Search Results (74)

The acquisition of liquid energy sources and basic chemicals from washing water via Kolbe electrolysis is of great significance for achieving the goal of carbon-neutrality. However, oleophilic products tend to adhere to the platinum (Pt) electrode, which results in a shortened working life for Kolbe electrolysis. To address these issues, a novel method for endowing carbon fiber paper electrodes with underwater superoleophobic properties through simple electrodeposition is reported herein. The underwater superoleophobic electrodes improve the efficiency of the Kolbe electrolysis reaction, as oleophilic products can be easily removed from the electrode surface, thereby exposing more active reaction sites. Importantly, the underwater superoleophobic electrodes have fully demonstrated their capability of excellent electrochemical performance, stability, and durability. This work provides a novel approach for the design of high-performance electrodes in organic electro-catalysis. Full article

Efficient oil-water separation remains a major challenge in oily wastewater treatment, highlighting the need for advanced materials that combine superwettability, structural durability, and long-term recyclability. Here, we develop a hierarchical ZOMO-PAA@CuC₂O₄ NR@CM membrane via sequential chemical oxidation, oxalic acid etching, and spray-coating of ε-Keggin-type Na-ZnM ZOMO nanoparticles within a polyacrylic acid (PAA) matrix. The resulting architecture couples CuC₂O₄ nanorods with hydrophilic ZOMO-PAA coatings to achieve superhydrophilicity and underwater superoleophobicity. Structural characterization confirmed uniform nanoparticle dispersion, high crystallinity, and robust framework integrity. The membrane exhibits ultrafast water spreading (0°), underwater oil contact angles above 150°, and sliding angles as low as 4°, enabling broad-spectrum oil repellence, antifouling, and self-cleaning. The as-prepared membrane efficiently separates both surfactant-free and surfactant-stabilized emulsions, including aliphatic and aromatic oils stabilized by cationic, anionic, and non-ionic surfactants, with high water fluxes (1695–2675 L·m⁻²·h⁻¹ and ~900 L·m⁻²·h⁻¹, respectively) and separation efficiencies above 99.1%. The membrane further demonstrates chemical stability under acidic, alkaline, and saline conditions, alongside consistent oil–water separation behavior across multiple cycles. These findings establish ZOMO-PAA@CuC₂O₄ NR@CM as a robust and scalable platform for advanced oily wastewater treatment. Full article

Oily wastewater poses severe ecological and health threats, but conventional separation technologies have limitations like low efficiency or high energy consumption. Herein, two superwettable carbon fiber (CF)-based membranes were fabricated for efficient oil–water separation. Using CF (low cost, excellent mechanical stability) as the substrate, Cu-TiO₂@CF (superhydrophilic/underwater superoleophobic, renewable) was prepared via a deep ultraviolet (DUV)-assisted sol–gel method, and OTMS/Cu-TiO₂@CF (superhydrophobic/superoleophilic) was obtained by modifying Cu-TiO₂@CF with octadecyltrimethoxysilane (OTMS) via hydrothermal synthesis. Characterization showed Cu-TiO₂ coatings uniformly covered CF, with strong substrate bonding. Both membranes exhibited outstanding performance: Cu-TiO₂@CF achieved water fluxes of up to 79,839.6 L·m⁻²·h⁻¹ and >97.3% separation efficiency for four oil–water mixtures; OTMS/Cu-TiO₂@CF had a maximum oil flux of 86,593.4 L·m⁻²·h⁻¹ and >98.1% efficiency. Cu-TiO₂@CF regenerated via 10 min UV irradiation (restoring underwater oil contact angle to 153°), while OTMS/Cu-TiO₂@CF achieved recovery through the process of UV irradiation followed by OTMS re-modification. Both membranes maintained stable performance over 100 cycles, demonstrating considerable potential for engineering applications. Full article

Kelp is a natural hydrogel material, which has been widely used in food industry. However, as a natural material, its properties have not been well explored. In this work, the surface and mechanical properties of kelp were investigated. The surface of kelp exhibited superoleophobicity and a self-clean property. The friction coefficient (COF) of the kelp surface was also low (<0.1). Interestingly, kelp demonstrated anisotropic mechanical properties either with or without metal ions. The tensile strength and toughness of kelp along with the growth direction (H) were better than those at the direction vertical to the growth direction (V). The adsorption of metal ions would significantly enhance the mechanical properties and ionic conductivity. Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) was assembled using kelp with NaCl, which showed excellent output performance (open-circuit voltage of 30 V, short-circuit current of 0.73 μA and charge transfer on contact of 10.5 nC). A writing tablet was prepared to use as the kelp-based self-powered tactile sensor. This work provides a new insight into natural kelp, which may be used as a renewable material. Full article

