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Keywords = sapwood nitrogen

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16 pages, 8023 KiB  
Article
Heartwood/Sapwood Characteristics of Populus euphratica Oliv. Trunks and Their Relationship with Soil Physicochemical Properties in the Lower Tarim River, Northwest China
by Tongyu Chen, Tayierjiang Aishan, Na Wang, Ümüt Halik and Shiyu Yao
Plants 2025, 14(2), 154; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14020154 - 7 Jan 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 704
Abstract
The characteristics of heartwood and sapwood not only reflect tree growth and site quality but also provide insights into habitat changes. This study examines the natural Populus euphratica Oliv. forest in the Arghan section of the lower Tarim River, comparing the heartwood and [...] Read more.
The characteristics of heartwood and sapwood not only reflect tree growth and site quality but also provide insights into habitat changes. This study examines the natural Populus euphratica Oliv. forest in the Arghan section of the lower Tarim River, comparing the heartwood and sapwood characteristics of P. euphratica at different distances from the river, as well as at varying trunk heights and diameters at breast height (DBH). The objective was to examine the correlation between these characteristics and the physicochemical properties of the soil to better understand the ecological response strategies of P. euphratica in arid environments. Results indicated that heartwood radius, sapwood width, sapwood area, and heartwood moisture content decreased with increasing trunk height, following the pattern: 0.3 m > 0.8 m > 1.3 m. In contrast, heartwood density increased as trunk height increased. Most of the heartwood and sapwood indicators increased with larger tree diameters. In the case of P. euphratica with a DBH of less than 45 cm, the difference in moisture content between heartwood and sapwood was not significant (p > 0.05) at heights of 0.3 m and 0.8 m. However, at a height of 1.3 m, the difference was significant (p < 0.05). Soil analysis revealed that factors such as total nitrogen, available potassium, and water content significantly influenced the physical characteristics of P. euphratica heartwood and sapwood across different sites. Redundancy analysis (RDA) further demonstrated that total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and soil moisture were significantly correlated with the physical properties of P. euphratica heartwood and sapwood, further validating the critical role of soil nutrients in shaping the wood characteristics of P. euphratica. These findings highlighted the specific adaptations of P. euphratica in the lower Tarim River to the arid desert environment, reflected in the observed relationships between soil conditions and the physical characteristics of heartwood and sapwood. Full article
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12 pages, 1345 KiB  
Article
Macro- and Micronutrient Contents and Their Relationship with Growth in Six Eucalyptus Species
by Otavio Ananias Pereira da Silva, Dayane Bortoloto da Silva, Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira-Filho, Tays Batista Silva, Cid Naudi Silva Campos, Fabio Henrique Rojo Baio, Gileno Brito de Azevedo, Gláucia Amorim Faria, Larissa Pereira Ribeiro Teodoro and Paulo Eduardo Teodoro
Sustainability 2023, 15(22), 15771; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152215771 - 9 Nov 2023
Viewed by 1910
Abstract
Knowing nutrient allocation dynamics in the tissues and the characteristics related to growth in different forest species is crucial to fertilization management and selecting better species for specific environments, ensuring greater fertilization efficiency and consequent sustainability in the forestry sector through the rational [...] Read more.
Knowing nutrient allocation dynamics in the tissues and the characteristics related to growth in different forest species is crucial to fertilization management and selecting better species for specific environments, ensuring greater fertilization efficiency and consequent sustainability in the forestry sector through the rational use of fertilizers. The objectives of this study were (i) to evaluate the content of macro- and micronutrients in different tissues of eucalyptus species and (ii) to relate them with their growth. The treatments were composed of six eucalyptus species (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh., Corymbia citriodora Hook., E. saligna Sm., E. grandis W. Hill ex Maiden, E. urograndis, and E. urophylla S. T. Blake). Macro- (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur) and micronutrient (boron, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc) contents were determined in the leaves, bark, and sapwood. To study the functional patterns in macro- and micronutrient contents, Canonical Variable Analysis (CVA) was performed. The first two canonical variables in nutrient content of leaves, bark, and sapwood and the growth variables of eucalyptus species accumulated values greater than 80% of variance. The species E. grandis and E. urograndis showed the highest means for volume and total height but showed no differences regarding the concentration of major elements in the tissues, except the iron content in the bark, which was higher compared to other species. CVA proved to be an excellent tool for understanding, identifying, and classifying the strategies of Eucalyptus sp. regarding the content of nutrients in the shoot biomass tissues and may support genetic improvement programs aiming at identifying potential species. Future research involving the use of remotely piloted aircraft and remote sensors could be a strategy to monitor nutrient contents in different parts of trees throughout the cycle of different eucalyptus species. Full article
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14 pages, 1756 KiB  
Article
Drying Behavior of Hardwood Components (Sapwood, Heartwood, and Bark) of Red Oak and Yellow-Poplar
by Sohrab Rahimi, Kaushlendra Singh, David DeVallance, Demiao Chu and Mohsen Bahmani
Forests 2022, 13(5), 722; https://doi.org/10.3390/f13050722 - 5 May 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3479
Abstract
This paper presents differences in the drying behavior of red oak and yellow-poplar sapwood, heartwood, and bark and their relationship with selected physical characteristics. Drying experiments were performed on samples of sapwood, heartwood, and bark of respective species at 105 °C under nitrogen [...] Read more.
