Search Results (2,867)

Forest microclimate strongly influences medicinal plant growth and habitat suitability; however, year-round characterization of forest microclimate for medicinal plant cultivation remains limited. This study presents a year-long, multi-station microclimate dataset and evaluates its potential for preliminary suitability assessment. Three monitoring stations (Pt1–Pt3) were deployed within the Plant Genetic Conservation Project under the Royal Initiative (RSPG), Thailand. Air temperature and relative humidity were continuously monitored at 30-min intervals from January to December 2025 using an Internet of Things (IoT)-based system. We used descriptive statistics, coefficients of variation (CV), repeated-measures analyses, and adjusted pairwise comparisons to evaluate year-round, seasonal, and site-specific microclimatic variabilities. Significant spatial differences were observed among the monitoring stations (p < 0.05). Pt3 exhibited the lowest annual mean temperature (26.05 °C), the highest relative humidity (80.60%), and the lowest environmental variability (CV = 16.41%), whereas Pt2 showed the highest temperature (30.72 °C), the lowest humidity (60.83%), and greater variability. A relative microclimatic comparison showed that Pt3 was cooler, more humid, and more stable; Pt1 exhibited intermediate conditions; and Pt2 was warmer, drier, and more variable. These findings characterize relative temperature–humidity conditions among the monitored sites and provide baseline information relevant to future species-specific assessment of medicinal plant cultivation. Full article

Land-use type acts as a key anthropogenic factor shaping the diversity of pollinator communities. Different habitats indirectly alter pollinator species richness, abundance and community structure by regulating vegetation coverage and the abundance of host and nectar plants. To clarify the mechanisms underlying habitat effects on pollinator assemblages, we conducted transect surveys to investigate pollinator communities across three typical habitats (forest, cropland and urban area) in Nanchong City. Our results revealed that pollinator alpha diversity was significantly higher in forests than in croplands and urban areas, with urban habitats harboring the lowest species diversity. Vegetation coverage and nectar plant richness were identified as the primary environmental drivers of pollinator diversity. The plant–pollinator interaction network exhibited pronounced seasonal dynamics: spring networks displayed a distinct nested architecture dominated by generalized mutualistic interactions; networks shifted gradually from generalized to specialized links in early summer; and only a small number of specialist pollinators persisted in late summer to early autumn. Accordingly, retaining wild flowering herbs adjacent to pollinator-dependent crops and conserving autumn- and winter-blooming plant species can sustain continuous floral food resources for pollinators, promote pollinator richness, stabilize pollinator communities, and enhance the ecosystem service of pollination. Full article

High-intensity blue light is a powerful regulatory signal for plants, but its excess induces oxidative stress requiring rapid diagnosis. This study evaluated the potential for early detection of changes in the spectral characteristics of microgreen canopy cover caused by high-intensity blue light (PPFD 2500 µmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹, 12 h) in five species of microgreens (Helianthus annuus, Pisum sativum, Eruca sativa, Hordeum vulgare, Raphanus sativus ‘Sango Purple’) using hyperspectral imaging (450–950 nm) and machine learning. A Random Forest model trained on 85 vegetation indices classified light stress with high accuracy (Accuracy > 93%, Kappa > 0.87, F1-score > 93%) and detected spectral changes characteristic of light stress as early as 1–3 h of exposure. SHAP analysis identified carotenoid-sensitive indices (PRI, CCI, PRICI2) and chloroplast movement and stress indices (CMI, LSI_Red, LSI_Norm, Carter5) as the most informative predictors. It is assumed that the primary mechanism underlying early spectral changes was chloroplast avoidance rather than pigment degradation, as confirmed by the reversibility of canopy bleaching, rapid recovery of maximum quantum yield of photosystem II, and unchanged chlorophyll and carotenoid contents. Sunflower and radish were the most sensitive species to high-dose blue light, while barley was the least sensitive. LSI_Red was identified as a reliable qualitative marker of light stress that does not require a control sample, simplifying its use in automated monitoring systems. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of hyperspectral phenotyping for non-invasive, rapid diagnosis of light stress in microgreens, providing a tool for optimising lighting regimes in controlled environment agriculture. Full article

