Search Results (506)

Background: Exercise modulates the immune system and may enhance anti-cancer activity, offering potential synergy with cancer immunotherapy. Tumours with low immune cell infiltration (“cold” tumours) often respond poorly to immunotherapy and are associated with poor prognosis. Here, we demonstrate that exercise can reshape the immune landscape of tumours across the cold spectrum. Methods: C57BL/6 mice underwent orthotopic implantation of PANC02 (murine pancreatic adenocarcinoma) cells and BALB/c mice underwent intraperitoneal injections of AB-1 (murine mesothelioma) cells. Mice were then divided into groups; exercise with anti-Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 (PD-1), exercise with isotype, no exercise with anti-PD-1 and no exercise with isotype. Treadmill-running was performed for 20 min/day, 4 days/week at a speed of 12 metres/minute. Resistance training consisted of hanging upside down on a wire-mesh screen for 1 min 2 days/week. Flow cytometry was used to measure TME immune populations. Tumour and liver samples were harvested, paraffin wax-embedded/sectioned and analysed using SlideViewer 2.9.0™. A total of 22 healthy volunteers underwent a single bout of high-intensity interval cycling. Blood was collected pre- and post-exercise. Flow cytometry was used to measure leucocyte subpopulations. MSTO-211H (mesothelioma) and PANC-1 (pancreatic cancer) cells were cultured with pre- and post-exercise serum, with/without HSV1716, and viability determined using alamarBlue^®. PANC-1 apoptosis and migration were assessed using caspase-3/7 and scratch assays, respectively. Results: In an orthotopic pancreatic cancer mouse model, combining exercise with immunotherapy significantly increased tumour necrosis and reduced metastatic potential. In both pancreatic cancer and mesothelioma models, this combination remodelled the tumour microenvironment, enhancing cytotoxic CD8⁺ T cell infiltration, upregulating Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 (PD-1), and reducing Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs). Complementary human studies revealed an acute systemic release of Natural Killer cells and a reduction in Tregs following high-intensity interval exercise in healthy volunteers. Moreover, exercise-conditioned serum from these participants exerted anti-cancer effects on pancreatic cancer and mesothelioma cell lines. Conclusions: Altogether, these findings highlight exercise as a promising adjunct to immunotherapy for poorly immunogenic cancers such as pancreatic cancer and mesothelioma. Full article

Spinal cord injury (SCI) induces persistent locomotor deficits that are closely associated with maladaptive structural plasticity of spinal neuronal circuits. Although motor rehabilitation improves functional outcomes, the cellular substrates underlying rehabilitation-induced recovery remain incompletely understood, particularly in relation to activity-dependent neuromodulation strategies. Here, we investigated how treadmill-based motor training (TMT) and its combination with bioluminescent optogenetic (BL-OG) stimulation of Hb9 (homebox 9)-positive motoneurons and excitatory interneurons selectively modulate microarchitectural plasticity in the injured rat spinal cord. At the level of gross locomotor assessment, Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) scores were comparable between the BL-OG and SCI+TMT groups. Although no statistically significant differences in the total score in rung ladder were observed at 28 days post-injury, animals in the BL-OG group showed a tendency toward a higher ratio of successful hindlimb placements, indicating improved step accuracy. BL-OG stimulation was associated with a slightly greater attenuation of SCI-induced spine abnormalities compared to TMT alone, with significant differences between the experimental groups detected specifically in laminae VIII and IX. These lamina-specific alterations in dendritic integration and dendritic spine composition were accompanied by preservation of wisteria floribunda agglutinin WFA-positive perineuronal net (PNN) architecture. Against this background, reduced glypican-4 (GPC-4) expression and attenuated WFA/GPC-4 colocalization were observed in the SCI+BL-OG group relative to SCI in laminae VII–IX, consistent with activity-dependent modulation of PNN-associated synaptic organization in Hb9-positive neuronal populations. Together, these findings indicate that motor rehabilitation and bioluminescent optogenetic stimulation engage distinct but partially overlapping mechanisms of activity-dependent microarchitectural remodeling, preferentially targeting synaptic and perineuronal net-associated substrates rather than inducing large-scale circuit reorganization. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these distinct plasticity profiles. Full article

