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Keywords = transformation-inducted plasticity steel

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11 pages, 4477 KiB  
Article
Detection of Phase Transformation during Plastic Deformation of Metastable Austenitic Steel AISI 304L by Means of X-ray Diffraction Pattern Analysis
by Julian Rozo Vasquez, Bahman Arian, Lukas Kersting, Werner Homberg, Ansgar Trächtler and Frank Walther
Metals 2023, 13(6), 1007; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13061007 - 23 May 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3406
Abstract
This paper evaluates the suitability of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique to characterize the phase transformation during the metal forming of the metastable austenitic steel AISI 304L. Due to plastic deformation, phase transformation from γ-austenite into α′-martensite occurs. The XRD peaks at specific [...] Read more.
This paper evaluates the suitability of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique to characterize the phase transformation during the metal forming of the metastable austenitic steel AISI 304L. Due to plastic deformation, phase transformation from γ-austenite into α′-martensite occurs. The XRD peaks at specific 2θ diffraction angles give information about the phase amount. Analyses of the results with different characterization techniques such as microscopic analysis, including electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), macro- and microhardness tests and magneto-inductive measurements of α′-martensite, were carried out. A qualitative and quantitative correlation to compute the amount of α′-martensite from the XRD measurements was deduced. XRD was validated as a suitable technique to characterize the phase transformation of metastable austenites. Additional data could provide necessary information to develop a more reliable model to perform a quantitative analysis of the phases from XRD measurements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deformation and Failure Behavior of Metastable Metallic Materials)
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14 pages, 7536 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Rare Earth Cerium on Microstructure and Properties of Low Alloy Wear-Resistant Steel
by Cheng Su, Guanghong Feng, Jianguo Zhi, Bo Zhao and Wei Wu
Metals 2022, 12(8), 1358; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12081358 - 16 Aug 2022
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3041
Abstract
With the continuous expansion of the application field of low alloy wear-resistant steel, higher processing plasticity and toughness are prioritized on the basis of ensuring strength and hardness. In this article, a low alloy wear-resistant steel Hardox400 was studied: by adding a mass [...] Read more.
With the continuous expansion of the application field of low alloy wear-resistant steel, higher processing plasticity and toughness are prioritized on the basis of ensuring strength and hardness. In this article, a low alloy wear-resistant steel Hardox400 was studied: by adding a mass fraction of 0.0030% of rare earth cerium as microalloying treatment, the pilot scale simulation of the rare earth wear-resistant steel was carried out using vacuum induction furnace and a four-high reversible laboratory mill. The effects of the rare earth on the occurrence state of the inclusions, microstructure, mechanical properties and wear resistance of the steel were studied by means of optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and wet sand/rubber wheel wear tester. The results show that the fine spherical CeAlO3, CeAlO3-MnS and elliptical Ce2S2O-CaO are formed by adding 0.0030% Ce, which enhances the binding force between the inclusions and matrix. The addition of rare earth Ce helps to refine the as-cast structure, prevent the transformation of proeutectoid ferrite of overcooled austenite and promotes the formation of bainite ferrite, whilst simultaneously increasing the yield strength, yield ratio and surface hardness, especially the low-temperature impact toughness approximately between −40 °C~−20 °C of the tested steel. Simultaneously, the ability to resist abrasive embedment and crack propagation is enhanced, and the wear resistance is obviously improved. The research results will provide a reference for the development of high-quality rare earth wear-resistant steel utilizing national featured resources. Full article
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16 pages, 5136 KiB  
Article
Effect of Nitrogen Ion Implantation on the Cavitation Erosion Resistance and Cobalt-Based Solid Solution Phase Transformations of HIPed Stellite 6
by Mirosław Szala, Dariusz Chocyk, Anna Skic, Mariusz Kamiński, Wojciech Macek and Marcin Turek
Materials 2021, 14(9), 2324; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14092324 - 29 Apr 2021
Cited by 33 | Viewed by 3730
Abstract
From the wide range of engineering materials traditional Stellite 6 (cobalt alloy) exhibits excellent resistance to cavitation erosion (CE). Nonetheless, the influence of ion implantation of cobalt alloys on the CE behaviour has not been completely clarified by the literature. Thus, this work [...] Read more.
From the wide range of engineering materials traditional Stellite 6 (cobalt alloy) exhibits excellent resistance to cavitation erosion (CE). Nonetheless, the influence of ion implantation of cobalt alloys on the CE behaviour has not been completely clarified by the literature. Thus, this work investigates the effect of nitrogen ion implantation (NII) of HIPed Stellite 6 on the improvement of resistance to CE. Finally, the cobalt-rich matrix phase transformations due to both NII and cavitation load were studied. The CE resistance of stellites ion-implanted by 120 keV N+ ions two fluences: 5 × 1016 cm−2 and 1 × 1017 cm−2 were comparatively analysed with the unimplanted stellite and AISI 304 stainless steel. CE tests were conducted according to ASTM G32 with stationary specimen method. Erosion rate curves and mean depth of erosion confirm that the nitrogen-implanted HIPed Stellite 6 two times exceeds the resistance to CE than unimplanted stellite, and has almost ten times higher CE reference than stainless steel. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirms that NII of HIPed Stellite 6 favours transformation of the ε(hcp) to γ(fcc) structure. Unimplanted stellite ε-rich matrix is less prone to plastic deformation than γ and consequently, increase of γ phase effectively holds carbides in cobalt matrix and prevents Cr7C3 debonding. This phenomenon elongates three times the CE incubation stage, slows erosion rate and mitigates the material loss. Metastable γ structure formed by ion implantation consumes the cavitation load for work-hardening and γ → ε martensitic transformation. In further CE stages, phases transform as for unimplanted alloy namely, the cavitation-inducted recovery process, removal of strain, dislocations resulting in increase of γ phase. The CE mechanism was investigated using a surface profilometer, atomic force microscopy, SEM-EDS and XRD. HIPed Stellite 6 wear behaviour relies on the plastic deformation of cobalt matrix, starting at Cr7C3/matrix interfaces. Once the Cr7C3 particles lose from the matrix restrain, they debond from matrix and are removed from the material. Carbides detachment creates cavitation pits which initiate cracks propagation through cobalt matrix, that leads to loss of matrix phase and as a result the CE proceeds with a detachment of massive chunk of materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Erosion Resistance of Materials)
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18 pages, 14353 KiB  
Article
Properties Evaluation of the Welded Joints Made by Disk Laser
by Ján Viňáš, Janette Brezinová, Henrich Sailer, Jakub Brezina, Miroslav Sahul, Pavlo Maruschak and Olegas Prentkovskis
Materials 2021, 14(8), 2002; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14082002 - 16 Apr 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2638
Abstract
The process of laser welding of sheets of HSLA (high-strength low-alloy steel), DP600 (dual-phase steel) and TRIP steels was investigated. A weld was successfully made in a double-sided hot-dip galvanized sheet with a thickness of 0.78–0.81 mm using a laser power of 2 [...] Read more.