This paper presents differences in the drying behavior of red oak and yellow-poplar sapwood, heartwood, and bark and their relationship with selected physical characteristics. Drying experiments were performed on samples of sapwood, heartwood, and bark of respective species at 105 °C under nitrogen conditions. In addition, physical characteristics such as green moisture content, specific gravity, volumetric shrinkage, shrinkage of the cell wall, total porosity, pore volume occupied by water, and specific pore volume were calculated. The results showed that the volumetric and cellular shrinkages of sapwood were greater than those of heartwood for both species. For red oak, the specific gravity of sapwood and heartwood was not significantly different. Additionally, the total porosity of heartwood was lower than that of sapwood in red oak. The results also indicated that yellow-poplar dried faster than red oak. Among all three components, bark dried faster than sapwood and heartwood in both species. The activation energy for sapwood drying was less than for heartwood drying. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protection and Modification of Wood and Bamboo Materials)
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23 pages, 11293 KiB  
Article
Towards a More Realistic Simulation of Plant Species with a Dynamic Vegetation Model Using Field-Measured Traits: The Atlas Cedar, a Case Study
by Alain Hambuckers, Franck Trolliet, Marie Dury, Alexandra-Jane Henrot, Kristof Porteman, Yassine El Hasnaoui, Jan Van den Bulcke, Tom De Mil, Cécile C. Remy, Rachid Cheddadi and Louis François
Forests 2022, 13(3), 446; https://doi.org/10.3390/f13030446 - 11 Mar 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3474
Abstract
Improving the model-based predictions of plant species under a projected climate is essential to better conserve our biodiversity. However, the mechanistic link between climatic variation and plant response at the species level remains relatively poorly understood and not accurately developed in Dynamic Vegetation [...] Read more.
Improving the model-based predictions of plant species under a projected climate is essential to better conserve our biodiversity. However, the mechanistic link between climatic variation and plant response at the species level remains relatively poorly understood and not accurately developed in Dynamic Vegetation Models (DVMs). We investigated the acclimation to climate of Cedrus atlantica (Atlas cedar), an endemic endangered species from northwestern African mountains, in order to improve the ability of a DVM to simulate tree growth under climatic gradients. Our results showed that the specific leaf area, leaf C:N and sapwood C:N vary across the range of the species in relation to climate. Using the model parameterized with the three traits varying with climate could improve the simulated local net primary productivity (NPP) when compared to the model parameterized with fixed traits. Quantifying the influence of climate on traits and including these variations in DVMs could help to better anticipate the consequences of climate change on species dynamics and distributions. Additionally, the simulation with computed traits showed dramatic drops in NPP over the course of the 21st century. This finding is in line with other studies suggesting the decline in the species in the Rif Mountains, owing to increasing water stress. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Past Environmental Changes and Forest Conservation)
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14 pages, 4639 KiB  
Article
In Planta Analysis of the Radial Movement of Minerals from Inside to Outside in the Trunks of Standing Japanese Cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) Trees at the Cellular Level
by Katsushi Kuroda, Kenichi Yamane and Yuko Itoh
Forests 2021, 12(2), 251; https://doi.org/10.3390/f12020251 - 22 Feb 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2942
Abstract
Although the radial movement of minerals in tree trunks is a widely accepted phenomenon, experimental evidence of their movement in standing trees and underlying mechanisms is very limited. Previously, we clarified that cesium (Cs) artificially injected into the outer part of the sapwood [...] Read more.
