Search Results (137)

Background: Influenza A viruses (IAV) cause seasonal flu and occasional pandemics. In addition, the potential for the emergence of new strains presents unknown challenges for public health. Face masks and other personal protective equipment (PPE) can act as barriers that prevent the spread of these viruses. Metal ions embedded into PPE have been demonstrated to inactivate respiratory viruses, but the underlying mechanism of inactivation and potential for resistance is presently not well understood. Methods: In this study, we used hemagglutination assays to quantify the effect of zinc ions on IAV sialic acid receptor binding. We varied the zinc concentration, incubation time, incubation temperature, and passaged IAV in the presence of zinc ions to investigate if resistance to zinc ions could evolve. Results: We found that zinc ions impact the ability of IAV particles to hemagglutinate and observed inhibition within 1 min of exposure. Maximum inhibition was achieved within 1 h and sustained for at least 24 h in a concentration-dependent manner. Inhibition was also temperature-dependent, and optimal above room temperature. Serial passaging of IAV in the presence of zinc ions did not result in resistance. Conclusions: e conclude that zinc ions prevent IAV hemagglutination in a concentration and temperature-dependent manner for at least 24 h. Overall, these findings are in line with previous observations indicating that zinc-embedded materials can inactivate the IAV hemagglutinin and SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins, and they support work toward developing robust, passive, self-cleaning antiviral barriers in PPE. Full article

This study aimed to evaluate the adverse effects of using Oxycide™ (Ecolab, Copenhagen, Denmark) disinfectant in dental practices and assess the need for improved safety measures. Materials and methods: An observational study was conducted in dental offices, evaluating 200 dental assistants exposed to Oxycide™ disinfectant. Data on disinfectant use practices, personal protective equipment, and reported symptoms were collected through an online questionnaire. Results: 63% (126 out of 200) of staff experienced symptoms including respiratory irritation, eye irritation, and skin reactions after Oxycide™ exposure. Inconsistent use of personal protective equipment and improper application techniques were observed. In conclusion, the use of Oxycide™ disinfectant in dental offices has been associated with a wide range of respiratory and cutaneous symptoms among staff, ranging from mild irritative manifestations to severe allergic reactions. Improved protocols, staff training, and consideration of safer alternatives are needed to protect dental personnel while maintaining infection control standards. For a sustainable dental practice, it is essential to balance effective disinfection with staff safety. While high-level disinfectants like Oxycide™ are effective against pathogens, their repeated use—especially in poorly ventilated areas—can lead to respiratory discomfort and skin reactions. To mitigate these risks, clear preventive measures should be implemented: adherence to manufacturer guidelines, proper ventilation, consistent use of personal protective equipment, and ongoing staff training. These steps are crucial to reducing exposure to irritants and ensuring a safe and efficient working environment. Full article

Background: Farmers are continuously exposed to pesticides during crop production, which can lead to both acute and chronic poisoning. This exposure poses a significant global public health concern. In response, this study aims to achieve two primary objectives: (1) to identify the correlation between pesticide intoxication cases among farmers and their potential causes and (2) to assess the relationship between risk–control measures, hygiene practices, and resulting health effects. Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional mixed-methods observational design, sampling 112 farmers from Bogotá’s rural areas. Data were analyzed using logistic regression in R (version 4.2.1), examining eight associated variables. Results: The use of personal protective equipment (PPE) ranged from approximately 62% to 92%. Additionally, 82% of participants reported changing their workwear and 76% practiced bodily hygiene after exposure. Nevertheless, health complaints persisted—particularly affecting vision (46%), the respiratory system (38%), and the skin (32%). Notably, two out of every three farmers reported experiencing some form of systemic illness associated with pesticide exposure. Conclusion: A strong association was observed between the use of facemasks and changing workwear and the prevention of pesticide-related intoxication. These practices appear to be key in reducing chemical exposure during fumigation activities. Full article