Screening waterlogging-tolerant woody plants is essential for urban greening, and predictive models based on physiological indicators offer an efficient approach for rapid selection. In this study, 27 woody plant species were subjected to 10 and 15 days of waterlogging stress. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and biomass-related traits were measured and subsequently analyzed using linear mixed models, principal component analysis, clustering, correlation analysis, and random forest modeling. The results were as follows: (1) Waterlogging significantly suppressed most photosynthetic and biomass-related traits, whereas initial fluorescence (Fo) and dry matter content (DMC) increased; the stress response of maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) intensified with prolonged waterlogging. (2) The first four principal components explained 83.2% of total variance, with stressed and control groups separating distinctly along PC1, reflecting photochemical inhibition. (3) Based on post-recovery phenotypes and survival rates, the 27 species were classified into strong and weak recovery capability categories; physiological clustering showed strong concordance with these recovery categories (Cramér’s V = 0.714, accuracy = 85.2%). Representative strong-recovery species included Fraxinus chinensis, Ulmus pumila, and Lagerstroemia indica, which maintained high survival (≥80%) and good ornamental quality after recovery. In contrast, representative weak-recovery species such as Kerria japonica, Syringa oblata, and Forsythia suspensa displayed marked post-recovery deterioration despite relatively intact stress-period phenotypes. (4) Among the measured parameters, maximum fluorescence (Fm) emerged as the most robust indicator, maintaining significant associations with recovery-phase phenotypes and survival in both contemporaneous and cross-period analyses (cross-period r = 0.46 with survival). Other fluorescence parameters exhibited distinct time-dependent indicative patterns. (5) Random forest models achieved the best predictive performance for 15-day survival (R² = 0.712), substantially outperforming 10-day models (R² = 0.153). Collectively, these findings demonstrate that chlorophyll fluorescence and biomass-related indicators effectively capture post-waterlogging recovery capability in woody plants, and the random forest framework provides technical support for rapid screening of waterlogging-tolerant germplasm. Full article

Juniperus species form critical, long-lived high-mountain forest ecosystems in Central Asia, serving essential phytocoenotic and ecological functions in environmentally challenging habitats. However, the relationships between the elemental composition of these evergreen conifers and their underlying soils remain poorly understood. This study evaluated and compared the distribution of major elements (Fe, Ca, P, Mg, Al, Na, K, S), trace elements (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Co, Mn, As, Cd, Cr, Mo, U, Th, Sr, Sb, Bi, V, La, Ba, Ti, B, W, Sc, Zr, Tl, Ta, Nb, Se, Te, Ga, Cs, Ge, Hf, Rb, Sn and others), and environmental pollution indices (Igeo, EF, CF, BAF) in plant tissues (leaves and cones) and canopy soils of three key juniper species (Juniperus seravschanica, J. turkestanica, and J. semiglobosa) in the Fann Mountains, Tajikistan. Soil and plant samples were collected across natural habitats and analyzed for total chemical composition using ICP-OES. The soils showed a near-neutral reaction (pH 7.02–7.42 in H₂O and 6.41–7.15 in KCl), with considerable variability in Corg. content (5.04%–21.82%) and Nt content (0.337%–1.149%) in the humus (A) horizons. Geochemical indices (Igeo up to 2.42, EF up to 35.30) indicated noticeable soil enrichment and localized contamination by arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd), likely driven by a combination of regional industrial and mining activities alongside natural geogenic enrichment. Across all sites, elemental concentrations followed a consistent sequence: soil > leaves ≈ cones. Heavy metals in plant tissues remained well below toxic thresholds. High organ-specific partitioning was observed: K predominated in cones (K > Ca > P), whereas Ca and Fe accumulated predominantly in leaves (Ca > K). Low bioaccumulation factor values (BAF < 1) indicate limited element accumulation relative to total soil concentrations for all three species, which may be influenced by both reduced bioavailability in neutral-to-alkaline soils and potential physiological regulation. As the first data reported from this region, these findings establish an essential baseline for long-term ecological monitoring, soil–plant chemistry, conservation, and environmental risk assessment in the Fann Mountains’ juniper ecosystems. Full article

Forests are an indispensable resource for human existence in the different regions of the world. Forests are often concentrated in a few parts and vary in size. The most important and extensive green reserve on Earth is the Amazon rainforest. Unfortunately, the forests are continually suffering massive losses due to abiotic stresses and deforestation to obtain other arable lands and microbial diseases, particularly those caused by pathogenic fungi. Pathogenic fungi play an important role in inducing oak decline, which is one of the most relevant forest diseases globally. The pathogens also affect disease development and its global distribution. In this review, the phytotoxins produced by fungal pathogens of different oak species in various world regions are described in depth. In particular, the isolation, the chemistry and biology of phytotoxins synthesized by oak pathogenic fungi are reported, and their role in pathogenesis is also discussed. For some phytotoxins, the enantioselective synthesis, the structure–biological activity relationships, and their utilization in agro-industry and medical applications are also discussed. In addition, for the Diplodia species, the comparison between their secondary metabolite profile and taxonomy with those of fungal pathogens of other close forest plants is discussed. Thus, fungal diseases of numerous oak trees and the serious damages they cause to the forest heritage are described, as well as the chemical and biological properties and results of some of the structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies of the phytotoxins involved. In addition, for the Diplodia species both phylogenetically closely related and unrelated, comparison between their secondary metabolite profile with those of pathogens of other close forest plants, in combination with traditional taxonomic characteristics, has helped to better understand the pathogenic process relationships within the same fungal f the pathogenic process within the same fungal family. Full article