Background: Gait re-education is one of the key elements of comprehensive rehabilitation after total hip replacement. Recent technological advancements allow patients to benefit from increasingly sophisticated training solutions based on biofeedback. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of a treadmill training protocol with a digital biofeedback component on the gait parameters of patients after an uncomplicated total hip replacement and on their functional status. Methods: The study included 137 patients after total hip replacement. In the control group, traditional walking training with biofeedback in the form of a mirror was used. In the study group, the Biodex Gait Trainer 3 treadmill was used for this purpose, which also served as a diagnostic tool for both groups. The following parameters were assessed: distance, average walking speed, average step cycle, step length, coefficient of variability and time on each foot. Additionally, the study included the Timed Up & Go (TUG) test and the use of orthopedic supplies. Results were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05. Results: Significant statistical differences were found between the groups in terms of distance, average walking speed, and step length. Additionally, significantly shorter TUG times were observed and a higher rate of discontinuation of orthopedic supplies in the study group. However, the therapy method did not have a significant effect on the average step cycle, coefficient of variability or time on each foot. These parameters showed comparable improvement in both groups. Conclusions: Treadmill training with visual biofeedback has a positive effect on certain gait parameters. The greatest benefits from this type of training can be gained by patients with deficits in stability and mobility in space. Full article

Backround and Objectives: Basketball performance is shaped by repeated high-intensity actions interspersed with brief recovery. Conventional continuous or strictly incremental testing may not fully capture short active-recovery dynamics relevant to stop-and-go sports. Material and Methods: This study applied a VT₂-referenced progressive–intermittent treadmill protocol and focused on 60-s active-recovery kinetics to describe effort tolerance in an applied basketball setting. Basketball players from Mureș County completed anthropometry (24 h pre-test, fasted) and a single laboratory visit. Pre-test training and diet were standardized for 48 h (submaximal training; predominantly carbohydrate intake). CPET was performed in 3-min stages (6.5 km·h⁻¹ start; +0.7 km·h⁻¹ per stage) and stopped at RER = 1.00 and/or blood lactate = 4.0 mmol·L⁻¹ (operational VT2). After 3 min active recovery, participants completed six 60-s high-speed bouts separated by 60-s active recovery intervals (AR1–AR6), with intensities prescribed at 120–180% of VT2-derived speed, followed by an 8-min active recovery. For each AR interval, linear regression over 0–60 s yielded slopes for VO₂, VO₂/HR, VCO₂, V̇E, VE/VO₂, VE/VCO₂, and PetCO₂. Results: VT₁ was determined at 2.29 m·s⁻¹ (VO₂ 32 mL·min⁻¹·kg⁻¹) and VT2 at 3.07 m·s⁻¹ (VO₂ 42 mL·min⁻¹·kg⁻¹). Maximal intermittent speed was 5.33 m·s⁻¹ (VO₂ 45.5 mL·min⁻¹·kg⁻¹; RER 1.06; PetCO₂ 38 mmHg). VO₂ differed across successive bouts (p = 0.0001), while PetCO₂ showed a small downward drift across repetitions. Peak indices (max speed, VE/VCO₂max, PetCO₂max, VEmax) were associated with phase-specific recovery slopes across early, mid, and late recovery periods (false discovery rate–adjusted correlations). Lactate decreased over 8 min, but lactate change rates were not associated with peak indices. Conclusions: The VT₂-referenced progressive–intermittent protocol appears feasible in basketball players and provides phase-dependent recovery information that complements conventional peak CPET outcomes, with potential relevance for applied team settings. Full article

