complex rural settlement dynamics in ecologically sensitive mountainous regions. The empirically grounded insights offer a robust decision-support framework for climate adaptation and disaster risk reduction, contributing to more resilient rural planning strategies in Rwanda and similar Central African highland regions. Full article

Urbanization is rapidly transforming cities, especially in the Global South, with Sub-Saharan Africa expected to see the fastest growth in the next 30 years. In South Africa’s Mopani District, this urban expansion has led to the growth of informal settlements, increasing disaster risks related to water, health, and fire. This study focuses on Giyani Local Municipality, examining disaster risks in its informal settlements and the factors influencing the implementation of spatial planning tools. Using a SWOT analysis combined with the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), the study found that while the municipality has strong land use and disaster management policies, poor enforcement, lack of integration, and weak governance limit their effectiveness. Opportunities for improvement include securing grants from the National Government and Disaster Management Centre to support disaster risk reduction (DRR) initiatives. However, challenges such as land shortages and ecological degradation threaten sustainable planning. The findings provide important insights for policymakers, urban planners, and disaster management professionals. The SWOT-AHP approach helps in prioritizing resource allocation, identifying risk trends, and focusing on key areas for mitigation. Overall, the study supports efforts to enhance resilience and promote sustainable urban development in informal settlements through better spatial planning. Full article

The major challenge facing big cities in developing nations is allocating residential land to the urban poor, given the constraints on land availability. This article investigates how and why the management of Waqf land, a particular type of land tenure in urban informal settlements, transforms. The analysis draws on principles of responsible land management and focuses on the specific case of Waqf land owned by the Kauman Grand Mosque in Semarang City, Indonesia. With a questionnaire distributed among tenants of the Waqf land, it was possible to retrieve data on experiences with the management of the Waqf land. The questionnaire and subsequent analysis used a scoring sheet based on the 8R framework of responsible land management. The findings indicate that the management of Waqf land in the study area changed and improved over time, evolving from an informal to a more formal structure. The responses additionally demonstrate a gradual transformation whereby, gradually, nearly all aspects of the 8R framework of responsible land management are considered positively. Nevertheless, the aspects of reflexivity and retraceability still score low, as access to documentation is still limited, and evaluations of how effective the management of land is are infrequent. The study concludes that despite being an unconventional form of land management, the Waqf land tenure regime appears to secure informal types of urban tenure, especially in areas with limited land availability. Moreover, the Waqf land institution supports strong and cooperative relationships within the community. Full article

Historical towns embody the origins and continuity of urban civilization, preserving distinctive spatial fabrics, cultural lineages, and latent economic value within contemporary metropolitan systems. Their integrated conservation directly aligns with SDG 11.4, and advances the holistic preservation objectives of historic urban landscapes (HULs). However, achieving these objectives cannot be solely dependent on modern remote sensing technologies; it necessitates the integration of historical geographic information system (HGIS) theoretical frameworks and methodological approaches. Leveraging HGIS and multisource data—including SDGSAT-1 nighttime light imagery, textual documents, and historical maps—this study reconstructed the spatial extent of historical towns in suburban Shanghai and assessed their present-day economic vitality through light-based spatial proxies. Key results comprised the following. (1) Most suburban historical towns are small, yet nighttime light intensity varies markedly. Jiading County, Songjiang Prefecture, and Jinshan Wei rank highest in both spatial extent and brightness. (2) Town area exhibits a strong positive relationship (R² > 0.80) with the total nighttime light index, indicating that larger settlements generally sustain higher economic activity. (3) Clusters of “low area–low light” towns showed pronounced intra-regional disparities in economic vitality, underscoring the need for targeted revitalization. (4) Natural setting, historical legacy, policy interventions, and transport accessibility jointly shape development trajectories, with policy emerging as the dominant driver. This work demonstrates a transferable framework for multidimensional assessment of historical towns, supports differentiated conservation strategies, and aids the synergistic integration of heritage preservation with regional sustainable development. Full article