Natural surfaces, such as lotus leaves, springtail cuticles, and pitcher plant peristomes, exhibit extraordinary wetting behaviors due to their unique surface topographies and chemical compositions. These natural architectures have inspired the development of wettability models and the production of artificial surfaces with tailored wettability for advanced applications. Electrodeposited metallic coatings can imitate the wettability behaviors of natural surfaces, showing superhydrophobic, superoleophobic, or slippery characteristics. Such coatings can significantly enhance corrosion resistance by minimizing water–metal contact and promoting self-cleaning effects. This review presents various strategies for fabricating corrosion-resistant metallic coatings, including different electrodeposition techniques in aqueous or non-aqueous baths, followed by post-treatment procedures and surface functionalization methods. However, despite the promising protective properties demonstrated under controlled laboratory conditions, long-term studies under natural exposure conditions are still lacking, which limits the full assessment of the durability and effectiveness of non-wettable electroplated deposits in practical applications. Full article

Polymer membranes often face challenges of oil fouling and rapid water flux decline during the separation of oil-in-water emulsions, making them a focal point of ongoing research and development efforts. Coating PVDF membranes with a hydrogel layer equips the developed membranes with robust potential to mitigate oil fouling. However, developing a controllable thickness of a stable hydrogel layer to prevent the blocking of membrane pores remains a critical issue. In this work, atmospheric pressure low-temperature plasma was used to prepare the surface of a PVDF membrane to improve its wettability and adhesion properties for coating with a thin hydrophilic film of an AM-NaA copolymer hydrogel. The AM-NaA/PVDF membrane exhibited superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic properties, along with exceptional anti-crude oil-fouling characteristics and a self-cleaning function. The AM-NaA/PVDF membrane achieved high separation efficiency, exceeding 99% for various oil-in-water emulsions, with residual oil content in the permeate of less than 10 mg/L after a single-step separation. Additionally, it showed a high-water flux of 5874 L/m²·h for crude oil-in-water emulsions. The AM-NaA/PVDF membrane showed good stability and easy cleaning by water washing over multiple crude oil-in-water emulsion separation and regeneration cycles. Adding CaCl₂ destabilized emulsions by promoting oil droplet coalescence, further boosting flux. This strategy provides a practical pathway for the development of highly reusable and oil-fouling-resistant membranes for the efficient separation of emulsified oily water. Full article

The performance of oil–water coalescence separation elements currently fails to meet the increasing demands of the oily wastewater treatment industry. To address this challenge, a series of fiber coalescing filters were developed through an underwater superoleophobic modification process using a simple impregnation technique. The effect of varying surface wettability on the separation efficiency of oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions stabilized with surfactants was investigated. The results demonstrate that, after undergoing underwater superoleophobic modification, the separation efficiency of the fiber filter material improved by 33.9%, the pressure drop was reduced by 46.1%, and the steady-state quality factor increased by 83.3%. Building upon these findings, an oil-repellent pore size gradient structure was introduced for the coalescence separation of surfactant-stabilized oil-in-water emulsions. This structure exhibited outstanding characteristics, including a low pressure drop and a high-quality factor. Furthermore, when processing emulsions stabilized with surfactants such as OP-10 (nonionic), CTAB (cationic), and SDS (anionic), the structure maintained high separation efficiencies of 93.6%, 96.4%, and 97.2%, respectively, after 10 cycles. Finally, based on experimental data and theoretical analysis, a separation mechanism for oil–water coalescence using superoleophobic pore size gradient filtration materials is proposed. This structure demonstrates significant potential for widespread application in liquid–liquid separation technologies. Full article