Background: Falls are a leading cause of injury and mortality worldwide. Higher physical activity levels in young adults may increase exposure to fall-related situations. Understanding their neuromuscular adaptations is critical for balance control research and perturbation-based training. This study examined proactive and reactive adaptations in lower-limb muscle activity during repeated simulated trips among young adults. Methods: Twenty participants experienced five treadmill-induced standing-trips. Bilateral electromyography (EMG) activities of the rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), tibialis anterior (TA), medial gastrocnemius (MG), and biceps femoris (BF) were recorded. Muscle activity magnitude at perturbation onset (ON), EMG peak amplitude, and time-to-peak from ON were extracted and compared across trials. Results: Proactive activation at ON increased across trials in TA and RF on the recovery side (p = 0.012–0.023) and in TA, VL, and BF on the stance side (p = 0.002–0.034). Reactive peak amplitudes decreased in RF, VL, and BF on the recovery side (p < 0.001–0.014) and in RF, VL, and BF on the stance side (p < 0.001–0.016). Time-to-peak shortened in MG, RF, VL, and BF on the recovery side (p < 0.001–0.030) and in RF, VL, TA, and BF on the stance side (p < 0.001–0.050). Conclusions: Repeated simulated trips elicited proactive adaptations in muscle activity and reactive changes in time-to-peak, which may suppress the need for increased reactive muscle activations to recover balance post-perturbation over trials in young adults. The findings augment our understanding of the intercorrelation between proactive and reactive adaptations to repeated perturbations. Full article

Background/Objectives: Diabetic neuropathy (DN), a common complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus, manifests as peripheral nerve dysfunction with symptoms such as fatigue. Although exercise effectively reduces fatigue in neuropathy patients, precise detection methods are crucial to elucidate the role of rehabilitation. Accordingly, this study aimed to evaluate fatigue in DN patients using a multimodal approach (clinical and instrumental) and to compare the efficacy of aerobic versus resistance training on fatigue parameters. Methods: Eligible DN inpatients admitted for rehabilitation at the Neuromotor Rehabilitation Unit of the IRCCS ICS Maugeri Institute of Montescano (PV) were enrolled. Inclusion criteria included age between 65 and 85 years and confirmation via the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (anamnestic section: ≥7; clinical section: ≥2.5). Patients with confounding orthopedic, neurologic, or unstable cardiopulmonary/diabetic conditions were excluded. Overall, 36 participants were randomized into two groups: 17 underwent aerobic training (treadmill), while 19 received resistance training (elastic bands), both as supplements to a standard rehabilitation program. Assessments at baseline and post-training comprised clinical measures (Borg CR10 scale, Functional Independence Measure (FIM) total and subitems, Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT), fasting blood glucose) and instrumental evaluations (sEMG of the tibialis anterior muscle to analyze conduction velocity intercept, slope, and changes). Results: All patients completed the protocol without dropout or adverse events. Both groups demonstrated significant improvements in FIM scores and post-exercise perceived exertion over time. Instrumental sEMG analysis confirmed a physiological fatigue trend manifested as conduction velocity reduction, yet revealed no significant differences between groups. Conclusions: Multimodal assessment provides an effective means to characterize fatigue in DN patients. Both aerobic and resistance modalities enhance functional independence and fatigue perception. Its early identification enables clinicians to tailor rehabilitation strategies to overcome exercise barriers. Full article

Background/Objectives: Dietary composition and physical activity are major determinants of gut microbiome structure, and dysbiosis is strongly associated with metabolic disorders. While both diet and exercise independently influence the gut microbiome, their interactive effects—particularly across different exercise modalities—remain incompletely understood. This study investigated the combined effects of diet type (normal chow [NC] vs. high-fat diet [HFD]) and exercise modality (control [C], voluntary [V], and forced [F]) on gut microbiota composition in rats. Methods: Sixty-three Wistar rats were randomized into six groups according to diet and exercise status. Fecal samples were collected and analyzed using full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing (Oxford Nanopore Technologies). Alpha and beta diversity metrics were calculated, and taxonomic composition was assessed at phylum and genus levels. Results: HFD groups exhibited significantly higher alpha diversity than NC groups (Shannon index: 3.47–3.63 vs. 2.76–2.94, p < 0.001), with forced exercise associated with a greater diversity than voluntary exercise. Beta-diversity analysis confirmed diet as the dominant factor influencing microbial structure (PERMANOVA p = 0.001), with exercise providing an additional modulatory effect. Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, Deferribacterota, and Proteobacteria predominated, with Firmicutes decreasing under HFD. Forced exercise significantly enriched beneficial genera, including Akkermansia (detected exclusively in exercised HFD groups; p = 0.03), Blautia, Coprococcus, and Roseburia. Akkermansia abundance correlated positively with exercise distance (p < 0.001) and negatively with body weight (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Structured exercise, particularly forced treadmill training, attenuates HFD-associated dysbiosis and promotes the beneficial gut bacteria that is associated with metabolic health. These findings highlight exercise modality as a critical factor in dietary strategies targeting gut microbiome modulations. Full article