Insect herbivory plays a critical role in shaping plant growth, fitness, and population dynamics, yet its effects across African ecosystems remain poorly understood due to fragmented, methodologically diverse, and geographically biassed research. To address this gap, we conducted an integrated bibliometric and systematic review of peer-reviewed studies on insect herbivory and plant performance in Africa. Searches of Web of Science and Scopus identified 1642 records, of which 312 met relevance criteria and 157 satisfied quality thresholds, including clear herbivory metrics and robust experimental or observational designs. Bibliometric analyses revealed modest but increasing publication rates, with research concentrated in Southern and Eastern Africa and primarily focused on savannas and agroecosystems. Montane forests, wetlands, and arid ecosystems remain underrepresented. Most studies examined Lepidopteran leaf herbivory, while fewer than 15% addressed root, stem, or seed damage, and research collaborations were largely regional. Systematic synthesis showed that insect herbivory generally reduces seedling survival, height, and biomass, particularly at early life stages, although some species display tolerance or compensatory growth depending on environmental conditions and plant traits. Reported effect sizes were highly variable (Hedges’ g = 2.1–3.4), reflecting differences in ecological context, herbivore guilds, and study design. Few studies incorporated multiple life stages, trophic interactions, or climate gradients, limiting inference on long-term population and ecosystem responses. We emphasise the need for harmonised methodologies, trait-based and guild-specific approaches, long-term manipulative studies, and expanded research across underrepresented ecosystems to better inform conservation and restoration under environmental change. Full article

Plant functional traits are key indicators of plant responses to environmental conditions and resource-allocation trade-offs, thereby providing insights into adaptive mechanisms across habitats. Wetlands are one of the major habitats worldwide, yet organ-level plant life adaptive strategies in different wetland types remain insufficiently understood. This study compared three representative marsh systems located in different regions of Northeast China. Forty-five plant community plots were established, and 10 leaf traits, 13 root traits, and 8 soil environmental variables were systematically measured for dominant herbaceous species. We examined above- and belowground trait trade-offs using Pearson correlation analysis and assessed their responses to environmental gradients using redundancy analysis (RDA). The results showed that trait variability differed markedly among marsh types. Inland salt marshes exhibited the greatest variation in leaf and root morphology, while morphological traits generally varied more strongly than ecophysiological traits. In inland salt marshes, root ecophysiological traits were closely associated with leaf morphology. Forested marshes showed multi-trait trade-offs and nutrient regulation, whereas freshwater herbaceous marshes displayed strong leaf-root trait correlations, indicating flexible inter-organ nutrient allocation. Soil environmental properties explained different proportions of functional trait variation across habitats, with the highest explanatory power in forested marshes (42.85%), followed by freshwater herbaceous marshes (34.56%) and inland salt marshes (34.41%). Soil carbon-to-nitrogen ratio significantly affected plant growth in all three habitats, although the other environmental drivers were habitat-specific. These findings reveal distinct community-level patterns of leaf–root trait variation and coordination among the sampled dominant herbaceous species across the three marsh habitats, providing empirical evidence for understanding wetland plant adaptation mechanisms in Northeast China. Full article