The simple preparation of superhydrophilic membranes with good stability is of great significance for efficient oil–water separation. In this work, a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane modified with tannic acid (TA) and pectin (PT) was developed through immersion in TA/PT solutions, facilitating the formation of complexes via co-deposition. The optimized PVDF@TA/PT3 membrane exhibited superhydrophilicity/superoleophobicity. The membrane achieved remarkable separation efficiencies exceeding 98.3% and fluxes ranging from 71.3 to 156.3 L m⁻² h⁻¹ for various oil–water emulsions under gravity-driven conditions. Notably, the membrane maintained exceptional durability through 10 separation cycles, retaining about 98% efficiency while exhibiting strong antifouling properties. Excellent separation performance coupled with facile fabrication protocol and chemical stability of the membrane, position the PVDF@TA/PT membrane as a technologically viable candidate for wastewater purification. Full article

A superhydrophilic silica coating was prepared using a sequential dipping process involving acid-catalyzed silica, base-catalyzed silica, and 3-(trihydroxysilyl)propanesulfonic acid. Acid-catalyzed and base-catalyzed silica particles with varying diameters were synthesized by hydrolyzing tetraethyl orthosilicate using HCl and NH₃·H₂O as catalysts, respectively. 3-(Trihydroxysilyl)propanesulfonic acid was obtained by oxidizing mercaptopropyl trimethoxysilane with hydrogen peroxide under acidic conditions. The resulting silica coating exhibited exceptional superhydrophilicity, with a water static contact angle of 5.0°, and demonstrated underwater superoleophobicity, with a hexadecane underwater contact angle exceeding 140°. Surfaces coated with the superhydrophilic silica coatings showed excellent performances in oil–water separation, anti-protein adsorption, and anti-fogging applications. Full article

The separation of high-viscosity oil–water emulsions remains a global challenge due to ultra-stable interfaces and severe membrane fouling. In this paper, SiO₂ micro–nanoparticles coated with polyethyleneimine (PEI) were initially loaded onto a stainless steel substrate. This dual-functional design simultaneously modifies surface roughness and wettability. Furthermore, a covalent crosslinking network was created through the Schiff base reaction between PEI and glutaraldehyde (GA) to enhance the stability of the membrane. The membrane exhibits extreme wettability, superhydrophilicity (WCA = 0°), and underwater superoleophobicity (UWOCA = 156.9°), enabling a gravity-driven separation of pump oil emulsions with 99.9% efficiency and a flux of 1006 L·m⁻²·h⁻¹. Moreover, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations demonstrate that the SiO₂-PEI-GA-modified membrane promotes the formation of a stable hydration layer, reduces the oil–layer interaction energy by 85.54%, and exhibits superior underwater oleophobicity compared to the unmodified SSM. Efficiency is maintained at 99.8% after 10 cycles. This study provides a scalable strategy that combines covalent crosslinking with hydrophilic particle modification, effectively addressing the trade-off between separation performance and membrane longevity in the treatment of viscous emulsions. Full article

Urushiol is recognized as a sustainable coating material with superior properties; however, it faces significant challenges in applications such as petrochemicals and marine engineering due to surface oil contamination. This study aimed to enhance the cleanability of urushiol-based coatings through hydrophilic modification. Polyethylene glycol monooleate (PEGMO) was identified as an appropriate hydrophilic macromonomer and utilized as a modifier to develop a novel urushiol-based coating, termed P(U-PEGMO), via thermal curing. The results indicated that copolymerization occurred between urushiol and PEGMO during the curing process, forming a stable urushiol copolymer with favorable compatibility. The incorporation of PEGMO greatly improved the surface hydrophilicity of the coatings, as evidenced by a reduction in the water contact angle to below 30° when the modifier content reached 30% or higher, demonstrating a high degree of surface hydrophilicity. This enhanced property imparted the modified coating with underwater superoleophobicity and reduced oil adhesion, thereby facilitating the removal of oil. The cleaning performance was evaluated using a simple water rinsing method, after which, less than 2.5 wt% of oil residues remained on the surface of the modified coating. The high hydrophilicity is considered responsible for the coating’s easy-cleaning capability. In addition, the modified coatings exhibited improved flexibility and impact resistance, albeit with a slight decrease in hardness. Full article