Although the radial movement of minerals in tree trunks is a widely accepted phenomenon, experimental evidence of their movement in standing trees and underlying mechanisms is very limited. Previously, we clarified that cesium (Cs) artificially injected into the outer part of the sapwood of standing Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) trunks moved to the inner part of the sapwood, including the intermediate wood, via active transport by xylem parenchyma cells and diffusion through cell walls and then moved into the heartwood by diffusion. To understand the mechanism underlying the radial movement of minerals in the standing tree trunk, it is necessary to clarify their movement in the opposite direction. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the radial movement of minerals from inside to outside in the trunks of standing trees at the cellular level. For this, a long hole across the center part of the trunk, which reached the heartwood, intermediate wood, and sapwood, was made in standing Japanese cedar trunks, and a solution of stable isotope Cs was continuously injected into the hole for several days as a tracer. The injected part of the trunk was collected after being freeze-fixed with liquid nitrogen, and the frozen sample was subjected to analysis of Cs distribution at the cellular level using cryo-scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The Cs injected into the inner sapwood or intermediate wood rapidly moved toward the outer sapwood via xylem ray parenchyma cells together with diffusion through the cell walls. In contrast, the Cs injected into the heartwood barely moved to the sapwood, although it reached a part of the inner intermediate wood. These results suggest that minerals in xylem ray parenchyma cells in the sapwood are bidirectionally supplied to each other; however, the minerals accumulated in the heartwood may not be supplied to living cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Forest Ecophysiology and Biology)
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15 pages, 3637 KiB  
Article
Radial Movement of Minerals in the Trunks of Standing Japanese Cedar (Cryptomeria Japonica D. Don) Trees in Summer by Tracer Analysis
by Katsushi Kuroda, Kenichi Yamane and Yuko Itoh
Forests 2020, 11(5), 562; https://doi.org/10.3390/f11050562 - 17 May 2020
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3180
Abstract
The radial movement of minerals in tree trunks is a widely accepted function of ray parenchyma cells, but there is little experimental evidence for this. We previously obtained experimental data showing that the parenchyma cells were the site of the radial mineral movement [...] Read more.
The radial movement of minerals in tree trunks is a widely accepted function of ray parenchyma cells, but there is little experimental evidence for this. We previously obtained experimental data showing that the parenchyma cells were the site of the radial mineral movement in Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) trunks in winter. Therefore, the aim of this study was to answer two remaining questions: do parenchyma cells move minerals via active transport or passive diffusion and how do seasonality and the injection duration affect the radial movement of minerals. To analyze this, we compared mineral movement in living standing Japanese cedar trees with heartwood in which the trunk had been left untreated or freeze–thawed with liquid nitrogen to kill the living cells. A solution of a stable isotope of cesium (Cs), as a tracer of mineral movement, was continuously injected into the outer sapwood of these normal and freeze–thaw-treated trees for an objective period, following which the trunk was freeze-fixed with liquid nitrogen. The Cs distribution in frozen samples was then analyzed by cryo-scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. After 1 and 5 days of injection, the Cs detection area was almost the same among parenchyma cells and tracheid cell walls in the freeze–thaw-treated samples (without living cells) but was further toward the inner xylem in the parenchyma cells than the tracheids in the normal samples (with living cells), indicating that living parenchyma cells move Cs. Furthermore, after 5 days of injection, Cs in the tracheid cell walls was detected further toward the inner xylem in the normal samples than in the freeze–thaw-treated samples, indicating that Cs is exuded from the parenchyma cells into the tracheid cell walls. Together, these results suggest that the radial movement of minerals in standing Japanese cedar trees occurs through a combination of active transport by parenchyma cells and diffusion in the cell walls. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Forest Ecophysiology and Biology)
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16 pages, 1845 KiB  
Article
N Isotope Fractionation in Tree Tissues During N Reabsorption and Remobilization in Fagus crenata Blume
by Felix Seidel, M. Larry Lopez C., Luisella Celi, Eleonora Bonifacio, Akira Oikawa and Toshiro Yamanaka
Forests 2019, 10(4), 330; https://doi.org/10.3390/f10040330 - 12 Apr 2019
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3718
Abstract
Background and Motivation: Nitrogen content in tissues of Fagus crenata Blume is key for flowering and seed production. However, there is a lack of information on seasonal intra-plant nitrogen partitioning in this representative tree species typical of heavy snowfall regions in Japan. Therefore, [...] Read more.