Safety in workplaces is a requirement for work sustainability. Construction workers are frequently exposed to dangerous airborne substances. While previous studies examined chemical risks in other sectors, there is limited research on occupational chemical risk perception (OCRP) among construction workers. This study focuses on evaluating OCRP in construction workers and identifying its association with socio-demographic, occupational, and training variables. In L’Aquila, Italy, a sample of male construction workers involved in post-earthquake reconstruction were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Chemical hazard perception, occupational exposure, personal protective equipment (PPE) use, and training were all covered by our questionnaire. Although the involved 117 workers appear to be aware of dust-related risks and asbestos-related diseases, 53% think that there is no asbestos at their worksite. Respiratory protection equipment was used by 36% of the respondents. OCRP was associated with refresher training (OR = 2.56; p = 0.025); perception of noise (OR = 10.03; p = 0.027); and solar radiation (OR = 26.07; p = 0.001). Although we observed an appropriate awareness of some occupational hazards, gaps between awareness, hazard perception, and protective behavior were evident. Comprehensive site inspections and improved risk communication are necessary to assess chemical hazards and enhance work sustainability. Full article

Background: Inhalation of bushfire smoke is a risk to the health of firefighters, particularly across Australia where bushfires are becoming more frequent and intense. This study aimed to use real-time monitoring devices to assess the particle and chemical exposures of Western Australian firefighters during prescribed burns and bushfires. Methods: Participants included volunteer bushfire firefighters and forestry firefighters. Real-time gas and particulate monitors were used across nine unique fire events to evaluate the occupational exposures of firefighters. Findings: Firefighters (n = 40) were exposed to high concentrations of particulate matter (PM), particularly PM10, with concentrations varying widely between individuals and events. Exposures to carbon monoxide (CO) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were observed at elevated levels. No significant elevation in internal polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was observed. Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of respiratory protective equipment (RPE) and the need for health monitoring programmes for firefighters. Prescribed burns appear reflective of exposures at bushfires and could serve as valuable experimental settings for refining firefighting strategies and protective practises. Full article

This study investigates the correlations between the wear conditions of conical pick cutters and key variables such as the physical properties (shape, aspect ratio, roughness), explosive potential, health and safety implications, and particle size distribution of coal dust and larger fragments using the linear cutting machine (LCM). This research was conducted within the framework of recent regulatory developments, notably implementing the new silica rule in the mining and construction sectors and climate change consideration. This study reveals critical insights into optimizing operational processes while adhering to stringent health and safety regulations. The findings indicate that as cutting tools wear, there is a significant increase in generated fine particles, including respirable crystalline silica (RCS), which elevates the risk of respiratory diseases and, in the case of coal dust, a higher potential for explosions. The results show that the silica content in respirable dust is a function of rock mineralogy; however, the results showed that the absolute amount of silica-containing dust increased with bit wear in rocks containing pertinent minerals. For the larger fragments, the new bit produced a 1699 fragment count, while the completely worn-out bit produced a 5608 count. The results of the dust concentration show that the new bit produces 89.2 mg/m³ (17.84%); the moderate bit produces 165.1 mg/m³ (33.03%), and the worn-out bit produces 245.6 mg/m³ (49.13%). Moreover, this study highlights the impact of bit wear on the production of larger fragments, which decreases with tool degradation, further contributing to dust generation. These results suggest the necessity for proactive equipment maintenance, enhanced dust control measures, and continuous monitoring of cutting tool wear to ensure compliance with regulatory standards and to protect workers’ health and safety. Full article