Forest management strongly influences understory plant communities, yet their responses to management remain context-dependent and scale-sensitive. This review synthesizes current knowledge on understory vegetation in managed forests by combining a bibliometric analysis of global research trends (1986–2025) with a comprehensive qualitative evaluation of empirical studies. The bibliometric assessment identified 726 publications, with a marked increase in output after 2017 and a predominance of research articles within Environmental Sciences, forestry, and biodiversity conservation. Research activity is geographically concentrated in North America and Europe, while other biomes remain comparatively underrepresented. The classical review highlights canopy structure and light availability as primary drivers of understory diversity. Management interventions such as thinning, harvesting, gap creation, and prescribed fire frequently increase local (α) species richness and vegetation cover in the short term by promoting early-seral and light-demanding species. However, these gains are often accompanied by compositional shifts toward ruderal and generalist taxa, reductions in bryophytes and forest specialists, and declines in spatial heterogeneity at broader scales. Consequently, β-diversity and landscape-level distinctiveness may decrease despite stable or elevated plot-level richness. Management intensity, retention of structural legacies (e.g., large trees and deadwood), soil and hydrological conditions, landscape context, and interactions with global change drivers (e.g., nitrogen deposition and climate warming) strongly mediate vegetation responses. Low-to-moderate-intensity systems that maintain structural heterogeneity and approximate natural disturbance regimes appear most effective at balancing production objectives with biodiversity conservation. Understory vegetation responses to forest management reflect trade-offs between short-term richness increases and long-term risks of compositional homogenization and specialist decline. Evaluating biodiversity outcomes therefore requires multi-scale, trait-informed approaches that move beyond species richness alone. This synthesis provides an integrative framework to support evidence-based, biodiversity-oriented forest management in increasingly human-modified landscapes. Full article

The article establishes a measurement and modeling framework to quantify carbon sequestration in pocket forests as part of a multi-year research program. Pocket forests are multi-layered native planting initiatives inspired by the Miyawaki method of afforestation, adapted for small-scale regenerative applications in urban and peri-urban contexts. In this study, a pocket forest is treated as a repeatable 10 m² unit that can be distributed across small parcels and scaled through a network. The project examines how species composition and diversity affect above- and below-ground carbon storage under controlled field conditions. Twenty-one experimental plots were established with consistent soil preparation, planting density, plot geometry, and environmental exposure, while species diversity was varied from full capacity to reduced mixes and low-diversity reference conditions. The setup allows comparison of carbon-related performance across diversity levels and supports the development of a modeling framework linking proxy indicators and carbon sequestration potential. The initial phase focuses on system architecture, design criteria, baseline characterization, indicator selection, measurement integrity, sampling regime, and key parameter definition. Future phases will report temporal data and modeled outcomes to guide adaptive engineering of carbon-positive, self-sustaining landscapes. Full article

Afforestation can contribute to climate-change mitigation when tree establishment is matched to ecological context and sustained by long-term management, but its net climatic effect is not uniformly cooling. Existing syntheses often emphasize carbon sequestration while treating biophysical, hydrological, disturbance, and socioeconomic evidence separately. Here, we provide a structured integrative review. We distinguish afforestation from reforestation, natural regeneration, forest restoration, and improved management. We explicitly assess evidence from global modeling, remote sensing, meta-analyses, long-term observations, and regional case studies. Global forests cover about 4.14 billion ha in 2025, while annual net forest loss remained about 4.12 million ha yr⁻¹ during 2015–2025. Global forests were a sink of about 3.5 ± 0.4 Pg C yr⁻¹ in the 2010s, but this existing-forest sink should not be interpreted as an afforestation-specific removal rate. Humid tropical and subtropical regions generally have the greatest potential for net climatic cooling. In contrast, afforestation at snow-covered high latitudes may cause substantial albedo-driven warming, while water-limited regions require careful species selection and conservative planting densities. Soil carbon gains are most consistent on former croplands and other low-carbon degraded lands, but responses on carbon-rich grasslands are highly variable. Long-term benefits further depend on disturbance resilience, permanence, land competition, financing, and credible monitoring. Additionally, we identify five priorities for the future: climate-smart adaptive silviculture, digital forestry with field-calibrated uncertainty, permanence and disturbance-risk accounting, sustainable forest bioeconomy, and integrated international governance and finance. Full article

Understanding how trees coordinate carbon acquisition and allocation under warming is essential for predicting forest–carbon dynamics; however, whether warming induces common or species-specific source–sink regulation strategies remains unresolved. We conducted a field warming experiment (+2 °C and +4 °C above ambient) to investigate photosynthetic responses, organ-specific non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) dynamics, and carbon allocation strategies in two temperate tree species, Fraxinus mandschurica and Juglans mandshurica. Moderate warming (+2 °C) initially enhanced carbon assimilation in both species, whereas severe warming (+4 °C) progressively inhibited photosynthetic performance during the later growing season. In F. mandschurica, +2 °C warming promoted carbon storage by increasing starch accumulation across leaves, stems, and roots, with starch concentrations 2.5–38.0% higher than those in control plants from July to September. These enhanced NSC reserves were positively associated with photosynthetic performance and survival, indicating an effective source-driven carbon storage strategy. In contrast, J. mandshurica exhibited a distinct carbon allocation pattern under warming, characterized by preferential soluble sugar accumulation in leaves and reduced carbon investment in storage tissues. Specifically, leaf soluble sugar-to-starch ratios increased by 6.0–162.3%, whereas root soluble sugar content decreased by up to 55.7% under warming, suggesting a shift toward short-term carbon regulation rather than long-term storage. Structural equation modeling further demonstrated that photosynthetic performance and leaf NSC pools were central regulators of warming responses, but their effects on downstream carbon allocation differed between species. Our results reveal that warming does not induce a uniform carbon response among temperate trees; instead, species-specific source–sink regulation strategies determine carbon resilience under elevated temperatures. These findings improve understanding of how coexisting tree species may diverge in their adaptive capacity under future climate warming. Full article