Background and Motivation: Nitrogen content in tissues of Fagus crenata Blume is key for flowering and seed production. However, there is a lack of information on seasonal intra-plant nitrogen partitioning in this representative tree species typical of heavy snowfall regions in Japan. Therefore, the objective of this study was to elucidate Fagus crenata intra-plant nitrogen movement by means of nitrogen content, nitrogen isotope analysis, and amino acids temporal variability. Materials and Methods: Nitrogen content, isotope ratio, and free amino acids content were measured in coarse roots, sapwood, leaves, and litter in four phenological stages in nine adult Fagus crenata trees and upscaled to the whole-tree level. Results: Nitrogen was reabsorbed to and stored in coarse roots during the pre-abscission stage, as was revealed by the depletion of the δ15N ratio of coarse roots, which coincided with an enrichment of 15N found in leaves. During the post-abscission stage, N was stored in the sapwood, where an enrichment in 15N was found coinciding with the depletion of the δ15N ratio in leaves. It seemed that 15N-enriched nitrogen was initially reabsorbed from leaves to coarse roots during the pre-abscission period, followed by the reabsorption of 15N-enriched nitrogen from leaves to sapwood shortly before leaf abscission. Free amino acids content and their dynamics could mostly explain seasonal δ15N fractionation in leaves, coarse roots, and partially in sapwood. At the whole-tree level, N content stored in coarse roots and sapwood was similar. Furthermore, reabsorbed leaf N accounted for 32% of all nitrogen stored during leaf senescence. Conclusion: We found three phases of nitrogen storage revealed by δ15N fractionation during leaf senescence: (1) reabsorption of leaf 15N-depleted nitrogen to coarse roots, followed by (2) reabsorption of leaf 15N-enriched nitrogen to sapwood and (3) soil 15N-depleted nitrogen uptake to coarse roots. Further, changes in free amino acids, which are the result of enzyme activities involved in amino acids synthesis, partially explained δ15N fractionation in plant tissues. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stable Isotopes in Forest Ecosystem Research)
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13 pages, 2406 KiB  
Article
Short-Term vs. Long-Term Effects of Understory Removal on Nitrogen and Mobile Carbohydrates in Overstory Trees
by Zhong Du, Xiaohu Cai, Weikai Bao, Huai Chen, Hongli Pan, Xue Wang, Qingxia Zhao, Wanze Zhu, Xingliang Liu, Yong Jiang and Mai-He Li
Forests 2016, 7(3), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/f7030067 - 14 Mar 2016
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 10712
Abstract
Understory management in forest ecosystems has been applied to improve the wood production for hundreds of years worldwide. The carbon-physiological mechanisms underlying these positive effects of understory management on the growth of overstory trees have received less attention. We studied the non-structural carbohydrate [...] Read more.
Understory management in forest ecosystems has been applied to improve the wood production for hundreds of years worldwide. The carbon-physiological mechanisms underlying these positive effects of understory management on the growth of overstory trees have received less attention. We studied the non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) and total nitrogen (N) concentrations in tissues (needles, stem sapwood, and fine roots) of three tree species (two evergreen and one deciduous species) grown in the presence or absence (understory cut) of understory shrubs in plantations in southwestern China, to test whether understories affect the carbon and nitrogen status in the overstory trees. The concentrations of N, NSC (= soluble sugars + starch) in overstory trees varied significantly with understory treatments during the dry season rather than the wet season. Trees grown without understory shrubs had higher levels of N and NSC compared to trees grown with understories. The present study provides insight to explain the functional mechanisms for understory effects on growth of overstory trees, and indicates that the nitrogen and carbon status in overstory trees may be more strongly negatively affected by understory in stressful conditions rather than in optimal growth conditions. Moreover, the present study provides ecophysiology-based knowledge for dealing with understory vegetation management in forest ecosystems. Full article
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21 pages, 1217 KiB  
Article
Pyrolysis Kinetics of Physical Components of Wood and Wood-Polymers Using Isoconversion Method
by Wenjia Jin, Kaushlendra Singh and John Zondlo
Agriculture 2013, 3(1), 12-32; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture3010012 - 14 Jan 2013
Cited by 116 | Viewed by 11767
Abstract
Two hardwood species, namely red oak and yellow-poplar, were separated into their bark, sapwood and heartwood components. The samples were tested for calorific value, specific gravity, proximate analysis, mineral composition, chemical composition, ultimate analysis, and thermo-chemical decomposition behavior. In addition, the thermo-chemical decomposition [...] Read more.
Two hardwood species, namely red oak and yellow-poplar, were separated into their bark, sapwood and heartwood components. The samples were tested for calorific value, specific gravity, proximate analysis, mineral composition, chemical composition, ultimate analysis, and thermo-chemical decomposition behavior. In addition, the thermo-chemical decomposition behaviors of cellulose, xylan, and lignin polymers were also tested. Thermo-chemical decomposition behavior was assessed using a thermo-gravimetric (TGA) system by heating the sample from 50 °C to 700 °C at the heating rates of 10, 30 and 50 °C/min under nitrogen. The activation energy was calculated for various fractional conversion values using the isoconversion method. The results showed that char yields of lignin, cellulose and xylan were 41.43%, 4.45% and 1.89%, respectively, at the end of pyrolysis. Furthermore, cellulose, xylan and lignin decomposed dramatically in the temperature range of 320 °C to 360 °C, 150 °C to 230 °C and 100 °C to 410 °C, respectively, with decomposition peaks occurring at 340 °C, 200 °C and 340 °C, respectively. In addition, the maximum activation energy for cellulose was 381 kJ/mol at 360 °C and for xylan it was 348 kJ/mol at 210 °C. Full article
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