Background/Objectives: Effective communication in critical care is crucial, particularly with the constraints of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). This study aimed to evaluate speech intelligibility under varying conditions of distance, ambient noise, and PPE types in a simulated ICU. Methodology: A quasi-experimental design was used with 23 participants in 24 scenarios, combining three distances (1, 2, and 5 m), two noise levels (quiet and ICU-like), and four PPE types (no mask, surgical mask, N95, and PAPR). Speech intelligibility was assessed by positioning the subjects at varying distances while playing phonetically balanced words through a playback device equipped with the different PPE being tested. The evaluation was conducted under two sound conditions (25 dB(A) and 45 dB(A)). The percentage of correct responses by the subjects to the perceived sounds was determined as a measure of intelligibility. The relation between variables was analyzed using the Wilcoxon Test and the Friedman Test. Results: Significant differences in word recognition were observed across conditions. Ambient noise reduced intelligibility, with recognition percentages significantly lowering in noisy environments. PPE type also influenced comprehension, with PAPR posing the greatest challenge. Friedman’s test showed that increasing distance significantly decreased recognition accuracy. Distances beyond two meters negatively impacted intelligibility across all devices tested. Conclusions: In noisy conditions (>45 dB(A)), a combination of distances greater than two meters and PPE use reduced intelligibility by over 40%, potentially compromising patient safety. The use of communication aids, such as visual cues or alternative speech devices, is recommended, particularly with PAPRs, to enhance comprehension and ensure effective communication between healthcare providers and patients. Full article

Background: The unregulated and widespread use of agricultural pesticides in Lebanon has led to critical health and environmental challenges. Small-scale farmers in Akkar, a key agricultural region, are particularly vulnerable due to limited knowledge, unsafe practices, and insufficient access to safety resources. Objectives: This study evaluates the knowledge, practices, and perceived health impacts of pesticide use among small-scale farmers in Akkar. It aims to identify gaps and provide targeted recommendations for interventions that enhance safety, sustainability, and environmental conservation. Methods: A cross-sectional survey involving 151 farmers was conducted from November 2022 to January 2023 using a validated questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, regression analysis, and Tukey’s HSD post hoc tests were used to assess knowledge and practice scores and identify predictors. Results: Farmers demonstrated moderate knowledge (mean score: 0.545) and practices (mean score: 0.607). However, environmental awareness was low, with only 9.3% recognizing water contamination risks. Alarmingly, 37.7% of farmers reported using no protective gear, while 67.5% experienced acute symptoms such as respiratory irritation and skin issues. Education was a significant predictor of knowledge (p < 0.01). Conclusions: This study underscores the pressing need for tailored educational programs, accessible protective equipment, stricter regulatory frameworks, and environmental conservation strategies to reduce health risks and promote sustainable pesticide use. Full article

Background/Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic has emphasized the importance of preparedness in preventing the spread of infectious diseases, especially in Emergency Departments (EDs), where initial patient assessments and triage occur. This study aims to evaluate the current practices and available tools for infection control in Pediatric EDs across Italy, focusing on the differences between various hospital types and regional settings. Methods: A cross-sectional national survey was conducted in February 2022, targeting healthcare workers in Pediatric EDs across Italy. The survey, distributed via the Italian Society for Pediatric Emergency and Urgent Medicine (SIMEUP) mailing list, collected data on infection control measures, including the availability of hand hygiene stations, personal protective equipment, disinfection protocols, and the use of rapid diagnostic tests. Results: A total of 80 questionnaires were completed from 119 (67.2%) different ERs. The majority of respondents were from Northern Italy (47.5%) and worked in hospitals with 24 h pediatric assistance (48.8%). Less than half of non-pediatric hospitals had separate access for children, potentially exposing them to adult pathogens. Across all settings, basic infection control measures, such as providing masks and hand gel, were widely implemented. However, significant differences were observed in the availability of social distancing, informational materials, and dedicated pediatric pathways, with I level assistance hospitals less likely to have these resources. Rapid diagnostic tests were available in most settings, but the focus was predominantly on SARS-CoV-2, despite other respiratory pathogens’ relevance in pediatric care. Conclusions: Strengthening preparations for future pandemics will be crucial in enhancing the resilience of healthcare systems and ensuring the safety of both patients and healthcare workers in the face of emerging infectious threats. Full article