The process of laser welding of sheets of HSLA (high-strength low-alloy steel), DP600 (dual-phase steel) and TRIP steels was investigated. A weld was successfully made in a double-sided hot-dip galvanized sheet with a thickness of 0.78–0.81 mm using a laser power of 2 kW per pass without any pretreatment of the weld zone. Microstructure studies revealed the presence of martensitic and ferritic phases in the weld zone, which could be associated with a high rate of its cooling. This made it possible to obtain good strength of the weld, while maintaining sufficient ductility. A relationship between the microstructural features and mechanical properties of welds made in the investigated steels has been established. The highest hardness was found in the alloying region of steels due to the formation of martensite. The hardness test results showed a very narrow soft zone in the heat affected zone (HAZ) adjacent to the weld interface, which does not affect the tensile strength of the weld. The ultimate tensile strength of welds for HSLA steel was 340–450 MPa, for DP600 steel: 580–670 MPa, for TRIP steel: ~700 MPa, respectively, exceeding the strength of base steels. Full article
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14 pages, 8373 KiB  
Article
Casting and Constitutive Hot Flow Behavior of Medium-Mn Automotive Steel with Nb as Microalloying
by Perla Julieta Cerda Vázquez, José Sergio Pacheco-Cedeño, Mitsuo Osvaldo Ramos-Azpeitia, Pedro Garnica-González, Vicente Garibay-Febles, Joel Moreno-Palmerin, José de Jesús Cruz-Rivera and José Luis Hernández-Rivera
Metals 2020, 10(2), 206; https://doi.org/10.3390/met10020206 - 1 Feb 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3293
Abstract
A novel medium-Mn steel microstructure with 0.1 wt.% Nb was designed using Thermo-Calc and JMatPro thermodynamic simulation software. The pseudo-binary equilibrium phase diagram and time–temperature transformation (TTT) and continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagrams were simulated in order to analyze the evolution of equilibrium [...] Read more.
A novel medium-Mn steel microstructure with 0.1 wt.% Nb was designed using Thermo-Calc and JMatPro thermodynamic simulation software. The pseudo-binary equilibrium phase diagram and time–temperature transformation (TTT) and continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagrams were simulated in order to analyze the evolution of equilibrium phases during solidification and homogenization heat treatment. Subsequently, the steel was cast in a vacuum induction furnace with the composition selected from simulations. The specimens were heat-treated at 1200 °C and water-quenched. The results of the simulations were compared to the experimental results. The microstructure was characterized using optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We found that the as-cast microstructure consisted mainly of a mixture of martensite, ferrite, and a low amount of austenite, while the microstructure in the homogenization condition corresponded to martensite and retained austenite, which was verified by X-ray diffraction tests. In order to design further production stages of the steel, the homogenized samples were subjected to hot compression testing to determine their plastic flow behavior, employing deformation rates of 0.083 and 0.83 s−1, and temperatures of 800 and 950 °C. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermomechanical Processing of Steels)
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17 pages, 4392 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Retained Austenite in Fine Grained Inductive Heat Treated Spring Steel
by Anna Olina, Miroslav Píška, Martin Petrenec, Charles Hervoches, Přemysl Beran, Jiří Pechoušek and Petr Král
Materials 2019, 12(24), 4063; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12244063 - 5 Dec 2019
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3478
Abstract
Advanced thermomechanical hot rolling is becoming a widely used technology for the production of fine-grained spring steel. Different rapid phase transformations during the inductive heat treatment of such steel causes the inhomogeneous mixture of martensitic, bainitic, and austenitic phases that affects the service [...] Read more.
Advanced thermomechanical hot rolling is becoming a widely used technology for the production of fine-grained spring steel. Different rapid phase transformations during the inductive heat treatment of such steel causes the inhomogeneous mixture of martensitic, bainitic, and austenitic phases that affects the service properties of the steel. An important task is to assess the amount of retained austenite and its distribution over the cross-section of the inductive quenched and tempered wire in order to evaluate the mechanical properties of the material. Three different analytical methods were used for the comparative quantitative assessment of the amount of retained austenite in both the core and rim areas of the sample cross-section: neutron diffraction—for the bulk of the material, Mössbauer spectroscopy—for measurement in a surface layer, and the metallographic investigations carried by the EBSD. The methods confirmed the excessive amount of retained austenite in the core area that could negatively affect the plasticity of the material. Full article
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