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a highly effective chemotherapeutic agent whose clinical use is limited by dose-dependent cardiotoxicity associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, and cellular stress responses. Here, we investigated whether preventive aerobic training could protect against DOX-induced cardiac injury in Wistar rats. Animals were assigned to sedentary control (C), sedentary DOX (D), trained control (CT), and trained DOX (DT) groups. The moderate-intensity (~50–80% maximal exercise test) treadmill protocol (40 min/day, 4 days/week for 4 weeks) was performed before intraperitoneal administration of DOX (4 mg/kg, weekly for 4 weeks) or saline. Preventive training markedly improved exercise capacity (p < 0.001) and attenuated oxidative damage, maintaining antioxidant enzyme activity (GR, SOD) at control levels (p > 0.05). DOX significantly upregulated cardiac IL-6 and IL-1β expression (p < 0.01), while trained animals preserved IL-1β expression similar to controls (p > 0.99). In parallel, DOX increased cardiac HIF-1 expression (p < 0.05), indicating activation of hypoxia- and stress-related signaling pathways, an effect that was attenuated by preventive training (p > 0.99). DOX-induced cardiac atrophy was evidenced by reduced left ventricular mass (p < 0.001), which was partially prevented by training (p < 0.05). Although hematological toxicity persisted, preventive aerobic exercise effectively counteracted DOX cardiotoxicity by restoring redox homeostasis, dampening inflammation, and limiting apoptotic signaling. Collectively, these findings highlight exercise preconditioning as a promising non-pharmacological strategy in cardio-oncology to mitigate chemotherapy-associated cardiac injury. Full article

Background/Objectives: Walking impairment and fatigue are common in multiple sclerosis (MS) and contribute to reduced physical function and quality of life (QoL). This study evaluated the feasibility, safety, and pre–post changes associated with a 12-week treadmill walking training (TWT) programme on walking performance, physical function, fatigue, and QoL in people with MS. Methods: Single-arm pilot study with pre–post assessments (T1–T2). Eleven adults with MS (Expanded Disability Status Scale [EDSS] ≤ 6) completed supervised TWT for 12 weeks (two 25 min sessions/week) at the Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Soria (Spain). Outcomes included SF-36, Timed Up and Go (TUG), 4 m gait speed, Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), and Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS). Within-participant changes were analysed using paired t-tests or Wilcoxon signed-rank tests as appropriate; effect sizes were reported as appropriate for the statistical test. Results: SF-36 total score did not change significantly (p = 0.160), while general health (p = 0.039) and vitality (p = 0.043) improved. Walking performance improved (TUG, p = 0.007; 4 m gait speed, p < 0.001), and physical function increased (SPPB, p = 0.003). Fatigue impact decreased (MFIS total, p = 0.015; physical, p = 0.007; psychosocial, p = 0.026), whereas the cognitive subscale did not change significantly (p = 0.094). Adherence was 91.7%, and no adverse events were reported. Conclusions: In this pilot sample, a 12-week TWT programme was feasible and safe and was associated with improvements in walking performance, physical function, and fatigue, with QoL changes limited to specific SF-36 domains. These findings support proceeding to a randomised controlled trial to establish efficacy. These findings should be interpreted as preliminary and exploratory, given the single-arm pre–post study design. Full article