The effect of extreme water repellency, called the lotus effect, is caused by the formation of a Cassie–Baxter state in which only a small portion of the wetting liquid droplet is in contact with the surface. The rest of the bottom of the droplet is in contact with air pockets. Instrumental methods are often used to determine the textural features that cause this effect—scanning electron and atomic force microscopies, profilometry, etc. However, this result provides only an accurate texture model, not the actual information about the part of the surface that is wetted by the liquid. Here, we show a practical method for estimating the surface fraction of texture that has contact with liquid in a Cassie–Baxter wetting state. The method is performed using a set of ethanol–water mixtures to determine the contact angle of the textured and chemically equivalent flat surfaces of AlSI 304 steel, 7500 aluminum, and siloxane elastomer. We showed that the system of Cassie–Baxter equations can be solved graphically by the wetting diagrams introduced in this paper, returning a value for the texture surface fraction in contact with a liquid. We anticipate that the demonstrated method will be useful for a direct evaluation of the ability of textures to repel liquids, particularly superhydrophobic and superoleophobic materials, slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces, etc. Full article

With the recent ban on the production and use of long-chain perfluorinated compounds, the development of alternative approaches to prepare liquid-repellent surfaces that avoids the use of such compounds has become an urgent issue. We have succeeded in the development of fish-mimicking hydrophilic transparent hydrogel-based films with long-lasting anti-oil adhesion properties. Such films could be prepared by simply mixing poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP), nanoclay particles (NCPs), and a waterborne aminosilane (AOS) using an integral blend (IB) method. When submerged in water, these films displayed underwater superoleophobicity (advancing and receding contact angles (CAs) of diiodomethane were ~171°/~163°) with low CA hysteresis (less than 8°), because the hydrophilic nature of the films promoted the formation of a thin layer of adsorbed water on the topmost film surfaces, similar to fish scales. Furthermore, when our films were coated onto the inside of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) bottles and pre-wetted using 80 °C hot water vapors, these film surfaces could effectively repel various oils and were able to maintain their oil-repellent properties for more than 5 weeks. These water-driven, non-perfluorinated transparent hydrogel-based films are expected to increase recycling of PET bottles for oils that are generally incinerated or landfilled. Full article

The fabrication of durable materials with excellent oil-adsorption capacity and separation performance for the treatment of oily wastewater is meaningful based on the special property of smart responsiveness. Herein, a solvent-responsive melamine sponge (MS) was developed via silanization and the in situ growth of a zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8). Detailed characterization of the resultant composite MS was conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The multiscale hierarchical MS substrate exhibited highly hydrophobic properties in the pH range of 1–11, along with a satisfactory adsorption capacity in the range of 65.4–134.2 g/g for different oils. The modified surface transformed from superhydrophobic/superlipophilic to superhydrophilic/underwater superoleophobic upon ethanol wetting, reverting to its original superhydrophobic state upon drying. The separation flux of the MS substrate was above 1.5 × 10⁴ L/m²h for both oil and water removal, and the separation efficiency was greater than 98.7%. The absence of obvious changes in separation performance after 50 successive immiscible oil−water separations indicated the excellent durability and robustness of the anchored ZIF-8 nanoparticles on the surface of the modified MS substrate. More importantly, oil-in-water emulsion separation was successfully carried out via the ZIF-8 MS composite, showing high separation efficiency (over 99.1%). The developed smart sponge, which had high oil-adsorption capacity, excellent chemical stability, and fire resistance, has a wide range of potential practical applications in the convenient treatment of oily wastewater. Full article

The development of superlyophobic materials in liquid systems, enabling synchronous oil/water separation and dye removal from water, is highly desirable. In this study, we employed a novel superwetting array-like BiOBr nanosheets anchored on waste rock wool (RW) fibers through a simple neutralization alcoholysis method. The resulting BiOBr/RW fibers exhibited superoleophilic and superhydrophilic properties in air but demonstrated underwater superoleophobic and underoil superhydrophobic characteristics. Utilizing its dual superlyophobicity, the fiber layer demonstrated high separation efficiencies and flux velocity for oil/water mixtures by prewetting under a gravity-driven mechanism. Additionally, the novel BiOBr/RW fibers also exhibited excellent dual superlyophobicity and effective separation for immiscible oil/oil systems. Furthermore, the BiOBr/RW fibers could serve as a filter to continuously separate oil/water mixtures with high flux velocity and removal rates (>93.9%) for water-soluble dye rhodamine B (RhB) simultaneously by directly activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS) in cyclic experiments. More importantly, the mechanism of simultaneous oil/water separation and RhB degradation was proposed based on the reactive oxygen species (ROS) quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis. Considering the simple modified process and the waste RW as raw material, this work may open up innovative, economical, and environmentally friendly avenues for the effective treatment of wastewater contaminated with oil and water-soluble pollutants. Full article