This study explores how geographical factors shape El Salvador’s banking sector, particularly focusing on regional disparities, urbanization, and vulnerability to natural disasters affecting access to financial services. By employing a mixed-methods approach that combines quantitative data and qualitative interviews, the research analyzes how these geographical challenges impact financial inclusion and banking development. Data from the Central Reserve Bank of El Salvador and financial institutions is examined alongside Geographic Information Systems (GISs) to illustrate the spatial distribution of banking services. Interviews with stakeholders, including bank representatives and clients from urban and rural areas, reveal a significant urban–rural divide, with approximately 75% of bank branches and 80% of ATMs situated in urban centers, particularly in San Salvador. Rural areas face limited access to formal banking due to challenging topography and inadequate infrastructure, leading to increased financial exclusion and reliance on informal systems. Natural disasters further disrupt banking infrastructure and heighten the need for emergency loans. While urbanization has spurred financial growth, it has also resulted in informal settlements with restricted access to formal services. As its main contribution, this study provides one of the first in-depth, geographically grounded analyses of financial exclusion in El Salvador, offering original insights into how spatial inequalities and disaster vulnerability intersect to shape banking access and economic participation. The study calls for a more inclusive banking sector, recommending mobile and digital banking expansion, agent banking in underserved areas, and improved disaster risk management to enhance economic participation across all regions. Full article

This paper presents a structured, expert-informed framework for inclusive waste management in marginalized urban areas (MUAs), addressing critical challenges at the intersection of environmental governance, infrastructure inequality, and social exclusion. The framework was developed through extensive consultations with 37 international experts and tested through a deployment plan piloted in Reșița, Romania. The framework is adaptable to site-specific realities and is intended to evolve annually based on monitoring and feedback. With a strong focus on community engagement, institutional coordination, and policy alignment, the framework lays out an incremental implementation path. The Reșița pilot demonstrates how targeted, participatory actions—ranging from stakeholder mobilization and tailored education to infrastructure enhancements and policy reforms—can drive sustainable improvements in waste management and civic inclusion. This study contributes to the literature on environmental justice and urban sustainability by providing a dynamic, scalable model that can be customized to diverse socio-spatial contexts. Full article

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an emerging global threat that is expanding in many areas of the world. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is uniquely suited for use in areas of the world where clinical surveillance is limited or logistically slow to identify emerging threats, such as in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Wastewater was analyzed from three urban areas of Kampala, including a local HIV research clinic and two informal settlements. Wastewater extraction was performed using a low-cost, magnetic bead-based protocol that minimizes consumable plastic consumption followed by sequencing on the Oxford Nanopore Technology MinION platform. The majority of the analysis was performed using cloud-based services to identify AMR biomarkers and bacterial pathogens. Assemblies containing AMR pathogens were isolated from all locations. As one example, clinically relevant AMR biomarkers for multiple drug classes were found within Acinetobacter baumannii genomic fragments. This work presents a metagenomic WBE workflow that is compatible with areas of the world without robust water treatment infrastructure. This study was able to identify various bacterial pathogens and AMR biomarkers without shipping water samples internationally or relying on complex concentration methods. Due to the time-dependent nature of wastewater surveillance data, this work involved cross-training researchers in Uganda to collect and analyze wastewater for future efforts in public health development. Full article