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive pathology that affects millions of people worldwide, becoming a public health challenge due to its high prevalence and mortality. In its advanced stages, patients require therapies such as haemodialysis (HD), which often entails physical complications, so incorporating physiotherapy as an essential part of the treatment of these patients becomes evident. Objective: To analyse the effectiveness of physiotherapy in patients undergoing haemodialysis before, during and after the treatment. Methodology: This study is a systematic review conducted following the PRISMA statements. An electronic literature search was performed in the following databases: PubMed, PEDro, Chorane Library, ScienceDirect and Dialnet. The inclusion criteria were: controlled and uncontrolled clinical trials published in the last 10 years in English or Spanish, in patients with chronic kidney disease on haemodialysis treatment, aged 18 years or older. Results: 22 studies were included in this review. A total of 1786 patients participated in the included studies. Most of the investigations used cycloergometers, treadmills and bicycles. The programmes varied in types of exercise, with combinations of aerobic, endurance and inspiratory muscle training, with assessments at baseline and at the end of the intervention, some with additional measurements at 8, 12 or 16 weeks, and others with no specified follow-up time. Conclusions: The analysed literature showed that therapeutic exercise can be beneficial for haemodialysis patients, improving muscle strength, aerobic capacity and quality of life. Its implementation, both before, during and after haemodialysis sessions, also helped to reduce fatigue and depression. These results support the importance of exercise in the comprehensive treatment of patients with chronic kidney disease in haemodialysis. Full article

Gait analysis plays a critical role in assessing mobility and identifying risks such as frailty and falls, where accurate spatiotemporal measurements are essential for early intervention, particularly in aging populations and clinical screening contexts. However, robust gait characterization remains challenging due to noise contamination and variability in sensor-based signals. To address these limitations, this study presents a stride-length estimation framework formulated as a modified processing-and-estimation pipeline integrated with Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks. The pipeline includes wavelet-based denoising and cubic-spline interpolation as front-end preprocessing, followed by a Kalman-filtering stage with dynamic gain regulation guided by acceleration zero-crossing events to mitigate transient errors around abrupt turning points. Experimental data were collected from twelve healthy participants (seven females, mean age: 26.76 ± 3.01 years; five males, mean age: 25.81 ± 1.63 years) walking at self-selected speeds on a treadmill, using both an inertial sensor-based gait monitoring system and a motion capture system as the ground-truth reference. The proposed framework demonstrated a substantial improvement in stride-length estimation accuracy, reducing the absolute mean error from 29.78% to 7.77% and the standard deviation from 20.31 to 7.17. Furthermore, the LSTM models trained on Modified EKF-preprocessed data achieved superior performance metrics, with a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.0376 and a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.7066. These results highlight the effectiveness of combining Modified EKF preprocessing with LSTM learning to enhance stride-length estimation reliability. This integrated approach offers a robust, noise-resilient solution for wearable gait analysis, providing valuable insights for clinical diagnostics, rehabilitation monitoring, and health management applications. Full article

Background/Objectives: Spinal excitability may undergo adaptive modulation in response to training load, sport-specific demands, and fatigue. While high-impact sports are known to influence reflex responsiveness, the extent to which these changes differ from athletes in lower-impact disciplines remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate post-exercise changes in Hmax/Mmax ratio among trained runners with varied sport backgrounds, and to identify emergent physiological profiles that may reflect differential spinal adaptation to fatigue. Methods: Twenty-two trained athletes underwent unilateral H-reflex testing before and after treadmill running performed to voluntary exhaustion. Amplitudes of the H-reflex and M-wave were recorded, and Hmax/Mmax ratios were analyzed. Based on a physiologically relevant threshold commonly used to distinguish normal from suppressed reflex amplitudes, participants were post hoc classified into three groups: Group A (pre- and post-test ratios above threshold), Group B (pre above, post below), and Group C (both below). A two-way repeated-measures ANOVA was used to assess between-group effects. Results: Significant differences were found across groups and conditions (p < 0.001). Group A maintained reflex ratios above the threshold, indicating stable excitability. Group B showed the greatest suppression (approximately 66%), transitioning from normal to subthreshold values. Group C remained consistently below-threshold. A significant interaction (p < 0.0001) confirmed that reflex modulation varied by physiological profile. A small but statistically significant reduction in H-reflex latency was also observed; however, this change remained within normal physiological variability. Conclusions: Postexercise H-reflex modulation revealed heterogeneous neuromuscular responses among athletes. These findings may contribute to understanding how sport-specific demands and fatigue shape spinal excitability and may help identify individuals with adaptive or potentially pathological profiles relevant to sports diagnostics. Full article