New Zealand species have evolved with infrequent fires, the flora being described as non-fire-adapted. Until recently, there has been contradictory information in the literature regarding the response of New Zealand indigenous species to fire, and little quantitative information on the resistance expressed in post-fire resprouting of New Zealand species. Following a grass fire at a site that had been planted, we measured the resprouting ability of a range of native species frequently used in revegetation. Resprouting was exhibited in many of the trees and shrubs, adding to the list of plants that show this fire resistance trait. Resprouting was unexpected given that bark provides resistance to fire and develops with age, and the plants were less than seven years old. Areas of regenerating native vegetation subjected to wildfire in New Zealand are frequently invaded by highly flammable, non-native species. Their presence contributes to what has been termed a fire trap, in which succession to old-growth native forest (and other habitats) is repeatedly reset. We discuss the potential of green firebreaks to escape this trap and conclude that such an escape will require active management. Full article

Urban green open spaces play a critical role in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing biodiversity in rapidly urbanizing tropical megacities. This study aims to characterize vegetation structure and species diversity, as well as quantify above-ground carbon stocks in Taman Bendera Pusaka, South Jakarta, Indonesia. The results are expected to inform evaluations of urban parks’ contribution as nature-based solutions. A complete tree census was conducted between August and September 2025, recording diameter at breast height, height, and species identity for all individuals. Above-ground biomass (AGB) for woody trees was estimated using a widely applied pantropical allometric model developed for humid tropical forests, while separate generalized equations were applied respectively to the palms and bamboos groups to account for their distinct morphological characteristics. The estimated biomass values were subsequently converted into carbon stocks and CO₂ equivalents. Biodiversity was evaluated using Margalef richness, Shannon–Wiener diversity, and Pielou’s evenness indices. A total of 2459 individuals were recorded. Langsat Park had the highest species richness (S = 79) with diversity (H′ = 3.38; E = 0.77), and Leuser (S = 78) with highest diversity (H′ = 3.44; E = 0.79), whereas Ayodya Parks showed the lowest structures and diversity values (S = 33; H′ = 2.18; E = 0.68). Total AGB reached 5873.63 Mg, with a mean carbon density of 444.64 Mg C ha⁻¹ or 1631.82 Mg CO₂ ha⁻¹. Carbon storage was largely driven by a few dominant ornamental palms, particularly Roystonea regia, although native canopy trees contributed to structural stability. These findings show that even relatively small tropical urban parks can serve as significant localized carbon storage while sustaining urban biodiversity, underscoring the value of structurally diverse, native-enriched planting strategies for resilient urban forest management. Full article

Typhonium is one of the most species-rich genera of Araceae in tropical Asia, with north-eastern Thailand representing an important but still incompletely documented area of diversity. During botanical surveys in northeastern Thailand, an unusual population of Typhonium was discovered in mixed deciduous forest and dry evergreen forest at 300–400 m elevation. Detailed morphological study of living plants and herbarium specimens, together with comparisons with relevant protologues, regional floras, and recently described species, confirmed that this population represents a species new to science. It is here described as Typhonium mukdahanense Chatan & Promprom, sp. nov. The new species is morphologically most similar to T. fornicatum, but differs by its taller habit, larger hastate to trisect leaf blades, more numerous primary lateral veins, larger and nearly symmetrical spathe tube, triangular reflexed spathe limb, dark red stigma with a cream-colored depressed center, sterile interstice bearing 10–14 staminodes arranged in two whorls, slightly curved and not spreading–declinate appendix, and pyriform mottled berries. It also differs from T. acetosella by its broader leaf blades, reflexed triangular spathe limb, dark red stigma, and pyriform fruits. The new species is currently known only from the type locality and is therefore provisionally assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) according to the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. A detailed description, diagnosis, information on distribution, habitat, phenology, conservation status, and an identification key to morphologically similar species are provided. Full article