This study evaluates bushfire smoke as a workplace hazard for firefighters by characterising its chemical composition and potential health risks in Western Australia. Portable Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometry was used to measure airborne chemical concentrations at prescribed burns across five regions, including peat (acid sulphate) fire events. Samples were collected during both flaming and smouldering phases, as well as in perceived “clear” air resting zones. Results indicated that carbon monoxide (CO) was the dominant gas, reaching concentrations of 205 ppm at the fire front, followed by nitrogen monoxide (26 ppm) and methane (19 ppm). Peat fires produced distinct profiles, with ammonia (21.5 ppm) and sulphur dioxide (9.5 ppm) concentrations higher than those observed in typical bushfires. Smouldering phases emitted higher chemical concentrations than flaming phases 75% of the time. Even clear air zones contained measurable chemicals, with CO levels averaging 18 ppm, suggesting that firefighters are not free from exposure during rest periods. These findings highlight the need for fit-for-purpose respiratory protective equipment (RPE) and improved rest protocols to minimise exposure. The study underscores the importance of comprehensive health monitoring programs for firefighters to mitigate long-term health risks. Full article

Background/Objectives: Nasal vaccines are a promising strategy for enhancing mucosal immune responses and preventing diseases at mucosal sites by stimulating the secretion of secretory IgA, which is crucial for early pathogen neutralization. However, designing effective nasal vaccines is challenging due to the complex immunological mechanisms in the nasal mucosa, which must balance protection and tolerance against constant exposure to inhaled pathogens. The nasal route also presents unique formulation and delivery hurdles, such as the mucous layer hindering antigen penetration and immune cell access. Methods: This review focuses on cutting-edge approaches to enhance nasal vaccine delivery, particularly those targeting C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) like the mannose receptor and macrophage galactose-type lectin (MGL) receptor. It elucidates the roles of these receptors in antigen recognition and uptake by antigen-presenting cells (APCs), providing insights into optimizing vaccine delivery. Results: While a comprehensive examination of targeted glycoconjugate vaccine development is outside the scope of this study, we provide key examples of glycan-based ligands, such as lactobionic acid and mannose, which can selectively target CLRs in the nasal mucosa. Conclusions: With the rise of new viral infections, this review aims to facilitate the design of innovative vaccines and equip researchers, clinicians, and vaccine developers with the knowledge to enhance immune defenses against respiratory pathogens, ultimately protecting public health. Full article

Objectives: The aim of this study was to prepare monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that broadly target Acinetobacter baumannii and protect against infection by multi-drug-resistant (MDR) A. baumannii from different sources. Methods: mAb 8E6 and mAb 1B5 were prepared by sequentially immunizing mice with a sublethal inoculation of three heterogeneous serotypes of pan-drug-resistant (PDR) A. baumannii, ST-208, ST-195, and ST-229. Results: The cross-recognition of heterogeneous bacteria (n = 13) by two mAbs and potential targets was verified, and the in vitro antibacterial efficacy of mAbs was assessed. The median killing rate of mAb 8E6 against A. baumannii in the presence of complement and dHL-60 cells was found to be 61.51%, while that of mAb 1B5 was 41.96%. When only dHL-60 cells were present, the killing rate of mAb 8E6 was 65.73%, while that of mAb 1B5 was 69.93%. We found that mAb 8E6 and mAb 1B5 broadly targeted MDR A. baumannii on the ATP synthase complex and were equipped with an antibacterial killing ability by enhancing the innate immune bacteriolytic effect of ST-208 and ST-195 strains. Both monoclonal antibodies were validated to protect against respiratory infection at 4 and 24 h via enhancing the release of innate immune substances and inflammatory cytokines, effectively shortening the disease period in mice. Conclusions: mAb 8E6 and mAb 1B5 significantly enhanced the opsonization process of phagocytosis against A. baumannii strains prevalent in southern China by targeting ATP synthase antigens thereof, resulting in protective effects in mice. Full article