Monitoring adolescent team-sport athletes may benefit from combining performance and molecular markers, but empirical evidence supporting this approach in youth team sports remains limited. Objective: Our study investigated molecular and physiological adaptations to seasonal training in elite U18 ice hockey players, focusing on aerobic capacity, salivary cortisol, serum irisin, and cell-free DNA (cfDNA) dynamics. Methods: National-level U18 players were enrolled in our study (n = 23 for cross-sectional analysis, n = 12 longitudinal) during the pre- and early-competition season. Aerobic performance was assessed via graded treadmill VO₂max testing, and the biochemical markers quantified using ELISA-based assays. Results: From pre- to early-season (paired n = 12), VO₂max increased by 10.6% (g = +1.00, p = 0.003) and irisin by 14.7% (g = +0.83, p = 0.010). cfDNA decreased by 60.8% (g = −0.54, p = 0.070; moderate effect, not statistically clear), while cortisol remained stable (+11.3%; p = 0.667). Inter-individual variability increased for VO₂max and irisin and decreased by 82% for cfDNA. Exploratory cross-sectional positional analysis indicated higher irisin levels in forwards and elevated cfDNA in defensemen, although differences did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions: These preliminary findings provide cohort-size limited longitudinal evidence of chronic irisin elevation in ice hockey players and highlight the possibility of combining VO₂max + irisin + cfDNA to assist individualized load/recovery in elite youth ice hockey. Full article

As humanity continues to strive for extraplanetary exploration, which is quickly gaining marked governmental and industrial support and recognition, there are still substantial detriments to astronaut health during long-duration spaceflight (i.e., muscle atrophy) that must be addressed. The effects of long-duration spaceflight on muscle architecture, morphology, and function have been well documented since the Apollo and Space Shuttle Programs. Countermeasures focused on resistance or aerobic training, such as the Advanced Resistive Exercise Device, Multi-modal Exercise Device, flywheel exercise, and aerobic exercise on a mounted treadmill and/or a cycle ergometer with vibration isolation system, have been assessed to combat the functional and mechanical losses in muscle while astronauts are in low Earth orbit. However, a lesser-understood countermeasure to muscle atrophy during spaceflight is neuromuscular electrical muscle stimulation (NMES). Although utilization in spaceflight is limited, ground-based research on NMES in diseased or injured populations demonstrates its effectiveness as a promoter of muscle anabolism and growth. The previous literature has suggested the use of electrical muscle stimulation as a low-effort modality of exercise for astronauts, which could effectively enhance astronaut health and contribute to mission success. The efficacy and mechanisms of action of using NMES to attenuate atrophy in astronauts will be discussed in this review. Full article

Wearable robots can improve human walking economy; however, their effectiveness depends on user adaptation to assistance. This study introduces a framework for real-time estimation of user adaptation that relies only on wearable sensor data during operation. Metabolic measurements were used solely to establish the ground truth adaptation curves for model training and validation but are not required for real-time inference. Five healthy adults completed six days of treadmill walking while wearing a soft hip exosuit that provided hip extension assistance. Thigh-mounted inertial measurement units recorded step timing and hip-angle trajectories, from which three variability-based features (step-frequency variability, maximum hip-flexion variability, and maximum hip-extension variability) were extracted. A Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model used these gait-variability inputs to estimate each user’s adaptation level relative to a metabolic cost benchmark obtained from respiratory gas analysis. Across sessions, the metabolic cost decreased by 9.0 ± 5.6% from Day 1 to Day 6 (p < 0.01) with a mean time constant of 202 ± 78 min, In contrast, the variability in step frequency, maximum hip flexion, and maximum hip extension decreased by 66.4 ± 6.8%, 37.9 ± 24.2%, and 42.8 ± 10.6%, respectively, indicating that these reductions were users’ progressive adaptation to the exosuit’s assistance. Under leave-one-subject-out (LOSO) evaluation across five participants, 59.2% of the model predictions fell within ±10 percentage points of the metabolic cost–based adaptation curve. These results suggest that simple kinematic variability measured with wearable sensors can track user adaptation and support practical approaches to real-time monitoring. Such capability can facilitate adaptive control and training protocols that personalize exosuit assistance. Full article