Urban infrastructure construction poses significant risks to surrounding the infrastructure due to ground settlement, structural disturbances, and underground utility disruptions. Traditional risk assessment methods often rely on static models and experience-based decision-making, limiting their ability to adapt to dynamic construction conditions. This study proposes an integrated framework combining digital twin and knowledge graph technologies to enhance real-time risk assessment and emergency response in tunnel construction. The digital twin continuously integrates real-time monitoring data, including settlement measurements, TBM operational parameters, and structural responses, creating a virtual representation of the tunneling environment. Meanwhile, the knowledge graph structures domain knowledge and applies rule-based reasoning to infer potential hazards, detect abnormal conditions, and suggest mitigation strategies. The proposed approach has been successfully applied to a practical tunnel project in China, where it played a crucial role in emergency response and risk mitigation. By integrating real-time monitoring data with the knowledge-driven reasoning system, the developed framework enabled the early identification of anomalies, rapid risk assessment, and the formulation of effective mitigation strategies, preventing further structural impact. This bidirectional interaction between the digital twin and the knowledge graph ensured that the real-world data informed the automated reasoning, while the inference results were visualized within the digital twin for intuitive decision support. The proposed framework not only enhances current risk management practices but also serves as a foundation for future innovations in smart infrastructure and automated emergency response systems. Full article

This study investigates the incremental renovation of urban villages in Beijing, with a focus on the socio-spatial transformation of rental spaces. By integrating field surveys, building mapping, questionnaire research, and Kano model analysis, we identify key patterns and strategies for improving living conditions, preserving community culture, and promoting social integration. The main contributions of this study include (1) revealing the architectural characteristics and stages of incremental renovation of different rental spaces in urban villages and their diverse tenant needs, (2) applying the Kano model to prioritize tenant needs and guide targeted renovations, and (3) advocating an inclusive socio-spatial transformation strategy that balances development with the protection of vulnerable groups. This approach offers a sustainable alternative to radical urban renewal, ensuring dignified living conditions and opportunities for all residents. Full article

Wildfires pose increasing risks to human settlements, particularly in the Wildland–Urban Interface (WUI). This study examines the relationship between land cover (LC) characteristics and housing destruction during the 2023 wildfires in Chile’s Bío-Bío region. Using high-resolution remote sensing data and GIS-based multi-buffer spatial analysis (30 m and 100 m), we assessed LC patterns around affected and unaffected rural houses. Results indicate that the proximity of forest plantations significantly increased housing loss, with a notably higher presence of plantations within 30 m of destroyed houses. In contrast, agricultural and pasture mosaics demonstrated a protective function by reducing fire spread. Shrublands also showed moderate protection, albeit with statistical uncertainty. The findings highlight the critical role of immediate LC in determining wildfire impact, emphasizing the need for integrating LC considerations into wildfire risk management, land-use planning, and policy interventions. Strategies such as creating defensible spaces, enforcing zoning regulations, and promoting fire-resistant landscapes can help mitigate future wildfire damage. This research provides spatially explicit insights that contribute to wildfire risk reduction theory and inform targeted prevention and resilience-building strategies in Chile and other fire-prone regions. Full article

Background/Objectives: Epidemics have historically shaped societies, influencing demographic structures, social organization, and economic stability. The 1742–1743 epidemic had a profound impact on populations along the Royal Road (Camino Real), the main colonial corridor between Buenos Aires and Lima. However, its specific demographic and socio-economic effects remain underexplored. This study aims to examine these impacts of the 1742–1743 epidemic through a comparative analysis of urban centers and Indigenous communities. Methods: A historical–comparative approach was employed, analyzing secondary sources including parish records and colonial administrative documents. This study assessed excess mortality and socio-economic consequences across different population groups and settlement types. Results: Mortality rates increased dramatically—up to twelve times the pre-epidemic average in Cordova (Córdoba) and by 45% in Santa Fe—disproportionately affecting Indigenous and enslaved populations. Urban centers experienced severe economic disruption and slow recovery, whereas Indigenous communities and Jesuit missions demonstrated greater resilience. Their communal strategies and early isolation measures contributed to a faster demographic stabilization. Additionally, the epidemic weakened colonial governance in some areas, altering local power structures. Conclusions: The epidemic of 1742–1743 revealed divergent patterns of vulnerability and resilience. Comparative analysis underscores recurring themes in the epidemic response and recovery, drawing relevant parallels with contemporary crises such as COVID-19. Recognizing these historical patterns of adaptation can inform present and future public health strategies. The terminology “plague” is used based on contemporary sources and not confirmed clinically. Full article