This study focuses on the integration and validation of a filtering face piece 3 (FFP3) facemask module for monitoring breathing activity in industrial environments. The key objective is to ensure accurate, real-time respiratory rate (RR) monitoring while maintaining workers’ comfort. RR monitoring is conducted through temperature variations detected using temperature sensors tested in two configurations: sensor t₁, integrated inside the exhalation valve and necessitating structural mask modifications, and sensor t₂, mounted externally in a 3D-printed structure, thus preserving its certification as a piece of personal protective equipment (PPE). Ten healthy volunteers participated in static and dynamic tests, simulating typical daily life and industrial occupational activities while wearing the breathing activity monitoring module and a chest strap as a reference instrument. These tests were carried out in both indoor and outdoor settings. The results demonstrate comparable mean absolute error (MAE) for t₁ and t₂ in both indoor (i.e., 0.31 bpm and 0.34 bpm) and outdoor conditions (i.e., 0.43 bpm and 0.83 bpm). During simulated working activities, both sensors showed consistency with MAE values in static tests and were not influenced by motion artifacts, with more than 97% of RR estimated errors within ±2 bpm. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of integrating a smart module into protective masks, enhancing occupational health monitoring by providing continuous and precise RR data without requiring additional wearable devices. Full article

ZnO nanorod nonwoven fabrics (ZNRN) were developed through hydrothermal synthesis to facilitate the prevention of the transmission of respiratory pathogens. The superhydrophobicity and antibacterial properties of ZNRN were improved through the response surface methodology. The synthesized material exhibited significant water repellency, indicated by a water contact angle of 163.9°, and thus demonstrated antibacterial rates of 91.8% for Escherichia coli (E. coli) and 79.75% for Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). This indicated that E. coli with thinner peptidoglycan may be more easily killed than S. aureus. This study identified significant effects of synthesis conditions on the antibacterial effectiveness, with comprehensive multivariate analyses elucidating the underlying correlations. In addition, the ZnO nanorod structure of ZNRN was characterized through SEM and XRD analyses. It endows the properties of superhydrophobicity (thus preventing bacteria from adhering to the ZNRN surface) and antibacterial capacity (thus damaging cells through the puncturing of these nanorods). Consequently, the alignment of two such features is desired to help support the development of personal protective equipment, which assists in avoiding the spread of respiratory infections. Full article

As the world grappled with the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare workers (HCWs) continued to provide uninterrupted health care service delivery; therefore, this disproportionately affected their wellbeing. Our study explored the wellbeing of HCWs during the COVID-19 era in public health facilities in the City of Johannesburg, Gauteng province, South Africa. A qualitative study was conducted among twenty (20) HCWs through face-to-face in-depth interviews (IDIs) in the form of semi-structured interviews, audiotapes, and transcribed verbatim, and thematically analyzed with NVivo version 10. The findings showed that over half of HCWs (aged between 27 and 60 years) tested positive for COVID-19. Also, one third of HCWs’ family members tested positive while some died due to COVID-19 infection. Informed by the workers’ wellbeing framework, four themes emerged with fourteen sub-themes. Firstly, unsafe work environment was characterized by human resource related challenges such as increased workload; staff shortage; insufficient resources, e.g., personal protective equipment (PPE); poor policies in terms of compensation/allowance for being infected with COVID-19; poor health services; and death of colleagues. Secondly, poor health outcomes were described as strained emotional (psychosocial distress) and physical (respiratory related conditions) wellbeing. Thirdly, home and community environments were negatively impacted by interrupted relationships with family and friends, and experiences of deaths of loved ones. Finally, HCWs engaged personal wellbeing strategies through self-motivation; staying positive; family support; and participating in resilience-promoting extra mural activities to cope during the pandemic. In conclusion, the wellbeing of HCWs was aggravated during the COVID-19 era and led to low morale and compromised healthcare quality. This study advocates for promotion of greater resilience, and psychological and physical safety of HCWs through evidence-based, multilevel-multicomponent interventions at the workplace, home, and community environments in addition to strengthening public health policies and response to future pandemics. Full article